Study Guide for Mini Final
Intelligence, Intelligence Testing, and Individual
Differences
Module 31
 Define intelligence
 What is factor analysis?
 Discuss Spearman and “g”
 Discuss Thurston
 Discuss Guilford (not in book)
 Discuss Gardner, his theory on intelligence,
and savant syndrome. What are some
criticisms of his theory?
 Discuss Sternberg and his triarchic theory.
What are some criticisms of his theory?
 Discuss Goleman (not in book) and
emotional intelligence
 What is creativity? What are 5 components
of creativity?
 Discuss the research related to brain
anatomy and intelligence.
 How are processing speed and perceptual
speed related to intelligence?
Module 32
 What is an intelligence test?
 How was Binet involved in creating an
intelligence test? What were his hopes and
fears related to intelligence tests? What is
mental age?
 Discuss how Terman created the StanfordBinet test.
 How was IQ calculated? What psychologist
derived the intelligence quotient?
 How are the mental ability scores
calculated/produced today?
 What is the difference between aptitude
tests and achievement tests? Is there ever
overlap between achievement and aptitude
tests? If so, give an example.
 What is the most widely used intelligence
test today?
 Discuss Wechsler and his intelligence tests.
 What is standardization? How is a test
standardized?
 Describe a normal curve.
 What is the Flynn effect?
 What does it mean if a test is reliable?
 What does it mean if a test is valid? What is
content validity and predictive validity?
 How stable is intelligence over one’s
lifetime?
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Discuss the extremes of the normal
distribution of intelligence (mental
retardation and high intelligence).
Module 33
 Discuss the research/evidence that suggests
that there is a genetic component to
intelligence.
 Discuss the research/evidence that suggests
that there is an environmental component
to intelligence.
 Discuss the similarities and differences in
intelligence scores of different ethnic
groups.
 Discuss the similarities and differences in
abilities of the two genders.
 What is bias? Are intelligence tests biased?
 What is the stereotype threat? Give an
example.
Social Psychology
Module 55
 What is an attribution theory? Give an
example of a dispositional attribution and a
situational attribution for unemployment.
 What is the fundamental attribution error?
 Explain how attitudes can affect actions and
how actions can affect attitudes.
 Describe the foot-in-the-door phenomenon
and give an example of it being used.
 Describe Zimbardo’s Prison Study
 What is the cognitive dissonance theory?
Module 56
 What is the chameleon effect?
 Define conformity and explain Asch’s study
of conformity
 What conditions strengthen conformity?
 Why do people conform? Explain
normative social influence and
informational social influence.
 Describe Milgram’s study on obedience
 What is social facilitation? What is social
loafing? Give examples.
 Describe deindviduation.
 Describe group polarization.
 What is groupthink? What can you do to
avoid groupthink?
Module 57
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What is the difference between prejudice
and discrimination?
What are implicit racial associations?
What are the social factors that contribute
to prejudice (social inequalities, ingroup vs.
outgroup, etc.)
What is the scapegoat theory and how does
it relate to prejudice?
What is the just-world phenomenon?
Define aggression
Describe 3 biological influences on
aggression
Describe 4 psychological triggers for
aggression
What is the frustration-aggression
principle?
What does the research say about violent
video games and aggression/violence?
What is a social trap? Give an example.
Module 58
Describe how proximity (include mere
exposure effect), physical attractiveness,
and similarity affect attraction.
Romantic Love—passionate love and
companionate love (describe each)
What are equity and self-disclosure and
how are they related to relationships?
What is altruism?
Describe the bystander effect. When are
we most likely to help someone?
Describe how superordinate goals,
communication, and conciliation (GRIT) can
affect peacemaking
Motivation and Emotion
Module 34
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Define motivation
What is an instinct? Does the instinct
theory work well for humans? Why or why
not?
Describe the drive-reduction theory of
motivation
What is homeostasis?
What are incentives and how do they affect
motivation?
How does arousal factor into motivation?
Discuss Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Module 35
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Discuss Keys’ study on hunger
Discuss Washburn/Cannon’s study on
hunger
Discuss how glucose and insulin affect
hunger
Discuss the role that the hypothalamus
plays in experiencing hunger
Discuss how different hormones/chemicals
can affect hunger
Define set point. What is the set point
theory?
What is basal metabolic rate?
Discuss how culture can affect hunger and
tastes.
Compare and contrast anorexia and
bulimia.
What factors can affect the likelihood of
developing an eating disorder?
Module 36
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Who was the first person to really research
and describe sexual behavior in the U.S.?
Describe Masters and Johnson’s sexual
response cycle.
What is a refractory period?
What are sexual disorders that men suffer
from? Women?
Discuss testosterone and estrogen.
Discuss how external and imaginary stimuli
can affect sexual motivation.
What are some factors that can affect
contraception use and teen pregnancy?
What are some factors that can affect the
spread of sexually transmitted infections?
Discuss the research on environmental and
biological influences on sexual orientation.
Module 37
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Job vs. career vs. calling
Describe flow.
What is industrial-organizational
psychology? Personnel psychology?
Organizational psychology?
What do personnel psychologists do?
What is achievement motivation?
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What is the relationship between
satisfaction and engagement?
What are some different types of
leadership? What are some effective
management techniques?
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Module 38
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What are the 3 components of emotions?
Describe the James-Lange Theory of
Emotion.
Describe the Cannon-Bard Theory of
Emotion.
Describe the Schacter-Singer Two-Factor
Theory of Emotion.
Describe how the autonomic nervous
system is related to emotions.
Describe how arousal and performance are
related.
Describe the physiological similarities and
differences among different emotions.
Discuss the problems with lie detectors.
What is the spillover effect? Give an
example.
Does cognition precede emotion? Explain.
Discuss the opinions of different
researchers (Zajonc, LeDoux, Lazarus, and
Schacter-Singer)
Module 39
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Are we better at deciphering positive or
negative non-verbal expressions?
Are extraverts or introverts better at
reading other people’s emotions?
What are some gender differences in
reading and communicating emotions?
How good are we at detecting deceiving
expressions? Discuss Ekman’s research.
Are facial expressions similar across
cultures? Are gestures?
Discuss the facial feedback hypothesis.
Discuss the behavior feedback hypothesis.
Module 40
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What are the 10 basic emotions Izard came
up with? What emotion did Tracey and
Robins add? Which one did Shaver add?
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What are the two dimensions of emotion?
How do we learn fear? Give an example.
What are some biological aspects related to
fear?
What causes people to become angry?
What is catharsis?
Does venting reduce anger or increase
anger? Explain.
What is the feel-good, do-good
phenomenon?
What is subjective well-being?
Describe how positive and negative
emotions vary over the course of a day.
Discuss how adaptability affects emotions.
Describe the relationship between wealth
and happiness.
Describe the adaptation-level phenomenon.
Discuss relative deprivation.
How can we be happier? What should we
do?