EXAM 4. BIOLOGY 1406
1. The ability of organisms to pass
on to their offspring physical
changes that the parents developed
during their own lifetimes is known
as _______.
a. genetic drift
b. natural selection
c. artificial selection
d. adaptive radiation
e. inheritance of acquired
characteristics
2) The incorrect theory that
"organisms can modify their bodies
through use or disuse of parts, and
that these modifications can be
passed on to their offspring" was
formulated by
A) Hutton.
B) Darwin.
C) Aristotle.
D) Lamarck.
E) Lyell.
3. Structures that may differ in
function but that have similar
anatomy, presumably because of
descent from common ancestors,
are called ______.
a. analogous structures
b. homologous structures
c. vestigial structures
4) Which of these statements
indicates a problem with the theory
of catastrophism?
A) Not all species have been
recovered.
B) Many species have become
extinct.
C) There are millions of undescribed
species in the world.
D) There are no humans in early
fossil records.
NAME __________________________
E) The Earth is billions of years old.
5. Structures that serve no apparent
purpose but are homologous to
functional structures in related
organisms are called _______.
a. analogous structures
b. homologous structures
c. vestigial structures
6) The author of On the Origin of
Species by Means of Natural
Selection is
A) Mendel.
B) Malthus.
C) Galvani.
D) Darwin.
E) Lamarck
7. Which of the following lines of
evidence support(s) the idea of
evolution ?
a. the fossil record
b. genetic and biochemical analyses
c. comparative anatomy and
embryology
d. artificial selection
e. all of the above
8) Darwin and Wallace both realized
that most species produce many
more offspring than is necessary to
maintain a constant population. What
is the fate of the excess individuals?
A) They have evolved so that they
cannot survive in their environment.
B) Some less favorable individuals
do not survive to reproduce.
C) They evolve to take advantage of
natural resources.
D) Some individuals die arbitrarily.
E) They mutate and then are able to
adapt to new environments.
9. Which of the following is a
mechanism or cause of evolution?
a. mutation
b. gene flow
c. genetic drift
d. natural selection
e. all of the above
13) Natural selection on a trait can
only occur if the trait is ________.
A) inheritable
B) behavioral
C) favorable
D) morphological
E) a new mutation
10) The theory of natural selection
states that
A) all individuals live to reproduce in
each generation.
B) only the largest and strongest
survive.
C) random assortment of genes
results in better characteristics in the
following generations.
D) the best adapted individuals
survive and reproduce, contributing
the most genes to the next
generation.
E) individuals that mutate in
response to their environment will
survive.
14) Which of the following is NOT
an example of natural selection?
A) Plants with thorns are less likely
to be eaten by herbivores than other
members of the same species that
lack thorns.
B) Bacterial populations in hospitals
develop resistance to drugs used to
combat infection by them.
C) Scientists breed cows that give
greater amounts of milk than their
ancestors.
D) Fruit fly larvae with an enzyme to
break down alcohol are better able to
feed on fermenting fruit than those
that lack the enzyme.
E) Female fish that produce more
eggs leave more offspring than those
that produce fewer eggs.
11. Selection against individuals at
both ends of a phenotypic
distribution for a character, favoring
those in the middle or average of the
distribution, is an example of
__________.
a. kin selection
b. sexual selection
c. directional selection
d. disruptive selection
e. stabilizing selection
12. What is a gene pool?
a. a region of DNA found at a
specific position on a chromosome
b. the number of copies of an allele
for a specific gene in a population
c. the total number of all the genes in
a population
d. none of the above
15. Evolution is best defined as a
change in __________.
a. number of species
b. physical traits
c. DNA sequence
d. allele frequencies
16. Individuals with two identical
copies of a given allele are called
____________________ for that
allele.
a. heterozygous
b. twins
c. compatible
d. homozygous
17) Specific inheritable mutations,
which may allow a population to
evolve, are :
A) produced by chance.
B) produced as a response to
environmental change.
C) produced as a response to
selection pressure.
D) produced by other species in the
environment.
E) produced by artificial selection.
18) A change in the genetic makeup
of a population is
A) natural selection.
B) uniformitarianism.
C) artificial selection.
D) evolution.
E) genetic drift.
19) Evidence which supports the
theory of evolution is found in the
studies of
A) embryos.
B) biochemistry.
C) fossils.
D) artificial selection.
E) all of these
20) The fossil record indicates that
over the last 50 million years the
horse has evolved in all but which of
the following ways?
A) tooth structure
B) leg anatomy
C) overall size
D) abundance of hair
E) It has evolved in all these
respects.
21) Structures which are
homologous to important structures
in other organisms but serve no
purpose in the organism being
considered are
A) analogous.
B) mutations.
C) homozygous.
D) convergent.
E) vestigial
22) Which of the following structures
is NOT homologous to the others?
A) alligator forelimb
B) bird wing
C) human arm
D) insect wing
E) bat wing
23) Strong evidence for the close
relatedness of vertebrates is
A) they all have legs.
B) their means of reproduction.
C) the similarity of their
embryological stages.
D) they all evolved from fish.
E) they all possess DNA.
24) The many different breeds of
domestic dog were produced by
A) natural selection.
B) artificial selection.
C) kin selection
D) mutation.
E) divergent evolution.
25) Most commercial pesticides are
effective for only 2-3 years. This is
because
A) new pests invade the area.
B) the chemicals induce mutations
that convey immunity.
C) the chemicals mutate.
D) the pests learn to ignore the
chemicals.
E) those pests with advantageous
mutations will survive and reproduce.
26) Anolis lizards are transplanted
from an area with many large trees
to islands with many small plants
and few trees. You would predict
them to
A) undergo no evolutionary change.
B) evolve shorter legs.
C) evolve longer legs.
D) evolve to be able to run away
from predators more quickly.
E) evolve to be able to maneuver
less efficiently.
27) The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
represents an idealized, evolutionfree population in which the allele
frequencies and genotype
frequencies will not change over
time. In order for this to happen, five
conditions must be met: 1) there
must be no mutation; 2) there must
be no gene flow between
populations; 3) the populations must
be very large; 4) all mating must be
random; and 5) there must be no
natural selection. If one of these five
conditions was violated, genetic
change, and thus evolution, would
occur in the populations of
subsequent generations. Suppose
that only condition 3 were violated—
that the population was very small. In
this situation, the evolution would
probably be due to _________.
a. mutation
b. migration
c. genetic drift
d. natural selection
e. all of the above
28) Genetic drift, population
bottlenecks, and founder populations
all illustrate __________.
a. decreasing population size has a
greater effect on changing allele
frequencies than increasing the
population size
b. that reducing population size will
likely decrease genetic variability
within the population
c. the strong role played by very
small isolated populations in the
creation of new species
d. all of the above
29) What type of natural selection
favors individuals with rarely
encountered traits over individuals
with traits that are frequently
encountered?
a. disruptive selection
b. stabilizing selection
c. directional selection
30) Gene flow __________.
a. cannot influence the evolution of a
population
b. prevents the spread of alleles
through a species
c. causes populations to diverge
from each other
d. makes populations more
genetically similar
31) Why is the sickle cell allele found
at a high frequency in African human
populations?
a. Individuals with sickle cell anemia
are resistant to malaria, which has
historically been prevalent in Africa.
b. Heterozygote carriers of the allele
are susceptible to malaria, which has
historically been absent in Africa.
c. Individuals with sickle cell anemia
are susceptible to malaria, which has
historically been absent in Africa.
d. Heterozygote carriers of the allele
are resistant to malaria, which has
historically been prevalent in Africa.
32) Before the modern era of
science, organisms were assigned to
species categories on the basis of
A) behavioral similarities.
B) existence of fossils of previous
forms.
C) capability of interbreeding.
D) similarities in appearance.
E) geographic location.
33) What is: "all the populations of
organisms that can potentially
interbreed with one another under
natural circumstances and are
reproductively isolated from other
populations"?
A) genus
B) species
C) genotype
D) community
E) tribe
34) Fruit fly species all look more or
less alike. If you have a male and
female fruit fly how can you prove
that they are the same species?
A) Determine the base sequence of
the DNA of their chromosomes.
B) Examine them closely with a low
power microscope comparing their
physical characteristics to published
species key lists of characteristics.
C) If they mate when they are put
together then they are the same
species.
D) If they mate successfully and their
offspring can also mate successfully
all are the same species.
E) If they can both asexually
reproduce and their offspring can
also successfully asexually
reproduce then they are all the same
species.
35) Populations once considered to
be separate species are now
sometimes assigned to the same
species because
A) it was discovered that they can
produce viable and fertile hybrid
offspring.
B) they have evolved to look
different.
C) they are no longer capable of
interbreeding.
D) they have evolved to look the
same.
E) they have been found to be
genetically similar.
36) If there is no gene flow into a
population, it is said to be
A) allopatric.
B) sympatric.
C) a founder population.
D) isolated.
E) in a bottleneck.
37) Two species of squirrels live on
either side of the Grand Canyon.
They are an example of
A) temporal isolation.
B) behavioral isolation.
C) mechanical isolation.
D) hybrid inviability.
E) allopatric speciation.
38) The Kaibab squirrel lives on the
north side of the Grand Canyon and
the Abert squirrel lives on the south
side. Even though these two
populations are only miles apart,
their gene pools are kept isolated by
A) mechanical incompatibility.
B) hybrid infertility
C) geographic isolation
D) ecological isolation.
E) temporal isolation.
39) The flies that show a preference
for either hawthorn or apple trees,
and are no longer interbreeding
populations because of this, illustrate
what type of speciation?
A) allopatric
B) specialization
C) polyploidy
D) founder effect
E) sympatric
40) All members of the golden
hamster species known today are
descendants of a single litter
collected in Syria in 1939. Its diploid
chromosome number is 44. Two
other species of hamster, each with
a diploid number of 22 overlap in
Syria. The golden hamster is thought
to be a new species following the
mating of a male and female of the
two other hamster species. What
mechanism might explain this recent
event of speciation?
A) adaptive radiation
B) formation of fertile hybrid and
halving of the chromosome number
of this hybrid
C) polyploidy
D) temporal isolation
E) disruptive selection
41) The organisms most likely to
undergo sympatric speciation by
polyploidy are
A) mammals.
B) insects.
C) plants.
D) protists.
E) birds.
42) When a species invades a new
habitat and evolves rapidly into
several new species to better exploit
new resources what has occurred?
A) phyletic speciation
B) divergent speciation
C) stabilizing selection
D) polyploidy
E) adaptive radiation
43) Two different species of pine
release their pollen at different times.
This is an example of
A) geographical isolation.
B) ecological isolation.
C) behavioral incompatibility.
D) temporal isolation.
E) mechanical isolation.
44) Blue-footed boobies of the
Galapagos will only mate after a very
specific courtship display on the part
of the male. He high steps to
advertise his bright blue feet. What
isolating mechanism discourages
mating outside the species?
A) ecological isolation
B) temporal isolation
C) behavioral isolation
D) mechanical isolation
E) gametic incompatibility
45) In many species of fireflies
males flash to attract females. Each
species has a different flashing
pattern. This is an example of
A) allopatric speciation.
B) geographical isolation.
C) temporal isolation.
D) natural selection.
E) behavioral isolation.
46) One method of protecting the
genetic identity of a population is the
inability of sperm to fertilize eggs of a
different species. This is called
A) ecological isolation.
B) temporal isolation.
C) behavioral isolation.
D) hybrid inviability.
E) gametic incompatibility.
47) The great dane and the
chihuahua are both domestic dogs
(the same species), but mating
between them is limited by
A) hybrid infertility.
B) hybrid inviability.
C) mechanical incompatibility.
D) behavioral isolation.
E) heterozygote disadvantage.
48) A horse has 2N=64 and a
donkey has 2N=62. The hybrid of
these two species, mules have 63
chromosomes and are sterile. Why
are mules sterile?
A) They cannot physically mate with
each other.
B) They cannot physically mate with
horses and donkeys.
C) Some chromosomes lack
homologs and cannot undergo
meiosis.
D) Their zygotes cannot complete
the first mitotic division to form the
two cell stage.
E) Only autoploid interspecies
hybrids are able to form new
species.
49) If a hybrid is unable to produce
sperm because meiosis does not
proceed correctly, gene flow
between the populations is restricted
by
A) hybrid viability.
B) hybrid infertility.
C) gametic isolation.
D) ecological isolation.
E) temporal isolation.
50) The greatest cause of
extinctions is
A) asteroid impacts.
B) interactions with other species.
C) overspecialization.
D) habitat destruction..
E) limited species range.