A big operating imaging LAr
TPC detector.
October 2003
Elio Calligarich (INFN-PV)
1
The ICARUS Collaboration
(23 institutes, 115 physicists)
S. Amoruso, Yu. Andreew, P. Aprili, F. Arneodo, B. Babussinov, B. Badelek, A. Badertscher, M. Baldo-Ceolin, G.Battistoni,
B.Bekman, P. Benetti, A. Borio di Tigliole, M. Bischofberger, R. Brunetti, R.Bruzzese, A.Bueno, E.Calligarich, D.Cavalli, F.
Cavanna, F. Carbonara, P. Cennini, S. Centro, A.Cesana, C.Chen, Y. Chen, D. Cline, P.Crivelli, A.G.Cocco, A. Dabrowska,
Z. Dai, M. Daszkiewicz, A. Di Cicco, R. Dolfini, A. Ereditato, M. Felcini, A. Ferrari, F.Ferri, G. Fiorillo, S. Galli, Y. Ge, D.
Gibin, A.Gigli Berzolari, I. Gil-Botella, N. Goloubev, A. Guglielmi, K.Graczyk, L.Grandi, X. He, J. Holeczek, C.Juszczak, D.
Kielczewska, M. Kirsanov, J. Kisiel, L. Knecht, T.Kozlowski, H. Kuna-Ciskal, N.Krasnikov, M.Laffranchi, J.Lagoda,
B. Lisowski, F. Lu, G. Mangano, G. Mannocchi, M.Markiewicz, F. Mauri, V.Matveev, C. Matthey, G.Meng, M.Messina, C.
Montanari, S. Muraro, G. Natterer, S. Navas-Concha, M. Nicoletto, S.Otwinowski, Q.Ouyang, O. Palamara, D. Pascoli,
L. Periale, G. Piano Mortari, A. Piazzoli, P.Picchi, F.Pietropaolo, W.Polchlopek, T. Rancati, A. Rappoldi, G.L. Raselli,
J. Rico, E. Rondio, M.Rossella, A. Rubbia, C.Rubbia,
P.Sala, R. Santorelli, D. Scannicchio, E. Segreto, Y. Seo,
F. Sergiampietri, J. Sobczyk, N. Spinelli, J.Stepaniak, M. Stodulski, M. Szarska, M. Szeptycka, M.Terrani, R. Velotta, S.
Ventura, C.Vignoli, H. Wang, X.Wang, M.Wojcik, X. Yang, A. Zalewska, J.Zalipska, P. Zhao, W. Zipper.
ITALY: L'Aquila, LNF, LNGS, Milano, Napoli, Padova, Pavia, Pisa, CNR Torino, Politec. Milano.
SWITZERLAND: ETH/Zürich.
CHINA: Academia Sinica Beijing.
POLAND: Univ. of Silesia Katowice, Univ. of Mining and Metallurgy Krakow, Inst. of Nucl. Phys. Krakow,
Jagellonian Univ. Krakow, Univ. of Technology Krakow, A.Soltan Inst. for Nucl. Studies Warszawa,
Warsaw Univ., Wroclaw Univ.
USA: UCLA Los Angeles.
SPAIN: Univ. of Granada.
RUSSIA: INR (Moscow)
CIEMAT: (Spain)
Dubna (Russia) has expressed tinterest
October 2003
Elio Calligarich (INFN-PV)
2
The ICARUS project
• The basic idea of the ICARUS
project to face a wide
dimensions detector, is a
modular LAr TPC.
• The module is a tank (inner
volume ≈300 m3), aluminum
made, closed in a box of a
thermal insulation material and
cooled by a circuit of LN2.
October 2003
Elio Calligarich (INFN-PV)
3
Why a modular solution?
• To decouple detector
assembly from installation
in the underground, and to
gain the advantage of a
comfortable assembly site.
• To limit the length of the
sense wires.
– Sense wires (4-9 m) 20 pF/m
– Twisted pair cables (4m) 50 pF/m
…and so, to perform a better
signal/noise ratio.
October 2003
• To assemble more modules
in parallel.
• To fulfill the safety
requirements.
• For a better handling of the
apparatus.
• Moreover, this choice can
promote an “industrial
approach” for the
construction of the detector.
Elio Calligarich (INFN-PV)
4
The tank dimension.
To define the dimension of the basic
module, we have considered:
• The maximum possible sizes, movable inside
the Lab.
• The drift length (to define the width of the
tank),
• How to best fit the cave volume with the
detector.
October 2003
Elio Calligarich (INFN-PV)
5
The T600.
• Two separate containers
The first application of
the ICARUS strategy.
– Each with a final inner
volume.
– 3.6 x 3.9 x 19.6
≈ 275 m3
• Full imaging mass: ≈
• Drift length
476 ton
= 1.5 m
– HV = -75 kV @ 0.5 kV/cm
• 4 wire chambers:
– 2 chambers / container.
– 3 readout planes : at 0°, ±60°
– ≈ 54000 wires
[None broke during the test]
• Scintillation light readout:
– (20+54) PMTs, 8” Ø, VUV sensitive,
October 2003
Elio Calligarich (INFN-PV)
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The T1200.
The next step.
• T1200: = two T600.
(4 “basic” tanks)
assembled in a single
cryostat.
• A renewed inner
detector:
An advanced mechanics
has been developed for:
– 3 m drift length.
– To fasten
production
and assembly.
October 2003
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T3000 Detector.
The final step.
≈3 kton of liquid Argon
October 2003
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October 2003
Elio Calligarich (INFN-PV)
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The “cold vessel” assembly.
Panels junction
15 cm
20m
20 m
4m
Aluminum honeycomb panels,
2x4 m2.
and
Aluminum extruded beams,
4 m.
October 2003
4m
…to build
up the tank
Elio Calligarich (INFN-PV)
10
The mechanical stability.
Wall deformation (mm)
The linearity of the wall deformations
under the pressure stresses.
Cryostat wall deformations
Extrapolated Values at -1000 mbar
Last Experimental Point at 1450 mbar
Last Experimental Point at 10-4 mbar
15
10
5
0
-1200
-1000
7.9
9.5
12.5
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
-5
C7
C9
C10
-10
-15
22.3
24.4
25
26,1
-20
-25
-30
October 2003
Elio Calligarich (INFN-PV)
C3
C4
C5
C6
Relative Pressure (mbar)
11
The cooling system.
Drawing panel
LN2 pumps
Cooling panels
First thermal Insulation:
commercial panel
Two LN2 circulation pumps, max speed 24 m3/hr,
max head 5 bar
October 2003
Elio Calligarich (INFN-PV)
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The thermal insulation.
Tested “evacuated”
Foreseen “evacuated”
panel
panel
Stainless
1000 mm
18.8°C
1000 mm
15.6°C
18.7°C
1000 mm
1000 mm
200 mm
50
200 mm
450 mm
October 2003
-185 °C
aluminum honeycomb
16.1°C
roofix
roofix™
1000 mm
nomex™
1000 mm
vacuum gap
20.0°C
-185 °C
17.1°C
steel
sheet metal
nomex™
Current
solution
Vacuum
mantaind by
a getter
100 50 100
250 mm
200 mm
450 mm
Elio Calligarich (INFN-PV)
400 mm
13
Thermal insulation assembly.
Readout
electronics
Nomex insulation
panels
Cryostat
Cooling
pipes
October 2003
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Signal-feed trough
576 signal channels
+ test pulses
(18 connectors x 32)
+ HV wire biasing
October 2003
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Wire Chamber
Side A
Wire Chamber
Side B
Drift distance
2 x 1.5 m
October 2003
Elio Calligarich (INFN-PV)
•The “inner detector” (wires
and cabling, HV system,
PMs, purity monitors, LAr
level meter …) is assembled
on a stainless steel hyper
static structure, to
guarantee an high precision
and stable geometry.
•The relative contraction,
between the structure and
the tank (Al), has to be put
under control.
•The structure has to be free
to slide with respect the
tank, but in the central foot,
that is fixed.
16
T600 cross view.
The “cold vessel” and internal frame
October 2003
Elio Calligarich (INFN-PV)
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The detector mechanical structure.
Clean room and
“assembly island”
Feed trough
chimney
An hyper static structure (20 tons of stainless steel)
supported by 10 sliding feet (only one is fixed).
October 2003
Elio Calligarich (INFN-PV)
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The detector instrumentations.
Wires before
tensioning
Purity Monitors
Wall Position Meter
6
16
7
8
30
21
October 2003
PMTs
LAr purity monitors
LAr level meters
wire position meters
wall position meters
temperature probes
PMs
Elio Calligarich (INFN-PV)
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The wire chamber (anode) is the most
delicate component of the detector. It’s
realised with three wire planes (3mm
pitch), oriented at 60°, one from each
others.
The gaps between the planes are 3 mm.
• Stainless steel wires have been used:
Ø 150 µm.
• At each edge, a twisted loop hold the
wire to a sleeve. The length and the step
of the helix determine the strength of
the anchorage.
• The sleeves are hold on the pins of a
connector: 32 wires on each connector.
October 2003
Elio Calligarich (INFN-PV)
20
Wire preparation (an of-fline operation).
Wire with a double
spiral knot on sleeves.
Spiral - N=11 steps x 0.66
Pin holder
October 2003
Elio Calligarich (INFN-PV)
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The wire factory.
2 “wiring tables” for the production
of the ± 60° wires
(an unique enlarged table for the 9 m wires)
Twisting mandrel
Stocking coil
October 2003
Elio Calligarich (INFN-PV)
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The wire production phases.
The wires on the comb
32 wires on the spool
The washing machine.
October 2003
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Wires installation on
the chamber.
October 2003
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Wire assembly on the
connectors
October 2003
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…on the frame.
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
Shock absorber
g
e
o
m
e
t
r
y
October 2003
rocking frame
Elio Calligarich (INFN-PV)
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Wire planes (wire pitch = 3mm)
Spacers
Three orders
wire planes
+60°
0°
-60°
October 2003
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Deposited charge by a m.i.p. ≈ 1.5 fC / mm
ionizing track
Ionization
electrons
paths
Induced current
Drift
u-t
Collected charge
T=0
v-t
d
p
w-t
d
p
October 2003
Drift time
Elio Calligarich (INFN-PV)
Drift time
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Method of signal recording
• The collected charge is sensed by an ultra-low noise,
FET charge sensitive pre-amplifier.
• The signal waveform from individual wires (after being
further amplified, filtered and digitized) is continuously
stored on a circular memory buffer.
Equiv. input charge due to noise:
Qnoise  350  2.5  Cinput[pF] electrons
October 2003
Elio Calligarich (INFN-PV)
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DAQ read-out rack.
Abs Clock & Trigger distribution
20MHz
17
18
mv2100
1 1 1 v789
16 4 3 2
15
v816
v873
11
7
v793
v764
v791Q
4
2
1
1 v791C
5
3
89 0
6
40MHz
HV
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Flanges
Cables & Conn.
Screening Boxes
Decoupl. Boards
An. Backplanes
An. Crates
An. Power Supply
Slow Control Mod.
Charge An. Boards
Current An. Boards
Dig. Link Cables
Dig. Boards
Abs. Clock Trig. Mod.
Cpu
Dig. Backplane
Dig. Crate + P.S.
P.S. Fan Temp. Controller
Rack
576 wires
read-out
16
Digital
Boards
7
Analogical
Boards
6
Wires HV distribution
96 racks on the T600
October 2003
18
17
Air tight structure (to reduce
post installation servicing).
Fan controlled air flow
through the alu heat
exchanger moderates internal
temperature.
A custom unit allows remote
probing and control of rack
status via an I2C interface.
Elio Calligarich (INFN-PV)
30
To summarize…
• T600: approved and funded in 1996.
• Built between years 1997 and 2002
(including prototyping, industrialization and
testing)
• Completely assembled in the INFN
experimental hall in Pavia
• Full scale demonstration test run of the
first basic-unit, during the summer of 2001.
– Three months duration; completely
successful.
– Data taking with cosmic rays.
– Evaluation of the detector performances.
– Full scale analyses is in progress.
• The assembly was completed in 2002.
October 2003
Elio Calligarich (INFN-PV)
31
Clean up
Cooling
• Clean up (vacuum):
10 days
• Cooling:
14 days
– 7 days to find and recover the leaks.
– 3 days to reach 10-4 mbar.
LAr filling
time
running
– 11 days for pre-cooling (down to -50 °C)
– 3 days to reach -178 °C
• Filling:
10 days
• True running time:
68 days
•
Cryostat emptying:
7 days
Cryostat emptying
Tot. 109 days
October 2003
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Vacuum curve.
Total pumping time: 10 days
Ultimate pressure: 10-4 mbar
October 2003
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The temperatures in the cooling phase.
Total mass : 45 ton
LN2 cooling
Internal
Temperatures
External
Temperatures
October 2003
Elio Calligarich (INFN-PV)
34
Some parameters.
Pre-cooling system
Parameter
Flow rate
Max cooling speed
Design value
Actual value
300 GN2 m3 / hr
300 GN2 m3 / hr
0.5 °C / hr
0.5 °C / hr
Cooling system
Parameter
Design value
Actual value
30 LN2 m3 / hr
36 LN2 m3 / hr
2 °C / hr
2.5 °C / hr
Not specified
120 °C
Max gradient on int. det. segments
50 °C
40 °C
Max difference cryostat inside
detector
120 °C
100 °C
1 °C
< 0.7 °C
Pressurised (2.7 bar) LN2 flow rate
Cooling speed
Max gradient on the cryostat
Max gradient in LAr
October 2003
Elio Calligarich (INFN-PV)
35
The goal:
0.5 10-9 ppb
Contamination:
Electrons mean life:
October 2003
>2.
Elio Calligarich (INFN-PV)
msec
36
LArLAr
purification:
purification:
gasgas
phase
recirculation.
recirculation .
GAr circulation schema
Two gas recirculation units with
nominal speed = 25 GAr m3/hr/unit
2% gas phase,
for safety reason.
October 2003
Elio Calligarich (INFN-PV)
37
… and liquid phase recirculation.
LAr circulation schema
To operate after the filling of the cryostat,
to reach the LAr purity target (0.5 ppb)
At the same level
Two gas phases connection
1/ m3/hr,
2/
2.5
3
3
LAr
October 2003
Elio Calligarich (INFN-PV)
38
Lifetime measurement.
August!
October 2003
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39
All runs (550 on tapes):
trigger type
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
ТBIGTRACKУ
VERTICAL TRACKS
PMTS LOW ENERGY
PMTS HIGH ENE RGY
TEST PULSE
VARIOUS TESTS
"LIFETIME" MEASUREMENTS
DAEDALUS TESTS
"µ STOP"
SPECIAL PMT TESTS
TECHNICAL TRIGGER T YPE
GRAND TOTAL
# trig.
progr.
# trig.
taken
1500
4859
2950
8175
1292
4287
1379
1964
1278
774
201
611
27770
2000
600
ТGolden" runs (360 on tapes):
2 chambers, reduced noise etc; from run 5 00.
trigger type
Data taking run duration:
~ 2 months
Event size:
~ 110 Mbyte/chamber
Recorded data:
~ 5 Tbytes
100 DLTs
October 2003
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
ТBIGTRACKУ
VERTICAL TRACKS
PMTS LOW ENERGY
PMTS HIGH ENE RGY
TEST PULSE
VARIOUS TESTS
"LIFETIME" MEASUREMENTS
DAEDALUS TESTS
"µ STOP"
SPECIAL PMT TESTS
UNKNOWN TR IGG ER TYPE
GRAND TOTAL
Elio Calligarich (INFN-PV)
# trig.
progr.
# trig.
taken
1000
1000
4142
2727
4037
181
3635
555
1849
1278
774
0
222
19400
100
500
400
500
1000
300
40
Big Showers
706 cm
170 cm
Collection Right
Run 975, Event 157
176 cm
Collection Right
Run 961, Event 16
October 2003
434 cm
Elio Calligarich (INFN-PV)
41
Multiple Shower
Run 975, Event 15
Collection Left
174 cm
395 cm
Collection Left
14 m
153 cm
Run 975, Event 143
October 2003
Elio Calligarich (INFN-PV)
42
Zooming on the Collection Wire Plane
2
Drift
Coord.
(m)
2
4
6
Zoom 1 View
Wire coord. (m)
had. shower
el.m. shower
18
3.1 m
Zoom 2 View
m bundle
12
A spectacular event showing
a dense Air Shower formed by
hundreds of parallel tracks
(muons and pions) and low energy
’s converting into electrons.
Also visible in the zoom views a
hadr. shower, an el.m. shower and
a muon bundle.
0.9 m
October 2003
Elio Calligarich (INFN-PV)
43
An electronic bubble chamber…
25 cm
265 cm
142 cm
85 cm
Hadronic interaction
Run 308, Event 160 Collection Left
15 cm
Muon decay
Run 960, Event 4 Collection Left
October 2003
GOK
(God Only Knows,
…and may be some theorist )
Elio Calligarich (INFN-PV)
25 cm
44
• Big effort on detector response modeling.
– Full detailed simulation, digitization and noise.
• Big effort on automatic reconstruction.
–
–
–
–
Hit,
Clustering,
Tracking in 2D and 3D,
calorimetric reconstruction.
October 2003
Elio Calligarich (INFN-PV)
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Induction 2 view
Box dimensions:
42 x 14 x14 cm
Collection view
Eereconstructed= 45 MeV
Run 939
Event 95
October 2003
Elio Calligarich (INFN-PV)
46
(2.5 MeV)
Bremsstrahlung + Pair-production
Run 975, Event 163
e+ e- pair (24 MeV)
m

e1 (9 MeV)

m

Collection view
e1
e+e- pair
Fitted signal shapes on
single wire
October 2003
Elio Calligarich (INFN-PV)
Induction 2 view
47
Detector performance
• Measurement of local energy deposition:
– Electron / gamma separation (3mm)
– Particle ID by means of dE/dx vs range
measurement
• Total energy reconstruction of the events
from charge integration  excellent
calorimeter with high accuracy for
contained events
RESOLUTIONS
Low energy electrons:
s(E)/E = 7% / √E(MeV)
Electromagn. showers:
s(E)/E = 3% / √E(GeV)
Hadronic showers (pure LAr):
s(E)/E = 16% / √E(GeV) + 1%
Hadronic showers (+TMG):
s(E)/E = 12% / √E(GeV) + 0.2%
October 2003
Elio Calligarich (INFN-PV)
48
Particle identification by characteristic decay (µ+,µ-,K+,K-, Ko)
K  [AB]  m  [BC]  e [CD]
m [AB]  e  [BC]
D
e+
µ
+
B
e+
A
B
K+
C
µ
+
Induction 2 view
A
Run 939 Event 46
C
AB
Collection view
A
µ
+
Run 939 Event 95
October 2003
K+
B
e+
BC
µ+
C
Elio Calligarich (INFN-PV)
49
Pi zero candidate (preliminary)
•Reconstruction of g-showers
158 MeV
 = 141o
Minv = 650 MeV
752 MeV
 = 25o
140 MeV
Minv =140 MeV
(error evaluation in progress)
Collection view
October 2003
Run 975, Event 151
Elio Calligarich (INFN-PV)
50
Where we are now?
•
•
The “basic unit ” (T300) has been completely and successfully tested
for:
– Cooling,
– LAr cleaning,
– Data taking,
– Events reconstruction.
The “double” unit (T600) has been tested for the cooling phase,
together with T300. Now, the testing procedure in Pavia is completed
and T600 is ready to be mooved to the LNGS.
– The Project for the T600 underground installation (the “Definitive Project”)
has been evaluated for the safety (Safety Risk Analysis). The DP and SRA
are “almost” approved by the Lab; the procedure will be completed within the
next November, and the operation will start.
•
The T1200 “Definitive Project” (“Version # 0”), together with Safety Risk
Analysis of T3000 (!) has been delivered to the Lab last September. We
hope to receive the answer before the end of the year.
October 2003
Elio Calligarich (INFN-PV)
51
• The ICARUS agenda now foresees:
– Installation of the T600 at LNGS with data taking of astrophysical events.
– Construction of two additional T1200 modules, with the T600 as basic cloning
unit, to be operational by 2006 (2007?).
• Thanks to the potential offered by the LAr technology, ICARUS will be
able to perform a vast physics program in the domain of:




Nucleon decay.
Atmospheric neutrinos.
Solar and supernovae neutrinos.
Accelerator neutrinos:
 Search for me and m  t flavor.
 Determine precisely oscillation parameters (by combining atmospheric
and beam)
 Provide real-time study of the beam properties
October 2003
Elio Calligarich (INFN-PV)
52
 Performance of the 10 m3 ICARUS liquid argon prototype, NIM A498 (2002)
292-311
 Observation of long ionizing tracks with the ICARUS T600 first half-module ,
NIM in press
– In phase of submission:
1. Detection of Cerenkov light emission in Liquid Argon
2. Design, construction and tests of the ICARUS T600 detector.
3. Analysis of the liquid argon purity in the very large ICARUS T600
TPC
4. Momentum estimation via multiple scattering in the ICARUS T600
TPC
5. Analysis of of the stopping muon sample in the ICARUS T600 TPC
6. Study of electron recombination (quenching)
7. Observation of multi-muon events
October 2003
Elio Calligarich (INFN-PV)
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