The 6 Kingdoms of Life
plus Viruses
Kingdom:
Archaeabacteria: slides 2-3
Eubacteria: slides 4-8
(Viruses: slides 9-10)
Protista: slides 11-13
Fungi: slides 14-16
Plantae: slides 17-22
Animalia: slides 23-27
Review: 28-29
Evolutionary Sequence: slides 19, 25-28
Kingdom Archaebacteria/Archaea

1st form of life on earth, found in
domain Archaea

Evolved 3.5-3.8 billion years ago

Reproduce asexually by binary fission

Unicellular and prokaryotic

Can be heterotrophic or autotrophic,
but typically autotrophic (typically
chemosynthetic, not photosynthetic)

Typically decomposers and producers
Kingdom Archaebacteria/Archaea
Owens Lake, CA halophiles:

Live in extreme or harsh environments

Cell membranes are made of different compounds
than other organisms

Role: help other organisms digest, decomposers

Number of species is unknown but at least 200+

3 major groups: halophiles, methanogens,
thermophiles
Kingdom Eubacteria

Also known as True Bacteria

Evolved 3.5-3.8 billion years ago,
likely from Archae, but not known

Domain Bacteria

Reproduce asexually by binary
fission every 20 minutes

Unicellular and prokaryotic

Can be heterotrophic or
autotrophic

Both producers and decomposers
Kingdom Eubacteria

Role: Major source of food and
oxygen in the world,
decomposers, nitrogen fixation
for plants

Live everywhere!

Cause 50% of all diseases

Unknown # of species, but at
least 4,000+

3 shapes = bacillus (rod), coccus
(round), spirillum (spiral)
Kingdom Eubacteria

Gram positive
Bacteria are identified as gram-positive or gramnegative.

Some bacteria have an extra layer beyond the
polysaccharide cell wall found in all bacteria.

A special staining procedure determines the type of
bacteria.

Gram-negative cells have the extra layer and thus are
more resistant to most antibiotics – cannot penetrate
extra layer.
Kingdom Eubacteria

Bacterial diseases

Bacteria can cause tooth decay and ulcers

Food can be contaminated by bacteria = Botulism,
Salmonella, E.Coli


Pasteurization (heating food to high enough temp)
prevents food poisoning.

Freezing food slows growth of bacteria to safe
levels.
Bacteria can also be transmitted through the air or
carried by animals (Lyme)
Kingdom Eubacteria

Controlling bacterial diseases
 Sanitation and hygiene prevent bacterial diseases
 Antibiotics – affect bacteria by interfering with
certain cellular activities
 Overuse of antibiotics is leading to antibiotic
resistant bacteria = harder to control these stronger
bacteria = more serious illness.
Viruses

Viruses = Microscopic particles than invade and often
destroy cells.




A virus is NOT a cell and is NOT alive!
Composed of a core of genetic material surrounded by a
protein coat
 They are parasitic and can only reproduce inside host
cells.
How are viruses similar to living things?
 They have genetic material and they can evolve (the
genetic material can change)
 They are not, however, living because they cannot make
proteins by themselves, they are not made of cells and
they cannot use energy.
To reproduce, the virus inserts genetic material into host
cell and turns host cell into a reproduction center.
Viruses


Diseases caused by viruses = AIDS,
Smallpox, Infectious Hepatitis, Polio, Flu,
Yellow Fever, Ebola, Chickenpox, Rabies,
Measles
Viruses can spread through bodily fluids,
blood, contaminated water, insects, animals,
and or be airborne

Vaccines work for some viruses, but not
all.

Antibiotics do not work for viruses
because antibiotics work by interfering
with cell processes that viruses do not
do.

Some viruses have surface proteins that
do not change from year to year
(smallpox, measles, polio) and thus one
vaccine protects

Others change each year and need new
vaccines as the changes occur. (flu, HIV,
etc) HIV changes the most frequently
thus most difficult.
Ebola
HIV
Polio
Small Pox
Kingdom Protista

Can be autotrophic or heterotrophic

3 main groups: plant-like (algae), fungilike (slime molds) and animal-like
(amoeba, paramecium, etc.)

Eukaryotic

Can be multi-cellular or unicellular

Often motile - several different
structures for movement

Evolved 2 billion years ago

Likely evolved from Archae through
process of endosymbiosis (a smaller
organism inside a larger one)
Stentor
Kingdom Protista

Domain Eukarya

Many species reproduce asexually by binary fission, some also
reproduce sexually by conjugation (many can reproduce either
way)

At least 43,000+ species

Role in Environment:





Major source of food – often bottom of the food web
Proyide atmospheric oxygen in aquatic communities
Serve as decomposers
Often form symbiotic relationships and help other organisms
Images and Video
Kingdom Protista

3 major groups:


Paramecium

Water mold
Animal-like protists (commonly called protozoa)
 Unicellular, heterotrophic, grouped by how they
move (cilia, flagella, or pseudopodia)
 Considered ancestors of modern animals
Plant-like protists (commonly called algae)
 Multicellular or unicellular, photosynthetic
 Most are aquatic – phytoplankton is the main
producer in aquatic food webs
Fungi-like protists
 Heterotrophic
 Slime molds, downy
Euglena
Kingdom Fungi

Evolved 400-500 million years ago
with plants

Evolution somewhat unknown,
likely evolved from fungi-like
protists

Eukaryotic

Domain Eukarya

Heterotophic decomposers

Multicellular, generally immobile,
grow at both ends, contain
filaments, chitin cell walls
Kingdom Fungi

Role: Decomposers, mutualistic relationship with
plants or green algae, major food source (yeast,
cheese), source of medicine (penicillin)

Problems for humans: diseases, allergies, damage to
crops

Reproduce sexually with spores

77,000+ species

Molds, yeasts, mushrooms are all in this kingdom

Images
Kingdom Fungi

Multicellular fungi have all similar looking cells that
organize in long slender filaments called hyphae.



As the hyphae grow, they branch and form mycelium.
Fungi digest outside their bodies = Hyphae spread into a
food source and secrete enzymes to break down the organic
matter.
The hyphae then absorb the nutrients.

The reproductive structures are typically the visible part
of the fungi.

A mushroom is also a reproductive structure.

The mushroom is the result of some hyphae weaving
tightly together.
Kingdom Plantae

Evolved 400-500 million years ago
along with fungi

More than 270,000 species

Reproduce asexually (vegetative)
or sexually by spores or seeds

All are Autotrophic

Eukaryotic cells

Cellulose cell walls, chloroplasts,
generally stationary, contain roots,
shoots/stems, and typically leaves
Kingdom Plantae

Producers

Role: Major source of oxygen and food

Likely evolved from protists – green algae

Domain Eukarya

May live nearly 5,000 years!

Images/Diversity of Plants
Kingdom Plantae

Order of Evolution:


Nonvascular (Example: Mosses)

No roots = rhizoids

Need moisture to reproduce
Vascular Plants (Vascular tissue transports water and sugar)

Early Vascular (Example: Ferns)


Still need moisture to reproduce
Seed Plants (Pollen, Live Anywhere, Woody Tissue)

Seed = seed coat, cotyledon and embryo

Gymnosperms (Example: Pines, Spruces)


Plants with seeds not in a fruit (disperse by wind)
Angiosperms (Example: Apple Tree, Grasses)

Plants with seeds enclosed in fruit for dispersal

Flowering Plants (flowers attract birds/bees)

Two types of Angiosperms: Monocots and Dicots
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Plantae

Structure of a Plant

Overall (read Adapting to Land: 563-564)

Roots (read 588, 1st paragraph of 589 and all of 590591)

Stems (read 592-593,1st paragraph of 596 and all of 597)

Leaves (1st paragraph of 600 and all 601-602)

Draw and label a plant – include as many new things
you’ve learned as possible (at least 10)
Kingdom Plantae
Adaptations to land
Plant Anatomy
Kingdom Animalia

Evolved 600-700 million years ago

Likely evolved from animal-like
protists/protozoans that formed a
colony

Domain Eukarya

Heterotrophic

Multicellular, most have tissue

Typically sexual reproduction

Often classified in two groups:
invertebrates (lacking a backbone) or
vertebrates (animals with a
backbone)
Kingdom Animalia

Most are motile, typically have senses, all have no cell walls or
chloroplasts

Most have a nervous system, specialization of cells, some type of
symmetry (radial or bilateral), support of the body (type of
skeleton, etc.) and a body cavity

Body Plans are very diverse and the result of natural selection –
each body plan is successful for each organism’s environment.

Over 1,000,000 species (most species of any kingdom)

Consumers

Role: consumers, prey/predators

Images/Animal Diversity
Kingdom Animalia
Evolution of Animals

Began with sponges
 No tissue, very simple body plan

Jellyfish/Hydra/Coral (phylum =
cnidaria) evolved next
 Organisms in this phyla have tissue,
a gut and radial symmetry

The early worm phyla come next
(flatworms-> roundworms)
 These phyla first had cephalization
(a definite head end), bilateral
symmetry, and organs
 Roundworms have two openings
for their gut.
Kingdom Animalia

Evolution Continues…

Mollusks (snails, etc.) and Annelids (segmented
worms) evolved next



Mollusks have circulatory systems

Segments of annelids allow more flexibility
for evolution
Arthropods (which became modern spiders,
insects, crustaceans) followed the worms.

Arthropods have appendages that evolved
from segments during the Cambrian Period.

These organisms also have exoskeletons
All animals discussed thus far are invertebrates
Jawless Fish

Vertebrates

Fish, early vertebrates, began to
evolve near the end of the
Cambrian period

After fish, amphibians and then
reptiles evolved as organisms
moved to land.
 Amphibians have features that
allow them to live on land,
such as lungs.
 Reptiles have skin that allows
them to live further from water
in dry conditions.
Cartilaginous Fish
Boney Fish are the most
successful fish.
Kingdom Animalia

Evolution Continues…

Mammals evolved around the same time
as reptiles
 Mammals can regulate their body
temperature (endothermic) and thus
live in more diverse climates.
 Mammals have hair, have more
efficient hearts and produce milk for
offspring.

Birds evolved last of major animal groups
 Birds likely evolved from dinosaurs
 In addition to feathers and wings,
birds also have lightweight skeletons
and are also endothermic.
Which Kingdom(s)?

Can be heterotrophic or autotrophic?
Ar, Eu, Pr

Only heterotrophic?
Fu, An

Only Autotrophic?
Pl

Most species?
An

Contain filaments?
Fu

Evolved first?
Likely Ar

Evolved from green algae
Pl
Which Kingdom(s)?

Evolved with Plants?
Fu

Cellulose cell walls?
Pl

Chitin cell walls?
Fu

Prokaryotic?
Eu,Ar

Asexual reproduction only?
Eu,Ar

Contains species that are producers?
Eu,Ar,Pr,Pl

Almost always motile and heterotrophic
An