AP BIOLOGY
Evolution Review
1.
Use your previous learning about osmosis (and your text) to explain osmoregulation in

lions (kidney/nephron) and two of the following:

marine fish and freshwater fish

protists (contractile vacuoles)

planaria (flame cells)

annelids (nephridia)

grasshoppers (malpighian tubules)
2.
EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION: The following provide evidence for evolution. Briefly describe each.

Paleontology

Biogeography

Embryology

Comparative Anatomy

Molecular Biology
3.
NATURAL SELECTION: Describe Darwin’s eight arguments for evolution by natural selection.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
4.
SOURCES OF VARIATION: Argument #5 describes variation in a population. Briefly describe each:

Mutations:

Sexual Reproduction/genetic recombination
i. Crossing over:
ii. Independent assortment of homologues:
iii. Random joining of gametes:

Diploidy:

Outbreeding:

Balanced polymorphism:
i. Heterozygote advantage
ii. Hybrid vigor
iii. Frequency dependent selection

Neutral variation:
5.
NATURAL SELECTION: may act upon a population in a variety of ways. Draw simple but complete
graphs (p.465) to show:





stabilizing selection
directional selection
disruptive selection
sexual selection
How does artificial selection fit into the above?
Mrs. Loyd 
cloyd@waukee.k12.ia.us
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MECHANISMS OF EVOLUTION or CAUSES OF CHANGES IN ALLELE FREQUENCIES: Natural
selection was the only mechanism that Darwin proposed for evolution. With the understanding of genetics, it
became evident that mechanisms other than natural selection can change allele frequencies and thus
promote evolution. The mechanisms that drive evolution are listed below. Describe each.

natural selection
(thumbs up or thumbs down, live or die)

gene flow
(index finger pointing “join” or “leave” the population)

mutations
(Middle/Mutation)

nonrandom mating
(ring finger – marriage or mating)
i. inbreeding
ii. sexual selection

genetic drift
(little finger – small population size)
i. founder effect
ii. bottleneck
6.
SPECIATION: A species is usually defined as a group of individuals capable of interbreeding.
Speciation, the formation of new species, occurs by the following processes. Describe each.

Allopatric speciation

Sympatric speciation
i. Balanced polymorphism
ii. Polypolidy
iii. Hybridization

Adaptive Radiation
7.
MAINTAINING REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION: If species are not physically separated by a geographic
barrier, various mechanisms commonly exist to maintain reproductive isolation and prevent gene flow.
These mechanisms may appear randomly (genetic drift) or may be the result of natural selection. There
are two categories of isolating mechanisms.
The first category, prezygotic isolating mechanisms, consists of mechanisms that prevent
fertilization.

Habitat isolation

Temporal isolation

Behavioral isolation

Mechanical isolation

Gametic isolation
The second category, postzygotic isolating mechanisms, consists of mechanisms that prevent the
formation of fertile progeny.

Hybrid inviability

Hybrid sterility

Hybrid breakdown
8.
PATTERNS OF EVOLUTION: The evolution of species is often categorized into the following four
patterns. Describe each.

Divergent evolution

Convergent evolution

Parallel evolution

Coevolution (occurs between predator and prey, plants and plant-eating insects, pollinators
and flowering plants, pathogens and the immune systems of animals.)
9.
MACROEVOLUTION: The previous two sections describe the evolution of individual species.
Macroevolution descries patterns of evolution for groups of species over extended periods of geologic
time. The two distinct macroevolution theories listed below reflect philosophical differences in
interpretations of fossil evidence and explanations for the development of evolutionary history.
Describe and draw a simple diagram for each.

Phyletic Gradualism

Punctuated Equilibrium
Mrs. Loyd 
cloyd@waukee.k12.ia.us
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http://loydbiology.weebly.com
7/12/2016
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