Chapter 08.04 Runge-Kutta 4th Order Method for Differential Equations-More Examples Industrial Engineering Ordinary Example 1 The open loop response, that is, the speed of the motor to a voltage input of 20V, assuming a system without damping is dw 20 (0.02) (0.06) w . dt If the initial speed is zero w0 0 ,and using the Runge-Kutta 4th order method, what is the speed at t 0.8 s ? Assume a step size of h 0.4 s . Solution dw 1000 3w dt f t,w 1000 3w 1 wi 1 wi k1 2k 2 2k 3 k 4 h 6 For i 0 , t 0 0 , w0 0 k1 f t 0 , w0 f 0,0 1000 3 0 1000 1 1 k 2 f t 0 h, w0 k1 h 2 2 1 1 f 0 0.4 , 0 1000 0.4 2 2 f 0.2,200 1000 3 200 400 1 1 k 3 f t 0 h, w0 k 2 h 2 2 08.04.1 08.04.2 Chapter 08.04 1 1 f 0 0.4 , 0 400 0.4 2 2 f 0.2, 80 1000 3 80 760 k 4 f t 0 h, w0 k 3 h f 0 0.4, 0 760 0.4 f 0.4, 304 1000 3 304 88 1 w1 w0 ( k1 2k 2 2k 3 k 4 )h 6 1 0 1000 2 400 2 760 88 0.4 6 1 0 3408 0.4 6 227.2 rad/s w1 is the approximate speed of the motor at t t1 t 0 h 0 0.4 0.4 s w0.4 w1 227.2 rad/s For i 1, t1 0.4, w1 227.2 k1 f t1 , w1 f 0.4, 227.2 1000 3 227.2 318.4 1 1 k 2 f t1 h, w1 k1 h 2 2 1 1 f 0.4 0.4 , 227.2 318.4 0.4 2 2 f 0.6, 290.88 1000 3 290.88 127.36 1 1 k 3 f t1 h, w1 k 2 h 2 2 1 1 f 0.4 0.4 , 227.2 127.36 0.4 2 2 f 0.6, 252.67 1000 3 252.67 241.98 Runge-Kutta 4th Order Method for ODE-More Examples: Industrial Engineering 08.04.3 k 4 f t1 h, w1 k 3 h f 0.4 0.4, 227.2 241.98 0.4 f 0.8, 323.99 1000 3 323.99 28.019 1 w2 w1 k1 2k 2 2k 3 k 4 h 6 1 227.2 318.4 2 127.36 2 241.98 28.019 0.4 6 1 227.2 1085.1 0.4 6 299.54 rad/s w2 is the approximate speed of the motor at t t 2 t1 h = 0.4 0.4 0.8 s w0.8 w2 299.54 rad/s The exact solution of the ordinary differential equation is given by 1000 1000 3t w(t ) e 3 3 The solution to this nonlinear equation at t 0.8 s is w(0.8) 303.09 rad/s Figure 1 compares the exact solution with the numerical solution using the Runge-Kutta 4th order method using different step sizes. 08.04.4 Chapter 08.04 Figure 1 Comparison of Runge-Kutta 4th order method with exact solution for different step sizes. Table 1 and Figure 2 show the effect of step size on the value of the calculated speed of the motor at t 0.8 s . Table 1 Values of speed of the motor at 0.8 seconds for different step sizes. Step size, h 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.05 w0.8 147.20 299.54 302.96 303.09 303.09 Et 155.89 3.5535 0.12988 0.0062962 0.00034702 |t | % 51.434 1.1724 0.042852 0.0020773 0.00011449 Runge-Kutta 4th Order Method for ODE-More Examples: Industrial Engineering 08.04.5 Figure 2 Effect of step size in Runge-Kutta 4th order method. In Figure 3, we are comparing the exact results with Euler’s method (Runge-Kutta 1st order method), Heun’s method (Runge-Kutta 2nd order method) and the Runge-Kutta 4th order method. 08.04.6 Chapter 08.04 Figure 3 Comparison of Runge-Kutta methods of 1st, 2nd, and 4th order.