Sustainability and Quality of Life Impact Assessment of an Engineers
Without Borders USA Water Supply Project in Rural Nepal: A
Qualitative and Quantitative Approach
by
Miguel A. Camelo Rosas
A Project Submitted to the Graduate
Faculty of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
in Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE
Major Subject: ENGINEERING SCIENCE, CONCENTRATION IN SUSTAINABLE
ENVIRONMENTAL AND ENERGY ENGINEERING
Approved:
_________________________________________
Dr. Ernesto Gutierrez-Miravete, Project Adviser
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Hartford, Connecticut
December, 2015
© Copyright 2015
by
Miguel A. Camelo Rosas
All Rights Reserved
ii
CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ iv
LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... v
ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................ i
KEYWORDS ...................................................................................................................... i
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ................................................................................................... ii
ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... iii
1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 4
1.1
Worldwide Water Access ................................................................................... 4
1.2
Engineering in the International Development Arena ....................................... 5
2. METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................... 11
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ................................................................................ 15
4. CONCLUSIONS ....................................................................................................... 20
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................ 21
APPENDIX A ...................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
APPENDIX B .................................................................................................................. 22
iii
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2: Number of people by age groups per household Error! Bookmark not defined.
iv
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Overview of Project Location ...........................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 1: Sabhung Ward 8 Water Supply P&ID ..............Error! Bookmark not defined.
v
ABBREVIATIONS
EWB-USA: Engineers Without Borders USA
EWB-USA HPC: Engineers Without Borders USA Hartford Professional Chapter
INGO: International Non Governmental Organization
NGO: Non Governmental Organization
MDG: Millennium Development Goal
O&M: Operations and Maintenance
P&ID: Piping and Instrumentation Diagram/Drawing
UN: United Nations
WASH: Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene
WHO: World Health Organization
KEYWORDS
Engineers Without Borders, Engineers Without Borders USA, EWB, EWB-USA, EWBUSA HPC, Sustainability, Water Supply, International Development, Nepal, Rural,
Impact Assessment, Quality of Life, Health, Developing Countries, Humanitarian
Engineering
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I would like to thank my family for always being supportive of my personal and
professional goals. I also owe a great amount to my wife for her patience and
encouragement as I completed this master’s degree. I could not have done it without
you, Sarah.
I am very grateful to Pratt and Whitney for funding my graduate studies. Moreover,
they contributed monetary donations to the EWB-USA HPC Water Supply Project in
Sabhung, Nepal and had flexible work arrangements that allowed several of us,
employees, to travel to Nepal for this project.
I would also like to thank the team at the EWB-USA HPC. In addition, I appreciate
all of the help given by our in-country partner NGO, Namlo Nepal and by the people of
the Sabhung Ward 8 Community. There are so many great people involved in these
organizations, and it has been a blessing to be a part of this team and of this project. I
hope to continue to be involved in it and hope it makes a lasting and sustainable impact
in this community.
Finally, I would like to thank the faculty at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute for all
their teachings and mentorship, and especially my faculty advisor, Dr. GutierrezMiravete.
Travel is fatal to prejudice, bigotry, and narrow-mindedness, and many of our
people need it sorely on these accounts. Broad, wholesome, charitable views of men and
things cannot be acquired by vegetating in one little corner of the earth all one's lifetime.
-
Mark Twain
ii
ABSTRACT
The world, and especially the rural sector in developing countries, has many basic
human needs not currently being met. One of these basic needs is the access to readily
available potable water. The WHO estimates than more than half a billion people do not
have such access and billions more only have access to water sources with questionable
water quality and that do not provide year-long reliable quantities. NGO and INGOs that
provide engineering services in developing countries have spawned as a result of the
high demand for development projects and the lack of capacity and resources by many
governments in these developing countries. These NGOs and INGOs are trying to fill
this gap and are striving to make sustainable and lasting community-driven projects. One
of such organizations is EWB-USA, and one of such projects is the EWB-USA HPC
Water Supply Project in Sabhung, Nepal. This project was started in 2010 and has an
overall goal of providing easily accessible and potable water to the 600+ residents of
Sabhung Ward 8. The project has been implemented in several stages over the last 5
years and is currently supplying solar powered and pumped water 1000 ft uphill from a
spring source to a distribution tank network that, in turn, supplies gravity-fed water to
seven taps scattered around the community. The EWB-USA HPC team traveled to the
community in November of 2015 in order to make some system improvements, assess
future possible improvements, implement a water purification prototype program, and
obtain information via a health survey, focus group discussions, and community wide
meetings, with the goal of gathering data that would allow for a qualitative and
quantitative analysis of the impact that this project has had on the community’s quality
of life thus far. In addition, the current and expected future sustainability of the project
was also assessed. The results and recommendations that stemmed from these activities
are presented in this report.
iii
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Worldwide Water Access
Access to readily available potable water is a basic necessity for dignified and
healthy human life. However, it is still a major challenge in the developing world. The
WHO and the UN have expressed the urgency of this basic human need and even though
significant progress has been made, there is still a long way to go in order to achieve the
goal of access to readily available potable water by the entire population of the world.
There have been several “major pushes” by the UN and WHO to increase the worldwide
water access, including the United Nations’ International Drinking Water Supply and
Sanitation Decade (1981–1990), and more recently, the Millennium Development Goals
(MDG) that were adopted during the UN General Assembly of 2000 and updated after
the World Summit on Sustainable Development held in Johannesburg. MDG Number 7
stated that nations should strive to halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without
sustainable access to safe drinking and basic sanitation [1].
According to a recently published WHO and UN report, assessing the outcome of
the MDGs and the progress made up to 2015 in the water and sanitation areas, in 2015
2.6 billion people have gained access to an improved drinking water source since 1990,
96 per cent of the global urban population uses improved drinking water sources,
compared with 84 per cent of the rural population, eight out of ten people still without
improved drinking water sources live in rural areas, and 663 million people worldwide
still use unimproved drinking water sources, including unprotected wells and springs and
surface water [1]. Even, though a significant amount of progress has been made,
including meeting the MDGs ahead of schedule, these conclusions also highlight the
continuing challenges. Ina addition, the definitions of “safe” and “improved” are very
hard to measure accurately and the data reported could be painting a slightly positively
biased picture. The majority of the improvements have been made in the urban setting,
and people in rural settings still need a lot of progress to be made.
4
1.2 Engineering in the International Development Arena
Since the post-war period, engineers became very involved in international
development projects worldwide. As the 1960s international development policy spread,
aiming to promote economic growth by sharing agricultural, industrial, and
infrastructural technologies between the developed to the developing countries, the
importance of the role of engineering quickly became apparent. What started mainly as
government programs like the Peace Corps, USAID, amongst many others, molded into
the large proliferation of NGOs and INGOs in the 1990s and 2000s. The NGO landscape
is of course remarkably diverse given the multiplicity of organizations, each with their
own ideological and operational positioning. However, two ideological currents that
have greatly influenced the contemporary development sector, and have had particular
resonance with engineering NGOs, can be identified. One of these currents is the
sustainable development discourse that emerged in the 1990s, enshrined for instance in
the Rio Declaration of the United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development. Another is the participatory development discourse that puts emphasizes
on community participation [2].
Many organizations have entered the international development arena during the
1990s and 2000s, and one of such organizations was Engineers Without Borders USA
EWB-USA was founded in 2012 by Dr. Bernard Amadei in Colorado after he returned
from doing an engineering development project in Belize. EWB-USA began with an
idea: connect a developing community that has a specific infrastructure need to
engineers who can partner with the community to design a sustainable solution. Since its
incorporation in 2002, EWB-USA has grown from a handful of passionate individuals to
an organization of more than 15,900 members. Through programs similar to the
founding program in Belize, EWB-USA members have impacted more than 2.5 million
lives around the world The mission of EWB-USA is to build a better world through
engineering projects that empower communities to meet their basic human needs and
equip leaders to solve the world’s most pressing challenges. In addition, EWB-USA’s
vision is a world in which every community has the capacity to sustainably meet their
basic human needs [3].
5
1.3 Sabhung Nepal Water Supply Project Background
The goal of the Ward 8 Water Supply Project is for EWB-USA HPC to design and
implement a potable water system for the community while educating and training the
community on the functions and responsibilities of a water committee, system
maintenance and fee structure and uses so the project can be sustainable. Previously,
Ward 8 residents had to either collect water from various unreliable sources within or
near their ward, or travel up and down approximately 1000ft elevation change to obtain
water from a reliable spring source (Guntya Khola). This created a tremendous hardship
on all the villagers and especially women and children. At times they had to go to Ward
7 for water during the dry season, which created tension between the communities. With
the current water supply system Ward 8 has a more sustainable water supply and has
more time for productive activities in the village. While this will prevent water
shortages, it does not currently address the issue of water quality. Through education,
working with the water committee, and on-going EWB-USA HPC work, the chapter is
evaluating the need of water purification solutions as well as possible improvements and
expansions to the system.
The Sabhung Village Development Committee (VDC) is part of the Tanahun
District Development Committee (DDC) in the Gandaki Zone of Western Nepal. It
appears that Sabhung has been or is also known as Sabhung Bhagawatipur, Shambu
Bhagawatipur and Shambuhagawati. Sabhung is approximately 22 miles (straight line
distance) South-Southeast of Pokhara and has approximately 130 households and 689
people. The village is located at Latitude: E 84.0862 and Longitude: N 27.92375 and its
location on the Nepali map can be seen below.
6
Figure 1: Overview of Project Location
Following the EWB-USA process and it’s principles of development [4], the
Sabhung Program began in 2010 with an application by the Sabhung community and the
Nepali NGO Namlo to EWB-USA headquarters for a community need based project.
EWB approved the application, and then EWB-USA HPC was approved to work on this
project. In 2011, EWB-USA HPC made an initial assessment trip to determine the
technical, community, and health needs of Wards 7 and 8. In 2012, the water supply
projects for Wards 7 and 8 began with a first phase implementation trip to improve water
access at spring sources through construction of dams, spring boxes, and water supply
tanks. After initial work done by EWB-USA HPC, the Ward 7 project has been taken
over by the Nepali government, and during the last visit to Sabhung by EWB-USA HPC,
it was verified that the system construction had been finished by the government and that
it was operational. For Ward 8, an assessment trip took place in the fall of 2013 followed
by an implementation trip in spring of 2014.
7
A Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) defining the roles and responsibilities of
the Ward 8 community, Ward 8 Water Committee, Namlo Nepal, and EWB-USA HPC
remains in place for this project. HPC’s primary partnering organization for this project
is Namlo International and their Nepalese subsidiary, Namlo Nepal. Namlo has a strong
relationship and presence in the community. An MOU was signed between EWB-HPC,
Namlo and Ward 7 and 8 (separately) in 2011 before the team went on the first
implementation trip in 2012. As the complexity of the system increased, a new Ward 8
MOU was updated and signed in 2013 imposing specific roles, responsibilities, schedule
and sanctions for each party involved. A summary of these roles is shown in the figure
below.
Figure 2: Partner Role Framework
For the 2014 phase two implementation, EWB-USA HPC members oversaw civil
infrastructure construction and electromechanical component installation performed by
Nepali contractor Lasersun. This included excavation, cement tank construction at
intermediate and distribution stations, a gravity fed distribution system, solar panel
installation, water pump installation, pipeline installation and tap stand construction. A
figure showing the general system schematic can be seen below. More schematics and
layouts of the system can be seen on Appendix A and Appendix B.
8
Figure 3: Sabhung Ward 8 General System Schematic
When the final travel team left Sabhung, Nepal at the beginning of June 2014, the
solar powered pumping system was functioning as intended. Water was flowing into the
distribution tanks at the top, and down to several community clusters via the gravity-fed
distribution system. In the three months following the departure of the final travel team,
the community and LaserSun completed all outstanding work to make the system fully
operational. These items included: final excavation and laying of pipes for all seven
community clusters, a change in pipe size on the main distribution line to ensure
sufficient flow to the Manpur cluster, installation of flow regulator and meters at all tap
stand locations. Additional training for maintenance personnel, and completion of
security fences around all pump stations were also completed in July and August 2014.
Upon receiving photographic and written proof of project completion, provided by
Namlo Nepal, the community, and LaserSun, the EWB-USA HPC team released the
final contractor payment to LaserSun in mid-August. The community has been very
9
happy with their functional water supply system and held an inauguration ceremony for
the system in early September of 2014 to commemorate those who worked to make the
system fully operational. A table showing the work done in the community so far, as
well as proposed future trips is shown below.
Table 1: Past Trips, Proposed Trips, and Work Performed
Trip
1
Nov. 2011
2
Sept. 2012
3
Sept. 2013
4
Apr. 2014
5
Nov. 2015
6
Spring 2016
7
Spring 2017
8
Fall 2017
Ward 8
Initial assessment – Interviews conducted with community to assess
water and health needs. Potential and current water sources identified
and surveyed.
First implementation – Constructed water collection system near the
Guntya Khola spring by constructing a diversion dam and storage tank.
Improved trail to Guntya Khola. Involved the community in the
construction. Performed assessment activities for next phase. As per
plan, system is not yet operational.
Second Assessment – Technical assessment to design pumping system:
topographical surveying, pipeline layout, pumping station assessment,
community discussions, pump power selection, and supplier research.
Second Implementation – Constructed base, intermediate, and
distribution tanks, laid pipeline from Guntya Khola to top of hill, installed
pumps, wired pumps, laid gravity lines to community. Educated the
community about use and maintenance of the system. Assessed next
steps.
Third Assessment – Review operation of existing system. Assess water
treatment options and prototypes. Assess water diversion valve prototype
and other possible improvements to the system including: adding
additional gravity lines to primary school and other areas of the ward and
connecting other water sources to the hill top tanks. Educate the
community. Conduct community and health survey, focus groups
meetings, and Water Committee meetings
Third Implementation – Perform maintenance and make adjustments as
needed. Implement water treatment solutions (if deemed a requirement)
and improvements to the system including: final water diversion valve,
potential addition of electrical grid to supplement solar panels at night,
adding additional gravity lines to primary school and health clinic.
Monitoring trip. Review of system function and education.
Final review of system function, education and project closeout.
10
2. METHODOLOGY
There are several items from the water supply system that make part of the current
phase of the project, post initial build. Many items need to be monitored, such as water
flow rate measurements at the different taps, days of system shutdown, potential
improvements to the system in order to increase capacity or ease of maintenance, further
education to the community on the system, review of the OE&M fee structure and plan,
and the delivery of a technical maintenance document. Finally, a way to divert the flow
from the inlet to the roughing filter when it rains will be studied and a prototype solution
tested. Based on the information gathered from this, potential improvements and
additions to the project will be studied and possibly conducted by EWB-USA HPC
before “closing out” the project. All of this has as ultimate goal to hand over the
ownership of the O&E activities to the community and to Namlo.
In addition, Sabhung’s current need as identified and agreed upon by the
community, Namlo Nepal and EWB-USA HPC are: water sanitation and purification,
community conflict management training, and water conservation education. The water
quality is a concern due to the previously recorded presence of fecal coliforms, namely
E. coli, in both the distribution tap stands and the stream source from several water
samples taken, likely due to farming run-off, and lack of proper treatment methods to
eliminate this contaminant. In past health surveys there is an indication of water borne
illness which may be caused by the presence of fecal coliforms. During the last on site
visit of November 2015, the chapter re-tested these water samples to see if microbial
contamination was still present as well as conducted a community and health surveys,
focus group discussions, and community wide Water Committee meetings to determine
the connection between health and water quality as well as overall status of the system
and community needs/wants.
A second concern over water quality is regarding the possibility of seasonal
sedimentation in the system. Immediately following the previous implementation in July
of 2014, in the early weeks of the monsoon season (July-August), the water collected by
11
the system turned brown and cloudy after it rained. The chapter responded immediately
by working with Namlo Nepal and by hiring Nirmala, LaserSun’s on-site civil engineer
to collect preliminary data on the water quality, namely on water turbidity. Nirmala was
supplied with a smart phone to facilitate email and pictures of the problem. In September
of 2014, this was no longer a problem. However it resurfaced as a problem during the
2015 monsoon season, May to September.
The end of the rainy season demonstrates this is a seasonal problem. It seems quite
likely that our supply pipe excavation and tank construction disturbed the soil in the
watershed. Without adequate erosion control, this loose soil was washed downhill into
the source. EWB-USA HPC has worked with Namlo and the village to gather relevant
data and will do further monitoring on this trip to identify possible mediation of this
issue.
The community needs of conflict resolution management and water conservation
education will occur in community meeting settings. The more sensitive topic of conflict
resolution management; consisting of matters like water equality and payment systems,
will occur with the water committee only and Namlo. In the community wide meeting,
with the help of Namlo, we will discuss water conservation methods as well as the
possible water treatment solutions. We will demonstrate two methods: SODIS and a
ceramic filter, to provide the proper use and maintenance. We will also present the facts
about cost, limitations and lifetime of each product. 9 families will be provided with
prototypes, and will be responsible for the regular operating and maintenance
procedures. These families, in addition to 3 additional families not using any system,
will conduct very basic water quality tests as well as keep track of basic health data in
order to help demonstrate the effectiveness of the method. This information coupled with
the overall baseline health survey and water testing completed during the
implementation trip will enable us to take the appropriate next step in our project.
During the November 2015 assessment trip, the team gathered data to evaluate how
the current status of the project with respect to sustainability, as well as with respect to
12
community needs and wants for future system improvements. This was done by using
the method of “triangulation”. Triangulation of data sources and collection methods is
important in cross-checking information and reducing bias to ensure they are valid,
reliable and complete. Being eclectic about the data requires a mix of formal (e.g. reports
from monitoring) and informal (unstructured interviews), qualitative and quantitative
methods. Triangulation can help to overcome challenges such as biasness, provided such
processes are time- and cost-efficient [4]. Therefore, the method for obtaining this
information used in this analysis was by the following:
1. Community wide Water Committee meetings
2. Separate men and women focus group discussions at each of the seven tap
stands in the Ward 8 water supply system
3. Individual household surveys at houses located in the neighborhood of all
the seven tap stands
Following cultural considerations, the interviewers for the women focus group
discussions were EWB-USA HPC female team members, albeit with a male translator
from our partner Namlo Nepal. In addition, the men’s focus group discussions were done
by male EWB-USA HPC members, with a male translator. The main intent of all three
methods of gathering information was to try and make an impact assessment of the work
done so far by EWB-USA HPC with respect to quality of life of the Ward 8 residents as
well as determine the water supply’s health and sustainability. The results obtained in
November, 2015 were compared to those obtained during the baseline community and
needs survey when the EWB-USA HPC first traveled to Sabhung in 2011. The
methodology, although similar had some differences, and the questions asked were also
not quite the same. Here is a summary of the methodology used in the 2011 survey. The
full report of the survey can be found online [6].
1. Community wide Water Committee meetings
2. Separate men and women focus group discussions for the combined resident
of Ward 8.
13
3. Individual household surveys at houses located through all of Ward 8.
During this baseline assessment, the data was collected by two types of
interviewers: 8th grade school children and adult members of the water committees
for wards 7 and 8. Even though the methodology was somewhat different, the
overall idea was very similar and therefore, the data will be compared between the
2011 and 2015 assessments and conclusions drawn. A picture showing one of the
community wide water committee meetings can be seen below.
Figure 4: Community Wide Water Committee Meeting - November 2015
14
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
As stated in the previous section, during the first assessment trip to the Sabhung
community, EWB-USA HPC obtained baseline information on the community, their
health, and their needs/wants. A summary of the relevant information will be presented
below.
3.1 Comparison of Community Assessments Performed in 2011 and
2015
Table 2: Snapshot of Survey Administration
Ward No Year Performed Total Surveys
8
2011
72
8
2015
36
Table 3: Comparison of Select Data
Survey Item/Question
2011 Data
2015 Data
Household avg. residents between 0-5 years old
0.5
0.6
Household avg. residents between 6-18 years old
1.9
1.3
Household avg. residents between 19-59 years old
2.7
2.8
Household avg. residents 60+ years old
0.3
0.4
Household avg. residents
5.4
5.1
Daily “gagri” use
Avg size of “gagri”
15
Key Themes from Community Meetings

Water is the biggest concern for the community. There is no water at all
during the dry season and have to rely on ward 7, which has led to conflicts
between the two wards.

Khalte kholsa, the waterfall is the best source which never goes dry.
However, it is an hour walk down and 2 hours walk up.

Families with domestic animals require 13-14 trips per day. 4-5 trips for
those without animals

All family members collect water including children and men.

Some families who can afford treat water using filters or boil water.

Diarrhea, parasites and back problems are common health concerns
associated with water

Government health post is available and free of cost. However, medicine is
not always available.

School has three latrines but is only used for urination because there is no
water. Latrines are not allowed to be used for defecation.

School attendance varies during rainy and dry season. Lower attendance
during planting and harvesting season.

School is using 15 gagris of 15 liters each for drinking purposes and 15 liters
per week for toilets for staff. Need 1800 -2000 liters per day for everything.

9 households in ward 8 do not have toilets. They have supplies but haven’t
constructed toilets.
Key Themes from Men’s Group:

Major concern with water is the carrying time of 3-4 hours per day.

Taste of spring water is good

Stream water taste is different but acceptable. Gunte khola is good and clean.
It is also the best place to get water

They think water is good when the flow is sufficient. Full flowing water is
good.
16

Most of them drink water directly without any treatment. No sand filters are
used but some use scarves on top of the gagris when filling water to separate
larger impurities.

They do not like to use chlorine and are not in favor of using rain water for
drinking because it is not long lasting as well as not sufficient enough.

They are willing to pay NRs 100 to get water closer to their homes.

Children have many health problems including diarrhea and fever related to
water.

When asked to rank according to their importance in life, electricity and
local jobs were the two most important things for men. Latrines were the
least concern for them.

They are willing to consider using grey water for irrigation and for toilets
because they have toilets but cannot use them due to lack of water.
Key Themes from Women’s Groups:

The major concern with water is that it is difficult to carry during the dry
season. It takes a lot of time that they could be using for farming or tending
to their children and homes.

Women use clarity, odor and taste to know if water is good. Moving water is
perceived to be clean water. According to them water is bad if it is turbid
(mixed with mud) or had insects and leeches in it.

Women have a clear sense of taste about water. “Heavy water is the most
tasty” and comes from Gunte Khola and Dharadi. Some would use heavy
water for cooking as well as drinking except for the difficulty of getting that
much water from the springs. Stream water is not as good but acceptable.
Light water is not tasty so they use it for everything else, cooking and
cleaning. Rain water is not acceptable for drinking because it tastes bad, it is
not even good for washing because it is “slippery” and soap doesn’t come
out so often have to use other water to rinse.

Few of them use sand filters. Only wealthy families can afford them. The
filter changes the taste of the water—“it’s much tastier when it comes
17
straight from the source.” But they also thought the filter might make the
light water taste better. Older women did not report any use of
chemicals…including bleach. Younger women said they have been trained to
use chemicals to treat water but do not use them. They feel they need more
training on chemical treatment. They do not like the taste of chemically
treated water. Women boil water only if suggested by the health clinic or
when someone in the household is sick.

Older women said men should decide how much to pay for water taps but
that they thought about NRs 100 per month would be good (for water taps
nearby, preferably at each house). Younger Women are willing to pay NRs
25 per month to get water but it also depends on the salary of the person
who will be in charge of the tap. They agree that water should be available to
everyone even if they are unable to pay. They should be made available to
everyone who attends meetings and supports the effort.

Water, health and food are the top three priorities for women.
Summary of Findings:

Ward 8 experiences a water shortage crisis during the dry season due to the
lack of good water sources in the area.

Ward 8 is using 15 liters per unit considering people and big animals per
day of water, well below the average recommended by WHO.

Khalte kholsa is the preferred source of water because it never dries up.

Taste of water is important and affects use of water from different sources.

Rainwater is not acceptable for drinking and some types of washing but can
be used for other purposes.

Residents are willing to pay a fee of NRs 25-Nrs 100 per month to get water.

There was solidarity among people when it came to providing monetary and
other support to all residents. Residents were willing to chip in to support
18
water use for people who cannot afford to pay, but they expect those who
are physically able to contribute labor.

Water and health are more of a priority for women than men. This is
indicative that water issues disproportionately affect women.

The community is open to using sand filtration or boiling t treat water, but
do not think chemical treatments are desirable. Filters might be more
acceptable.
3.2 Community Assessment Performed in 2015
Table 4: Snapshot of Individual Survey Administration
Ward
Number of EWB-USA Total Number of surveys by Total surveys
No
HPC members
water committee members
by ward
8
2
59
36
19
4. CONCLUSIONS
20
REFERENCES
[1] WHO, "2015 Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water: 2015 Update and MDG
Assessment," WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data, 2015.
[2] S. I. Ali, "Engineering in solidarity: Hybridizing knowledge systems in humanitarian
and international development work," Procedia Engineering, pp. 11-17, 2015.
[3] EWB-USA, "Our History," 2015. [Online]. Available: http://www.ewb-usa.org/ourstory/our-history/. [Accessed 17 12 2015].
[4] EWB-USA,
"Principles
of
Development,"
2015.
http://www.ewb-usa.org/resource/principles-of-development/.
[Online].
[Accessed
Available:
17
12
2015].
[5] D. Agol, A. Latawiec and B. Strassburg, "Evaluating impacts of development and
conservation projects using sustainability indicators: Opportunities and challenges,"
Environmental Impact Assessment Review, pp. 1-9, 2014.
[6] L. Pandey and J. Lewis, "RPI - Camelo Rosas Website," 2015. [Online]. Available:
http://www.ewp.rpi.edu/hartford/~camelm/MEP/References/Community and Health
Baseline Needs Assessment Report, 2011 EWB-HPC Nepal Water Supply
Project.pdf. [Accessed 18 12 2015].
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APPENDIX A:
Figure 5: General Layout of Water Supply Project
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Figure 6: Expanded View of Khila Tap Stands
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Figure 7: Expanded View of Main System
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APPENDIX B: P&ID SCHEMATIC
Figure 8: P&ID for Ward 8 Water Supply System
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