Biology
DNA to RNA to Protein
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/ 102
1.
(5pt) Write a few statements to show the relationship between genes, chromosomes, DNA, nucleotides, and a genome.
2.
(2pt) Describe the role(s) that DNA plays in life.
3.
(6pt) Use the shapes given to label and draw
a simple diagram of a nucleotide.
4.
(1pt) Number the carbons of the pentose sugar molecule, like deoxyribose shown
in the box, to show the 3’ and 5’ ends.
5.
(1pt) Which carbon (by #) bonds to the nitrogen base?
6.
(2pt) If this nucleotide is mid-strand, which two carbons on this nucleotide bond to it’s neighboring nucleotides? Carbons
#_____ and #_____.
7.
8.
(1pt) Draw an arrow on the diagram to show the direction that a polymerase can “read” or move.
(1pt) Draw a complementary nucleotide next to the nucleotide in the box. Be sure to show the proper orientation.
9.
(3pt) What is the purpose of replication, when and where in the cell does it occur?
10. (1pt) What are the resulting molecules called?
11. (6pt) Use the Venn diagram to compare and
contrast DNA and RNA? Use at least two
items in each section.
35 pts
Mrs. Loyd
cschmittloyd@waukeeschools.org
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12. (6pt) Draw simple pictures and then describe the three kinds of RNA and their function.
13. (3pt) Write out Chargaff’s rules for nitrogen base
pairing in DNA. How do the others pair?
DNA  DNA
DNA  RNA
RNA  RNA
16. (3pt) What is the purpose of transcription and when
and where in the cell does it occur?
14. (1pt) A polymer of nucleotides containing the nitrogen
bases A, G, C, and T is called…
15. (1pt) Join the following DNA sequence to its
complementary DNA nucleotides labeling the ends.
17. (1pt) What is the resulting molecule (polymer) of
transcription called?
(3’) T A C G T G C C A T G G (5’)
18. (1pt) Use this sequence and transcribe it.

(3’) T A C G T G C C A T G G (5’)
(1pt) Designate the 3’ and 5’ ends of the transcript molecule.
19. (1pt) What are exons?
20. (4pt) Translate this mRNA using the code of life.
U A C G U G C C A U G G
21. (3pt) What is the purpose of translation, when and where in
the cell does it occur?
22. (1pt) What is the resulting molecule of translation called?
29 pts
Mrs. Loyd
cschmittloyd@waukeeschools.org
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23. (9pt) Draw the small (1pt) and large (1pt) ribosomal subunits (label the P (1pt) and A sites (1pt)), draw and label: mRNA
(1pt), tRNA’s (1pt), and showing a growing polypeptide chain of four amino acids (1pt). Also, label the peptide bonds
(1pt). How many molecules of water have been formed by dehydration synthesis at this point? (1pt)
24. (1pt) Briefly, what is the “Central Dogma” (or “Central
Paradigm) concerning the information flow within living
things?”
26. (1pt) If a mutation occurs during replication of DNA (Sphase of interphase) of a cell, how many of the future cells
(by mitosis) will be affected by the mutation?
25. (1pt) Consider the cell cycle. Beginning with one cell, how
does the number of cells increase with each round of the
cell cycle?
27. (1pt) The “guardian angel gene” codes for a protein that
will destroy the cell that it is in, if it turns cancerous. If the
mutation in the previous question occurs in p53, how
many of the cells resulting from mitosis of this cell will
carry the mutation?
Mutations occur at all levels of information flow. The amount of protein in a cell can be increased quickly by transcribing the same
gene hundreds of times resulting in hundreds of mRNA molecules. Each mRNA can be translated by multiple ribosomes making
hundreds of proteins each.
28. (1pt) If just one mRNA transcript carries a mutation, to
what degree will this affect the organism? More or less
than a mutation in replication?
29. (1pt) To what degree will a single mutation during
translation affect the organism? Compare this to a
mutation in replication and a mutation in transcription.
30. (4pt) Which level (replication, transcription or translation (1pt)) may have the most profound effect on an organism or the
evolution of its population? Explain (3pts-you must explain each)
Mrs. Loyd
cschmittloyd@waukeeschools.org
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Starting with the given nitrogen base sequence and its corresponding amino acid sequence, change it to illustrate each of the types
of mutation.
AUG-UAC-UUU-GGC-GAA
Met - Tyr - Phe - Gly - Glu
AUG-UAC-UUU-GGC-GAA
Met - Tyr - Phe - Gly - Glu
31. (1pt) silent mutation
(point mutation codes for the same amino acid):
33. (1pt) nonsense mutation:
(premature stop codon)
32. (1pt) missense mutation:
(point mutation codes for a different amino acid):
34. (1pt) frame shift mutation:
(insertion or deletion of a single base)
Explain why it is true that the effect of these mutations can range from no effect to genetic disease to death for the organism.
35. (1pt) no effect:
36. (1pt) genetic disease:
37. (1pt) death:
38. (4pt) Identify two general factors that can cause mutations. Give two examples of each.
11 pts
Mrs. Loyd
cschmittloyd@waukeeschools.org
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39. Viruses use different strategies to survive. The lytic and lysogenic cycles illustrate two of them.
(12pts) Compare the two strategies using the Venn diagram to place the words or phrases given into the diagram.
prophage
Viral DNA circularizes
symptoms appear soon
symptoms appear much later
infection
Viral DNA inserts into host DNA
Viral proteins are made
Host cell copies viral DNA
Shingles virus
Viral DNA transcribed
Rhinovirus (head cold)
Flu virus
Lytic
Both
Lysogenic
40. (3 pts.) How do
bacteria increase their
genetic diversity when they reproduce by binary fission creating clones? Describe how the foreign bacterial DNA is delivered
for each case.
a. Transformation
b. Transduction
c. Conjugation
41. (1 pt) How does an RNA "retrovirus" (like HIV) defy our Central Paradigm for information flow? (DNA  RNA  Protein)
42. (1 pt) How does HIV escape detection by the body's immune system?
Themes to consider.
17 pts
Structure and function.
Example: How does the structure of a ribosome fit its function?
Evolution:
How can mutations in DNA cause evolution?
Continuity and change of life
Example: How can the mutations accumulated through time, identify relatedness of current species to their distant ancestors?
Mrs. Loyd
cschmittloyd@waukeeschools.org
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