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BIOLOGY 1406
GENERAL BIOLOGY I
FORM A
NAME_____________________________
Spring 2004
FINAL EXAM
(200 points) Multiple Choice. Select the correct answer for each question and place the answer on your
scantron
1. Meiosis differs from mitosis in that:
a. meiosis is involved in the formation of haploid nuclei whereas mitosis forms nuclei with the same number of
chromosomes
b. there is no prophase stage in meiosis
c. chromosomes in meiosis undergo two sequences of DNA synthesis while those in mitosis undergo only one
sequence
d. b and c only
e. in fact, there is no difference between the two processes
2. Movement of water across a semi-permeable (differentially permeable membrane) is known as
a. dissolution
b. suffusion
c. ionization
d. HCl ions
e. osmosis
3. Allopatric but not sympatric speciation requires
a. reproductive isolation
d. geographic isolation
b. prior hybridization
e. spontaneous differences in males and females
c. changes in gene pool frequencies
4. When a population is small, there is a greater chance of
a. gene flow
c. genetic drift
b. mutations occurring
d. sexual selection
5. The basic unit of life is the
a. unit body
b. protein units
e. natural selection
c. nucleus
d. organism
e. cell
6. The major unifying principle in biology and arguably biology's most important contribution to scientific thought is the:
a. Law of Genetics
c. Model of DNA
e. Theory of Populations
b. Cell Theory
d. Theory of Evolution
7. Moss "A" produces gametes in May, and moss "B" produces gametes in June. This is an example of a(n) _______
isolating mechanism.
a. geographic
b. mechanical
c. temporal
d. behavioral
e. post-mating
8. The Kaibab squirrel lives on the north side of the Grand Canyon and the Abert squirrel lives on the south side. Even
though these two populations are only miles apart, their gene pools are kept isolated by
a. mechanical incompatibility
c. temporal isolation
e. post-zygotic isolation
b. hybrid infertility
d. geographical isolation
9. All of the reactions of photosynthesis take place entirely within the
a. chloroplasts
b. dictyosomes
c. nucleus
d. mitochondria
e. all of the above
10. The person whose name is most closely associated with the Theory of Evolution is:
a. Huxley
b. Darwin
c. Huxtable
d. Malthus
e. Lamarck
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11. What is a gene actually?
a. a long sequence of amino acids making the primary structure of a protein
b. a long sequence of DNA nucleotides in a chromosome
c. several triplets that code for the same amino acid
d. a short sequence of RNA nucleotides
e. whatever we determine it to be
12. Which of the following is(are) considered to be important traits developed as a result of an arboreal life style by early
primates?
a. very flexible hand with an opposable thumb
b. an arm which can rotate almost 360o in its socket
c. instead of claws, nails which expose the sensitive fingertips
d. completely 3-D vision
e. all of the above are important traits
13. Organisms which can make their own food are known as
a. heterotrophs
b. saprophytes
c. autotrophs
14. Which of the following atoms is NOT common in living things?
a. carbon
b. phosphorus
c. silicon
d. parasites
d. nitrogen
e. chemotrophs
e. hydrogen
15. The genus of human beings, including both primitive ("archaic") humans, the Neanderthals, Cro-Magnons, and
modern humans is
a. Homo
b. Australopithecus
c. Dryopithecus
d. Habilis
e. none of the above
16. All experiments that stimulate conditions in the early earth's atmosphere assume that the early atmosphere did NOT
contain which gas?
a. water vapor
b. methane
c. oxygen
d. hydrogen
e. carbon dioxide
17. All organisms which undergo sexual reproduction go through two major events at sometime during their lives. They
are:
a. formation of reproductive cells in sporangia and fertilization
b. an alternation of generations and meiosis
c. meiosis and fertilization
d. separation of the sexes and protection of the young
e. mitosis and meiosis
18. All evidence indicates that the genetic material is
a. protein
b. RNA
c. DNA
d. carbohydrates
19. Among the important compounds that make up the cell membrane is (are):
a. phospholipids
b. proteins
c. carbohydrates
d. cholesterol
20. Which of the following is NOT characteristic of living things?
a. simple, haphazard organization
b. the ability to reproduce
c. the ability to use and transform energy from the environment
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e. still mysterious and unknown
e. all of the above
d. the ability to respond to stimuli
e. adaptation to the environment
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21. You have a phenotypically tall pea plant but you do not know if it is genotypically TT or Tt. To find out which is
correct, you would
a. perform radical dissection
b. rip it out of the ground, throw it away and forget it in your results
c. mate it with a plant of genotype tt
d. mate it with a plant of genotype Tt
e. write it up as TT and hope no one notices
22. Which of the following organisms can be considered in the direct line of human ancestry, i.e., present day human
beings probably evolved from
a. tarsiers and lemurs
b. Australopithecus
c. gorillas
d. chimpanzees
e. baboons
23. A solution with a pH = 9.3 would be considered:
a. basic
b. peculiar
c. living
d. impossible
e. acidic
24. The Father of Genetics is
a. Darwin
b. Wallace
d. Miller
e. Mendel
c. Beadle
25. The person who must share with Darwin credit for having formulated the Theory of Evolution is:
a. Thomas Huxley
c. Richard Wagner
e. Alfred R. Wallace
b. Charles Lyell
d. James Hutton
26. A major function(s) of carbohydrates is(are)
a. control the activities of a cell
b. to serve as a "building material" and energy source
c. protein construction
d. a major component part of the cytoplasm
e. carbohydrates have no function in cells
27. The continued occurrence of sickle-cell disease in parts of Africa with malaria is due to
a. continual mutation
d. disruptive selection
b. gene flow between populations
e. protozoan resistance to DDT
c. temporal isolation
28. One function of nucleotides, e.g., adenine and cytosine is as
a. an excellent source of nitrogen
d. the major source of energy in any cell
b. the building blocks for proteins
e. all of the above are correct
c. the building blocks of DNA and RNA
29. Photosynthesis:
a. enables plants to be green
b. provides the major source of reduced organic compounds useful to the living world
c. occurs only in hot steamy conditions, providing huge quantities of oxygen
d. requires pigments which absorb light waves
e. both b and d are correct
30. All surviving hominids are in the species
a. Homo sapiens
c. Homo erectus
b. Homo habilis
d. Australopithecus afarensis
e. there are no surviving hominids
31. Modern classification of human beings would include us with organisms which are
a. anthropoids
b. catarrhines
c. hominids
d. all of the previous
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e. only a and b
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32. The basic building blocks of all biological macromolecule are referred to as
a. dimers
b. monomers c. peptides
d. acetyls
e. all of the above are building blocks
33. According to data derived from DNA melting/re-fusing (DNA hybridization) and similarity of enzymes, human beings
are most closely related to
a. gibbons
b. gorillas
c. New World monkeys
d. chimpanzees
e. orangutans
34. Which of the following does NOT belong to the basic premises that Darwin used to support his Theory of Evolution
through Natural Selection?
a. There is variation among individuals and at least some of that variation is inheritable.
b. Individuals with certain characteristics have a better chance of surviving than individuals lacking those traits.
c. Many more individuals are borne, hatched, or sprout each season than can possibly survive.
d. An internal striving on the part of the organism enables it to evolve in a desired direction.
e. Over the passage of great expanses of time, new, favorable traits become more common and older, less favorable
traits tend to disappear.
35. The most important energy compound for any cell is:
a. made in greatest amounts in the Electron Transport System
b. ATP
c. is made during meiosis
36. The Cell Cycle involves
a. the M and Cytokinesis processes
b. only mitosis and meiosis
c. G1, S, and G2 phases of Interphase
d. all of the above
e. a and b only
d. both a and c
e. none of the above
37. The atomic particles which determine how an atom will react are the:
a. ions
b. electrons
c. orbitals
d. protons
38. The one compound crucial to the process of photosynthesis is
a. one special saccharide
b. ATP
c. chloroplast
39. The ultimate (original) source of energy for all the living world is
a. ATP
b. water
c. volcanic energy
e. neutrons
d. nucleotide
d. the sun
e. chlorophyll
e. fossil fuels
40. There is evidence that two very important cellular organelles, the _____________ and _____________, may have
arisen as "captive" organisms which have taken up residence inside larger cells
a. nucleus; Golgi apparatus (dictyosome)
d. centrioles; chromosomes
b. endoplasmic reticulum; lysosomes
e. nothing since this is a silly idea anyway
c. mitochondria; chloroplasts
41. The earliest primates seem to have been all
a. large ape-like creatures which wrestled smaller dinosaurs to the ground and ate them
b. tiny bird-like animals which lived in high tree tops
c. small mouse- or shrew-like nocturnal, insectivorous creatures
d. eel-like aquatic things with large tearing teeth
e. we have no idea what they were like since there are no fossils of them
42. Lysosomes are important as
a. sex organs in soft jellyfish
b. organelles to digest dead cells and ingested food
c. precursors of protein formation
d. integral parts of cell membranes
e. none of the above
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43. The Electron Transport System:
a. is the major system which both plant and animal cells use to make ATP
b. gets rid of toxic protons and electrons by means of cytochromes
c. is always associated with membranes, especially in the mitochondria
d. has shown the chemiosmotic theory to be a useless waste of time
e. both a and c are correct
44. Which of the following adaptations has been extremely important in primate evolution?
a. upright posture
c. binocular vision
e. a, b, and c
b. hand development
d. a and c
45. If you open a can of chicken noodle soup and immediately examine it microscopically you will find no
microorganisms. If you let the open can sit on the shelf for a few weeks and then examine it you will find lots of
micoorganisms. The origin of these microorganisms is most likely
a. spontaneous generation
c. prebiotic evolution
b. endosymbiotic microspheres
d. airborne microorganisms
46. In addition to Homo, another genus within the homonid family is:
a. Tarsier b. Lemus
c. Cro-magnon
d. Habilis
e. Australopithecus
47. Among fire-breathing dragons, the color of fire is genetically determined. Blue fire (R) is dominant to red fire (r). A
dragon which breathes blue fire mates with one that breathes red fire and eight of the hatchlings breathe blue fire and ten
breathe red fire. What is the most likely genetic make-up of the two parent dragons?
a. RR x rr
b. Rr x Rr
c. rr x rr
d. Rr x rr
e. not possible to tell
48. The many varieties of domesticated pigeons, chickens, and dogs are examples of ________, whereas the many kinds
of wild geese and the various species of hummingbirds and snakes are products of ________.
a. the founder effect; genetic drift
d. Mendelian genetics; Lamarckian evolution
b. artificial selection; natural selection
e. genetic mutations; artificial selection
c. directional selection; stabilizing selection
49. The importance of the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium is that
a. it tells us that no modern populations of organisms are evolving
b. it is a yardstick to use to measure the amount of evolution occurring in populations in nature
c. it gives modern population biologists something to do while in the field collecting data
d. it gives Hardy and Weinberg a well-respected name in biology
e. none of the above
50. What chemicals were produced by Miller and Urey experiments investigating the origin of life in his laboratory?
These molecules resulted from repetitive heating and cooling cycles and electric discharges in an atmosphere simulating
the early atmosphere of Earth.
a. Amino acids, ATP
c. Cells similar to bacteria
b. Short proteins, nucleotides
d. a and b
51. The fossil record indicates that the earliest cells lived about:
a. 1.5 billion years ago
c. 3.5 billions years ago
b. 2.5 billion years ago
d. 6 billion years ago
52. The "home" of modern humans, i.e., where they seem to have evolved is
a. Africa
b. Asia
c. South America
d. Europe
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e. Australia
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53. Which of the following could science most likely say little or nothing about?
a. the relationship between all the hummingbirds in the New World
b. the amount of ammonia released by decomposers
c. the co-evolution of flowers and insects
d. the relative beauty of precious jewels
e. the difference in reflectivity of the surfaces of paintings by Rembrandt and Picasso
54. A man and a woman, both heterozygous for the Tay-Sachs disease, get married. The probability that they will have an
affected child is
a. 0%
b. 25%
c. 50%
d. 75%
e. 100%
55. Doubtless the most important compound for living things is:
a. water
b. carbon
c. hydrogen
d. O2
e. glucose
56. The steps in the scientific method are, in order:
a. careful observation, experimental testing of a hypothesis, formation of a theory, predictions
b. designing a theory to explain carefully-made observations, experimental testing of the hypothesis
c. experimentally testing a hypothesis, predictions based upon the hypothesis, careful observation, formation of a
theory
d. careful observation, formulation of a hypothesis to explain the observations, testing of the hypothesis, predictions
based upon the hypothesis
e. none of the above
57. The cellular organelle known as the powerhouse of the cell is the ______________ because _________________.
a. lysosome; its powerful digestive enzymes break down many compounds
b. chloroplast; this is the site of photosynthesis
c. Golgi apparatus; it can package vast amounts of storage material
d. mitochondrion; it is the site of the Electron Transport System
e. no such organelle exists
58. Cytokinesis differs from mitosis in the following way(s)
a. cytokinesis is division of the cell only
b. cytokinesis includes telophase and cell division
c. mitosis includes S, G2, and prophase
d. cytokinesis occurs only after meiosis
e. cytokinesis and mitosis are the same process
59. The center of an atom where the protons and neutrons are found is the:
a. nucleus
b. energy orbit
c. electron orbit
d. neutrino
e. neutral center
60. Flattened stacks of membranes involved in the packaging and transport of materials from cells are known as
a. microbodies
c. pinocytic vesicles
e. plain vesicles
b. Golgi bodies (dictyosomes)
d. vacuoles
61. Which of the following is NOT a common reaction which occurs in living things?
a. digestion (hydrolysis)
c. synthesis (dehydrolysis)
e. transordination
b. oxidation
d. reduction
62. The process in which the message in DNA is made into RNA is known as
a. translation
c. transcription
b. transduction
d. transformation
e. transfusion
63. Many of the important finds of fossil ancestors of human beings have been made by
a. the Leakeys of Africa
c. Cuvier of France
e. only a and b
b. Donald Johanson
d. all of the above
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64. Darwin proposed the theory of natural selection in
a. 1859
b. 1905
c. 1923
d. 1971
e. 1982
65. The major site (place) of protein synthesis inside a cell is
a. the vacuoles
c. the Golgi bodies
b. rough endoplasmic reticulum
d. chloroplasts
e. lysosomes
66. Scientific evidence indicates that DNA is present in living things in the shape of:
a. a folded, globular form
c. great flat sheets and tubes
b. a pleated sheet
d. a "9 + 2" arrangement
e. a double helix
67. According to the fossils which have been found, the earliest living things
a. resembled modern bacteria
d. were large and grand
b. had cells which we call prokaryotic in organization
e. only a and b are correct
c. had a true nucleus
68. A very important genetic change, a __________, can be caused by a deletion, substitution (point), or addition of a
nucleotide of DNA.
a. translation
b. classification
c. restitution
d. mutation
e. transubstantiation
69. A scientific theory is
a. well understood in regards to general underlying mechanisms, substantiated by many independent tests, and
unusually broad in scope with great predictive capabilities
b. a good guess based upon some available experimental facts
c. educated speculation which could turn out to be absolutely true
d. something most scientists take for granted or on faith
e. only lacking experimental evidence for it to become a scientific law
70. A cross between two organisms which involves two traits determined by two different genes is a
a. test cross
c. monohybrid cross
e. none of the above
b. back cross
d. dihybrid cross
71. Its ability to form long chains of covalent bonds makes _________ the most important element for the living world.
a. oxygen
b. sulfur
c. hydrogen
d. water
e. carbon
72. Assuming a Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, 21% of a population is homozygous dominant, 50% is heterozygous, and
29% is homozygous recessive. What percentage of the next generation will be homozygous recessive?
a. 21%
b. 50%
c. 29%
d. 42%
e. 58%
73. The fossil record offers direct evidence for common descent because you can
a. see that the types of fossils change over time
b. sometimes find common ancestors
c. trace the ancestry of a particular group
d. trace the biological history of living things
e. all of the above are correct
74. The one organelle which exerts the most control of a cell is the
a. mitochondrion
b. endoplasmic reticulum
c. cell membrane
d. nucleus
e. vacuole
75. Natural selection which selects against one extreme type of a population and forces the traits to shift in the opposite
direction is known as:
a. disruptive selection
c. non-functional
e. none of the above
b. directional selection
d. stabilizing selection
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76. The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that:
a. energy cannot be created or destroyed
b. energy cannot be changed from one form to another
c. no energy transformation is ever completely efficient, i.e., there is always a loss of useful energy
d. potential energy absorbs kinetic energy from a system and its surroundings
e. every energy transformation requires an input of energy
77. Why is "Lucy", a fossil of an Australopithecus, considered to be a member of the human line of evolution?
a. She had a large and grand brain and doubtless much more mental "power" than many people in rural and mountain
communities today
b. She had a distinctive type of tools which she used to bash in the heads of marauding baboons
c. She walked completely upright and had a pelvic area which is almost identical to that of modern humans
d. There was a gain of 15% weight from top to bottom
e. She actually is not considered in the human "line".
78. The major difference between a plant cell and an animal cell is
a. the animal cell has a nucleus whereas a plant cell does not
b. an animal cell can go through meiosis whereas a plant cell only goes through mitosis
c. plant cells have a cell wall whereas animal cells have a cell membrane
d. plant cells have small vacuoles whereas animal cells have large and capacious vacuoles
e. there are actually no differences between plant and animal cells
79. The tendency of the universe and everything in it toward disorder is known as
a. pleiotropy
b. heterotropy
c. isotropy
d. meiotropy
e. entropy
80. In the formation of a protein, the connection of one amino acid to another forms the _______________ of
construction.
a. primary producers level b. primary level
c. secondary level
d. tertiary level
e. top dog
81. The prokaryotes are unique among living things because
a. they lack a true nucleus
b. they cannot reproduce by themselves
c. they have cell walls
d. they can photosynthesize and are also motile
e. their basic structure is a long filament and not a cell at all
82. A hypothesis which explains bipedalism is
a. less exposure to UV light
c. to be able to see over the grasslands
b. sexual selection
d. both a and b
83. Glycolysis occurs entirely:
a. in the cytoplasm
b. inside the mitochondrion
c. on the membrane surfaces of chloroplasts and Golgi apparati
d. by itself with no help from its friends
e. in the presence of large numbers of ribosomes
84. Organisms contain thousands of different proteins composed of _______ amino acids.
a. 4
b. 20
c. 100
d. 1000
e. approximately 5,000
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e. a, b, and c are correct
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85. The process of meiosis involves
a. two synthesis replications (replications of nuclear material) followed by one division making two identical nuclei
b. one synthesis replication followed by one division producing four identical nuclei all like the original nucleus
c. two synthesis replications followed by one nuclear division
d. two nuclear divisions followed by two synthesis replications
e. one synthesis replication followed by two divisions producing 4 nuclei, each with half the DNA of the original
nucleus, dissimilar to it and unlike each other
86. If within a large population no mutations occur, no migration occurs, all matings are random and there is no change in
the environment, what will happen?
a. extinction will occur
b. natural selection will occur at the normal rate for that species
c. natural selection will occur at a faster rate than before
d. exponential population growth will occur
e. no evolution will occur
87. In human beings the ______ chromosome carries very little genetic information, but it determines ________.
a. X; femaleness
b. X; maleness
c. Y; maleness
d. Y; femaleness
e. XY; intersex
88. The elements which make up 95-97% of the substance of all living things are
a. C, H, S, N, P
b. C, H, P, Fe, O
c. N, O, C, H
d. O, S, P, N
e. They are not listed here
89. When studying the genetics of human beings, genetic researchers must resort to the construction of an elaborate chart
known as a(n)
a. wall-sized printout
d. pedigree chart analysis
b. taste test
e. all of the previous
c. DNA analysis
90. "Lucy" is a member of what species?
a. Homo erectus
b. Austrolopithecus afarensis
d. A. robustus
e. A. anamensis
91. Which of the following statements is (are) true about proteins?
a. their basic building blocks are amino acids
b. they have only one level of construction, namely, primary
c. they may be structural, e.g., hair, nails, and skin
c. H. habilis
d. many are enzymes
e. all of the above except b are true
92. Which of the following is the best definition of biology?
a. the study of the cell
c. the science of metabolism
b. the study of the human body
d. the science of life
e. the study of anatomy
93. What is(are) the ultimate source(s) of genetic variation, the raw materials on which evolution can work?
a. increased mating between species
c. mutations
e. natural selection
b. adaptations to changing environments
d. spontaneous generation
94. The prokaryotic organisms include
a. all organisms except the bacteria
b. the bacteria and plants
c. only the bacteria and any other organisms without an organized nucleus
d. those organisms with many different types of cell organelles
e. none of the above is correct
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95. All reactions in living things progress through step-by-step changes known as
a. underhanded twist-overs
d. major chemical highways
b. reverse transcriptase by-ways
e. action-reaction potential feed-back inhibition
c. biochemical pathways
96. In the digestion of virtually any substance it will eventually be brought to that "central" cycle of all metabolism, the
a. citric acid cycle
b. electron transport system
c. glycolysis d. birth cycle
e. Tri Cycle
97. African jaguars are all identical genetically. All scientific evidence indicates that in the not too distant past most
ancestors of the modern jaguars died for some reason and only a few remained alive to give rise to modern jaguars. This is
an example of
a. behavioral isolation
c. temporal isolation
e. post-zygotic sterility
b. the bottleneck effect
d. scientific mumbo jumbo
98. Which statement is correct regarding Biston betularia, a species of moth found throughout England in the 19th
century?
a. The black coloration of moths was caused by pollution from burning coal
b. Black moths are covered with soot from coal burning factories
c. A recessive mutation in the homozygous combination causes black moths to be born; these moths had a greater
chance of surviving and so became more common
d. These moths were all killed by the devastating fungus Phytophthora infestans
e. Black moths were easy to see and therefore selected against.
99. When one original species is separated into two groups by a geographical barrier so that each group then evolves into
a new species, biologists term this
a. sympatric speciation
d. post-zygotic speciation
b. spurious speciation
e. short term speciation
c. allopatric speciation
100. Mitosis is a process which
a. takes two nuclei and makes four from them
b. takes one nucleus and makes two identical copies of it
c. takes one cell and makes two out it
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d. makes four nuclei from one nucleus
e. none of the above are correct