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Lecture 16

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Some programs for Assignment 2 had sections of identical code!
This is not acceptable.
1. If you incorporate code from other sources, it must be acknowledged.
2. If you work with a colleague:
(a) You must write your own assignment.
(b) You should acknowledge the joint preparation.
IF YOU HAVE NOT FOLLOWED THESE
PRINCIPLES, CONTACT ME DIRECTLY.

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Midterm examination
• Wednesday, October31. 7:30 to 9:00
• Room: To be announced.
• Three questions based on readings and lectures
• Open book
Sample examination
• See the
Notices page on the course web site for last year's midterm and a set of PowerPoint slides that discuss the solutions. (This examination had four questions.)

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Suggest that you bring:
Text book
Copies of lecture slides
Discussion class readings
The examination will be on only material covered in the lectures and in the discussion classes.
The objective is to reward people who regularly attend class and prepare thoroughly for the discussion sections.

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Syllabus changes
Because of a National Science Foundation meeting that was rescheduled after September 11:
• Lecture on December 4 is cancelled.
• Topics for other lectures have been reordered.
• There are no changes in the readings or assignments.

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Lexicon contains information about words, their morphological variants, and their grammatical usage.
Thesaurus relates words by meaning: ship, vessel, sail; craft, navy, marine, fleet, flotilla book, writing, work, volume, tome, tract, codex search, discovery, detection, find, revelation
(From Roget's Thesaurus, 1911)

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Use of a thesaurus in indexing (precoordination)
A. Manual
Used to guide human indexer to assign standard terms and associations.
computer-aided instruction see also education
UF teaching machines
BT educational computing
TT computer applications
RT education
RT teaching
From: INSPEC
Thesaurus

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Use of a thesaurus in indexing (precoordination)
B. Automatic
Divide terms into thesaurus classes. Replace similar terms by a thesaurus class.
408 dislocation junction minority-carrier n-p-n p-n-p point-contact recombine transition unijunction
409 blast-cooled heat-flow heat-transfer
410 anneal strain
From: Salton and McGill

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• Thesaurus is specific to a subject area. Contains only terms of interest for identification within that subject area.
• Ambiguous terms are coded only for the senses important for that field.
• Target is that each thesaurus class should include terms of moderate frequency. Ideally the classes should have similar frequency.

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Controlled vocabulary for describing and retrieving information: fine art, architecture, decorative art, and material culture.
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Almost 120,000 terms for objects, textual materials, images, architecture and culture from all periods and all cultures.
•
Used by archives, museums, and libraries to describe items in their collections.
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Used to search for materials.
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Used by computer programs, for information retrieval, and natural language processing.
A project of the J. Paul Getty Trust

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Provides the terminology for objects, and the vocabulary necessary to describe them, such as style, period, shape, color, construction, or use, and scholarly concepts, such as theories, or criticism.
Concept: a cluster of terms, one of which is established as the preferred term, or descriptor.
Categories: associated concepts , physical attributes , styles and periods , agents , activities , materials , and objects .

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Record ID: 198841
Descriptor: rhyta
Note: Refers to vessels from Ancient Greece, eastern Europe, or the Middle East that typically have a closed form with two openings, one at the top for filling and one at the base so that liquid could stream out. They are often in the shape of a horn or an animal's head, and were typically used as a drinking cup or for pouring wine into another vessel.
Hierarchy:
Containers [TQ]
...<containers by function or context>
...........<culinary containers>
...................<containers for serving and consuming food>

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Terms: rhyta rhyton (alternate, singular) protomai protome rhea rheon rheons
Related concepts: stirrup cups sturzbechers drinking vessels ceremonial vessels

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Controlled vocabulary for indexing articles, for cataloging books and other holdings, and for searching MeSH-indexed databases, including MEDLINE.
• About 19,000 primary subject headings
• Thesaurus of 110,000 chemical terms.
• Total vocabulary over 300,000 terms.
National Library of Medicine provides MeSH subject headings for each of the 400,000 articles that it indexes every year.
" MeSH terminology provides a consistent way to retrieve information that may use different terminology for the same concepts.
"

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MeSH hierarchy: general terms , e.g., anatomy , organisms , diseases, biological sciences ; anatomy is divided into sixteen topics, e.g., body regions and musculoskeletal system ; body regions is divided into sections, e.g., abdomen , axilla , back etc.

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Biological Sciences [G]
Biological Sciences [G01] +
Health Occupations [G02] +
Environment and Public Health [G03] +
Biological Phenomena, Cell Phenomena, and Immunity [G04] +
Genetics [G05] +
Biochemical Phenomena, Metabolism, and Nutrition [G06] +
Physiological Processes [G07] +
Reproductive and Urinary Physiology [G08] +
Circulatory and Respiratory Physiology [G09] +
Digestive, Oral, and Skin Physiology [G10] +
Musculoskeletal, Neural, and Ocular Physiology [G11] +
Chemical and Pharmacologic Phenomena [G12] +

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Physiological Processes [G07]
Adaptation, Physiological [G07.062] +
Aging [G07.168] +
Body Constitution [G07.265] +
Body Temperature [G07.315]
Body Temperature Regulation [G07.315.232] +
Skin Temperature [G07.315.753]
Chronobiology [G07.450] +
Electrophysiology [G07.453] +
Fluid Shifts [G07.503]
Growth and Embryonic Development [G07.553] +
Homeostasis [G07.621] +
Tensile Strength [G07.900]
Tropism [G07.950] +

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MeSH Heading
Tree Number
Tree Number
Entry Term
See Also
See Also
Body Temperature
E01.370.600.120
G07.315
Organ Temperature
Fever
Thermography
See Also Thermometers
Allowable Qualifiers DE GE IM PH RE
Unique ID D001831

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• Permit very rich structure of relationships
• Most effective when user of search system is skilled in the discipline and trained in the use of the thesaurus
(e.g., medical librarian)
• Needs continually updating as a field develops new terminology
• Expensive to create and maintain

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The Alexandria Digital Library (ADL): geolibrary at University of California at Santa Barbara where a primary attribute of objects is location on Earth (e.g., map, satellite photograph).
Geographic footprint: latitude and longitude values that represent a point, a bounding box, a linear feature, or a complete polygonal boundary.
Gazetteer: list of geographic names, with geographic locations and other descriptive information.
Geographic name: proper name for a geographic place or feature
(e.g., Santa Barbara County, Mount Washington, St. Francis
Hospital, and Southern California)

canals
A feature type category for places such as the Erie Canal.
Used for :
The category canals is used instead of any of the following. canal bends canalized streams ditch mouths ditches drainage canals drainage ditches ... more ...
Broader Terms:
Canals is a sub-type of hydrographic structures.
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canals (continued)
Related Terms:
The following is a list of other categories related to canals (nonhierarchial relationships). channels
Scope Note: locks transportation features tunnels
Manmade waterway used by watercraft or for drainage, irrigation, mining, or water power. » Definition of canals.
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• Answers the "Where is" question; for example, "Where is
Santa Barbara?"
• Translates between geographic names and locations. A user can find objects by matching the footprint of a geographic name to the footprints of the collection objects.
• Locates particular types of geographic features in a designated area. For example, a user can draw a box around an area on a map and find the schools, hospitals, lakes, or volcanoes in the area.

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Feature name State County Type
Tulsa OK Tulsa pop pl
Latitude Longitude
360914N 0955933W
Tulsa Country OK Osage
Club
Tulsa County OK Tulsa locale 360958N 0960012W civil 360600N 0955400W
Tulsa Helicopters OK Tulsa
Incorporated
Heliport airport 360500N 0955205W

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Content standard: A standard conceptual schema for gazetteer information.
Feature types: A type scheme to categorize individual features, is rich in term variants and extensible.
Temporal aspects: Geographic names and attributes change through time.
"Fuzzy" footprints: Extent of a geographic feature is often approximate or ill-defined (e.g., Southern California).

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Quality aspects:
(a) Indicate the accuracy of latitude and longitude data.
(b) Ensure that the reported coordinates agree with the other elements of the description.
Spatial extents:
(a) Points do not represent the extent of the geographic locations and are therefore only minimally useful.
(b) Bounding boxes, often include too much territory (e.g., the bounding box for California also includes Nevada).

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Alexandria Digital Library
Linda L. Hill, James Frew, and Qi Zheng, Geographic Names:
The Implementation of a Gazetteer in a Georeferenced Digital
Library. D-Lib Magazine, 5: 1, January 1999. http://www.dlib.org/dlib/january99/hill/01hill.html
Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/tgn/