Multinational Comparisons
of Health Systems Data, 2008
Gerard F. Anderson and Patricia Markovich
Johns Hopkins University
Support for this research was provided by The Commonwealth Fund. The views presented here are those of the authors
and not necessarily those of The Commonwealth Fund or its directors, officers, or staff. To learn more about new publications
when they become available, visit the Fund’s Web site and register to receive e-mail alerts. Commonwealth Fund pub. no. 1371.
2
Total Health Care Spending
THE
COMMONWEALTH
FUND
3
Health Care Spending per Capita, 2006
Adjusted for Differences in Cost of Living
$7,000
$6,714
$6,000
$5,000
$4,311
$4,000
$3,678
$3,449
$3,391
$3,371
$2,999
$3,000
$2,880
$2,760
$2,448
$2,000
$1,000
$0
United Switzerland Canada
States
*2005
Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”
France Netherlands Germany Australia*
OECD
United
New
Median
Kingdom
Zealand
THE
COMMONWEALTH
FUND
International Comparison of Spending on Health, 1980–2006
Average spending on health
per capita ($US PPP)
4
Total expenditures on health
as percent of GDP
16
7000
Australia*
Canada
France
Germany
Netherlands
New Zealand
Switzerland
United Kingdom
United States
6000
5000
4000
14
12
10
8
3000
6
Australia*
Canada
France
Germany
Netherlands
New Zealand
Switzerland
United Kingdom
United States
2000
4
1000
2
0
0
1980
1984
1988
1992
1996
2000
* From Australian Department of Health and Ageing
Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008”
2004
1980
1984
1988
1992
1996
2000
2004
THE
COMMONWEALTH
FUND
5
Average Annual Growth Rate of
Real Health Care Spending per Capita, 1996–2006
5.0%
4.8%
4.3%
4.1%
4.0%
3.9%
3.7%
3.6%
3.3%
3.0%
3.0%
2.5%
2.0%
1.6%
1.0%
0.0%
New
United
Zealand
Kingdom
Australia*
*1995-2005
Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”
OECD
Median
Canada
United
Netherlands
France
Switzerland Germany
States
THE
COMMONWEALTH
FUND
6
Percentage of Gross Domestic Product Spent on
Health Care, 1996 and 2006
16%
14%
15.3%
1996
13.2%
12%
11.3%
10.1%
10%
11.1%
9.8%
10.6%
10.4%
2006
10.0%
8.8%
9.3%
9.3%
8.2%
8%
7.1%
8.9%
7.7%
8.8%
7.6%
8.4%
7.0%
6%
4%
2%
0%
United
Switzerland France
States
Germany
Canada Netherlands
New
OECD
Zealand
Median
Australia
United
Kingdom
THE
COMMONWEALTH
FUND
Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”
7
Percentage of Total Population with Health Insurance
Coverage Through Public Programs, 2006
100%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
99.9%
98.7%
89.5%
75%
50%
27.4%
25%
0%
Australia*
Canada
New
OECD
Zealand
Median
Switzerland United
Kingdom
France Netherland Germany
United
States
*2005
THE
COMMONWEALTH
FUND
Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”
8
Public Spending on Health Care per Capita, 2006
Adjusted for Differences in Cost of Living
$3,500
$3,074
$3,000
$2,750
$2,597
$2,591
$2,591
$2,408
$2,500
$2,027
$2,011
United
OECD
Australia*
Kingdom
Median
$2,000
$1,906
$1,500
$1,000
$500
$0
United
France
Switzerland
States
Canada
Germany
New
Zealand
*2005
THE
COMMONWEALTH
FUND
Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”
9
Private Spending on Health Care per Capita, 2006
Excluding Out-of-Pocket Spending, Adjusted for Differences in the Cost of Living
$3,000
$2,783
$2,500
$2,000
$1,500
$1,000
$555
$467
$500
$443
$408
$352
$335
$141
$137
OECD
Median
New
Zealand
$0
United
States
Canada
France
*2005
Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”
Australia* Switzerland
United
Kingdom
Germany
THE
COMMONWEALTH
FUND
10
Out-of-Pocket Health Care Spending per Capita, 2006
Adjusted for Differences in the Cost of Living
$1,400
$1,305
$1,200
$1,000
$857
$800
$546
$600
$532
$483
$445
$405
$400
$232
$203
$200
$0
Switzerland
United
Australia*
States
*2005
Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”
Canada
OECD
Median
Germany
New
France Netherlands
Zealand
THE
COMMONWEALTH
FUND
11
Health Care Expenditure per Capita
by Source of Funding, 2006
Adjusted for Differences in Cost of Living
$7,000
$6,714
Out-of-Pocket Spending
$857
$6,000
Private Spending
Public Spending
$5,000
$2,783
$4,311
$3,678
$4,000
$1,305
$3,000
$408
$532
$555
$3,449
$3,371
$232
$467
$627
$335
$2,999
$546
$2,760
$352
$443
$2,000
$3,074
$1,000
$2,597
$2,591
$2,750
$2,591
$2,011
$2,408
$2,448
$405
$137
$1,906
$0
United
Switzerland
Canada
States
*2005
Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”
France
Germany
Australia*
United
New Zealand
Kingdom
THE
COMMONWEALTH
FUND
12
Distribution of Health Spending by Type of Service
AUS*
CAN
FR
GER
NZ
SWIZ*
US
Basic Medical and
Diagnostic (outPatient) Services
13.6%
3.4%
7.5%
5.9%
15.1%
20.5%
22.3%
Hospitals
37.8%
28.0%
34.7%
29.1%
33.0%
34.7%
32.2%
Pharmaceuticals
14.2%
17.4%
16.4%
14.8%
12.4%
10.5%
12.6%
Nursing Homes &
Other Long-Term
Nursing Care
—
14.6%
9.9%
12.0%
16.0%
20.2%
6.2%
34.4%
36.6%
31.5%
38.2%
23.5%
14.1%
26.7%
Other
*2005
THE
COMMONWEALTH
FUND
Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”
13
Hospitals
THE
COMMONWEALTH
FUND
14
Percentage of Total Health Care Spending
on Hospital Care, 1996 and 2006
45%
1996
41.3%
40%
38.7%
2006
38.3% 37.8%
35.2%
35%
34.8%
34.7%
34.7%
32.6%
33.0%
30%
34.4%
32.2%
34.1%
30.4%
29.1%
28.0%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
Netherlands* Australia**
*1998 and 2006
**1995 and 2005
OECD
Median
Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”
France
Switzerland**
New
United States Germany
Canada
Zealand
THE
COMMONWEALTH
FUND
15
Inpatient Hospital Spending per Capita, 2006
Adjusted for Differences in Cost of Living
$2,000
$1,880
$1,742
$1,800
$1,600
$1,400
$1,272
$1,180
$1,200
$1,045
$1,037
$1,021
$1,000
$708
$800
$600
$400
$200
$0
Switzerland*
United
France
States
Germany
Canada
Australia*
OECD
New
Median
Zealand
*2005
THE
COMMONWEALTH
FUND
Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”
16
Hospital Spending per Discharge, 2006
Adjusted for Differences in Cost of Living
$18,000
$17,126
$16,000
$14,000
$11,522
$12,000
$11,093
$10,000
$8,888
$8,000
$6,994
$6,742
$6,000
$4,935
$4,852
OECD
New
Germany
Median
Zealand**
$4,333
$4,000
$2,000
$0
United
Netherlands* Canada* Switzerland* Australia*
States*
* 2005
**2004
Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”
France
THE
COMMONWEALTH
FUND
17
Hospital Discharges per 1,000 Population, 2006
300
284
250
202
200
162
162
161
138
150
125
119
104
100
87
50
0
France
Germany
Australia*
OECD
Median
*2005
**2004
Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”
Switzerland
New
United
Zealand**
Kingdom
United Netherlands* Canada*
States*
THE
COMMONWEALTH
FUND
18
Average Length of Stay for Acute Care, 2006
10
8.5
8.2
8
7.5
7.2
6.6
6.6
6.0
6
5.6
5.4
4
2
0
Germany Switzerland
United
Kingdom
*2005
Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”
Canada*
OECD
Median
Netherlands Australia*
United
France
States
THE
COMMONWEALTH
FUND
19
Average Length of Hospital Stay
for Acute Myocardial Infarction, 2006
10.0
10
9.5
9
8.0
8
8.0
7.6
7.4
6.9
7
6.5
6.2
6
5.5
5
4
3
2
1
a
0
Germany
* 2005
**2004
United
Netherlands*Switzerland
Kingdom
Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”
OECD
Median
New
Zealand**
Canada*
France
Australia*
United
States*
THE
COMMONWEALTH
FUND
20
Average Length of Stay for Normal Delivery, 2006
6
5.4
5
4.5
4
3.5
3.1
3
2.5
2.2
2.0
1.9
1.8
1.8
New
United
Canada*
United
Zealand**
States*
2
1
0
Switzerland
France
Germany
OECD
Median
* 2005
**2004
Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”
Australia* Netherlands*
Kingdom
THE
COMMONWEALTH
FUND
21
Average Annual Hospital Inpatient
Acute Care Days per Capita, 2006
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.7
Netherlands
United
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Germany Switzerland Australia*
France
OECD
Median
Canada*
United
Kingdom
States
*2005
THE
COMMONWEALTH
FUND
Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”
22
Number of Acute Care Hospital Beds
per 1,000 Population, 2006
7
6.2
6
5
3.7
4
3.5
3.5
3.4
3.0
3
2.8
2.7
2.2
2
1
0
Germany
France
Australia* Switzerland
OECD
Median
Netherlands
Canada*
United
United
States
Kingdom
*2005
THE
COMMONWEALTH
FUND
Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”
23
Average Number of Hospital Staff
per Acute Care Hospital Bed, 2006
6
5.4
5
4.3
3.9
4
3.5
3.0
3
2.9
2.1
2
1.7
1
0
United States
Canada*
Switzerland
*2005
Netherlands*
OECD
Australia*
Germany
France
Median
THE
COMMONWEALTH
FUND
Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”
24
Home Health and Long-Term Care
THE
COMMONWEALTH
FUND
25
Percentage of Total Health Care Spending
on Long-Term Nursing Care, 1996–2006
25%
20%
1996
20.2%
19.0%
2006
17.0%
16.0%
14.6%
15%
13.3%
11.6%
12.1%
11.2%
12.0%
10.7%
9.9%
10%
7.8%
6.2%
5%
2.3%
0%
Switzerland*
New
Canada
Zealand
Netherlands
OECD
Median
Germany
France
United
States
*1996–2005
THE
COMMONWEALTH
FUND
Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”
Long-Term Institutional Care Spending per Capita, 2006
26
Adjusted for Differences in Cost of Living
$800
$738
Private
$700
Public
$600
$500
$476
$459
$91
$400
$417
$156
$300
$200
$257
$262
$368
$254
$87
$261
$170
$100
$254
$0
Switzerland*
Canada
*2005
Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”
United States
Germany
France
THE
COMMONWEALTH
FUND
27
Home Health Care Spending per Capita, 2006
Adjusted for Differences in Cost of Living
$350
$330
$300
$250
$199
$200
$176
$150
$88
$100
$85
$83
Switzerland*
Canada
$68
$50
$0
New
Zealand
Germany
United
States
France
OECD
Median
*2005
THE
COMMONWEALTH
FUND
Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”
28
Number of Long-Term Care Beds in Nursing Homes
per 1,000 Population Age 65 and Older, 1996–2006
80
71.1
70
60
47.8
50
43.3
40
40.2
34.0
40
39.2
34.0
27.2
25.8
30
20
28.2
23.9
18.2
15.4
10
0
Switzerland* Germany*
United
States
Australia
OECD
Median
France
Netherlands*
United
Kingdom*
*1996–2005
THE
COMMONWEALTH
FUND
Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”
29
Physicians and Nurses
THE
COMMONWEALTH
FUND
30
Percentage of Total Health Care Spending
on Basic Medical and Diagnostic Services, 2006
25%
22.3%
20.5%
20%
15.1%
13.6%
15%
11.4%
9.8%
10%
5.9%
5%
3.4%
0%
United Switzerland*
States
New
Zealand
Australia*
OECD
France
Germany
Canada
Median
*2005
THE
COMMONWEALTH
FUND
Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”
31
Percentage of Total Health Care Spending on Basic Medical
and Diagnostic Services, 1996 and 2006
25%
22.4% 22.3%
1996
20.5%
2006
20%
15.1%
15%
14.0%
15.1%
13.6%
14.6%
14.7%
11.4%
12.1%
9.8%
10%
7.0%
5.9%
5%
3.4%
0%
United
States
Switzerland*
New
Zealand
Australia*
OECD
France
Germany
Canada
Median
*1996–2005
THE
COMMONWEALTH
FUND
Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”
32
Spending on Basic Medical and Diagnostic Services,
per Capita in 2006
Adjusted for Differences in Cost of Living
$1,600
$1,495
$1,200
$836
$800
$407
$400
$370
$337
$337
$199
$124
$0
United
Switzerland* Australia*
States
*2005
Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”
New
Zealand
France
OECD
Germany
Canada
Median
THE
COMMONWEALTH
FUND
33
Number of Practicing Physicians
per 1,000 Population, 2006
4
3.8
3.8
3.5
3.4
3.3
3
2.8
2.5
2.4
2.3
2.1
2
1
0
Netherlands Switzerland
Germany
France
OECD
Median
*2005
Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”
Australia*
United
United
New
Kingdom
States
Zealand
Canada
THE
COMMONWEALTH
FUND
Average Annual Growth Rate of Practicing Physicians
per 1,000 Population, 1996–2006
34
3.5%
3.2%
3.0%
2.5%
2.0%
1.8%
1.5%
1.5%
1.2%
1.1%
1.0%
1.0%
0.8%
0.5%
0.4%
0.4%
Canada
France
0.0%
United
Kingdom
Switzerland
OECD
New
Median
Zealand
*1995–2005
Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”
Australia*
Germany
United
States
THE
COMMONWEALTH
FUND
35
Average Annual Number of Physician Visits
per Capita, 2006
8
7.0
7
6.4
6.4
6
6.1
5.9
5.6
5.1
5
4.0
4
3
2
1
0
Germany**
France
OECD
Median
*2005
**2004
Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”
Australia
Canada*
Netherlands
United
United
Kingdom
States*
THE
COMMONWEALTH
FUND
36
Number of Practicing Nurses
per 1,000 Population, 2006
15
14.1
11.9
10.5
10.0
10
9.8
9.7
8.8
8.7
8.6
7.6
5
0
Switzerland* United
Kingdom
United
New
States
Zealand
Germany Australia*
Canada
OECD
Netherlands France
Median
*2005
THE
COMMONWEALTH
FUND
Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”
37
Number of Practicing Nurses
per Acute Care Bed, 1996 and 2006
2.0
1.6
1.5
1996
1.6
2006
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.4
0.5
0.0
Australia*
United States
Switzerland
OECD Median
Germany
France
*1996–2005
THE
COMMONWEALTH
FUND
Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”
38
Pharmaceuticals
THE
COMMONWEALTH
FUND
39
Percentage of Total Health Care Spending
on Pharmaceuticals, 1996 and 2006
18%
17.4%
16.0%
16%
14%
16.4%
1996
16.4%
14.8%
14.0%
13.0%
14.5%
14.2%
14.0%
2006
12.6%
12.4%
12.4%
12%
10%
10.0%
9.3%
10.5%
8%
6%
4%
2%
0%
Canada
*1996–2005
France
OECD
Median
Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”
Germany
Australia*
United
New
States
Zealand
Switzerland*
THE
COMMONWEALTH
FUND
40
Pharmaceutical Spending per Capita, 2006
Adjusted for Differences in Cost of Living
$900
$843
$800
$700
$639
$600
$564
$500
$500
$433
$427
$426
$400
$303
$300
$200
$100
$0
United
Canada
France
States
*2005
Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”
Germany
OECD
Median
Switzerland* Australia*
New
Zealand
THE
COMMONWEALTH
FUND
41
Percentage of Total Population with Pharmaceutical
Coverage Through Public Programs, 2006
100%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
99.9%
98.7%
89.5%
80%
60%
50.0%
40%
20%
0%
Australia*
New
Switzerland
Zealand
*2005
Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”
United
OECD
Kingdom
Median
France Netherlands Germany
Canada*
THE
COMMONWEALTH
FUND
42
Medical Procedures Involving
Sophisticated Technology
THE
COMMONWEALTH
FUND
43
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Units
per Million Population, 2006
30
26.5
20
14.0
10
7.7
7.7
6.6
6.2
5.6
5.3
4.9
0
United
Switzerland Germany
States
OECD
Median
Netherlands* Canada
United
France
Australia
Kingdom
*2005
THE
COMMONWEALTH
FUND
Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”
44
Computer Tomography (CT) Scanners
per Million Population, 2006
60
51.1
40
33.9
18.7
20
16.7
14.8
12.1
12.0
10.0
8.2
7.6
0
Australia*
United
Switzerland Germany
States
* 2005
** 2004
Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”
OECD
New
Median
Zealand**
Canada
France Netherlands*
United
Kingdom
THE
COMMONWEALTH
FUND
45
Inpatient Cardiac Catheterization Procedures
per 100,000 Population, 2006
1,000
979
800
600
434
400
333
202
200
196
173
134
6
0
Germany
* 2005
**2004
United
Australia* Netherlands* Canada*
States**
Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”
OECD
Median
Switzerland
United
Kingdom
THE
COMMONWEALTH
FUND
46
Inpatient Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty
(PTCA) Interventions per 100,000 Population, 2006
450
434
400
353
350
300
250
194
200
168
138
150
113
102
101
New
United
Zealand
Kingdom
100
50
0
United
States**
Germany
OECD
Median
* 2005
**2004
Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”
Australia*
Canada*
Switzerland
THE
COMMONWEALTH
FUND
47
Number of Inpatient Knee Replacements
per 100,000 Population, 2006
180
176
158
160
144
131
140
130
118
120
110
90
100
80
60
40
20
0
United
Switzerland
Australia* Netherlands*
States**
* 2005
**2004
Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”
Canada*
United
OECD
Kingdom
Median
New Zealand
THE
COMMONWEALTH
FUND
48
Percentage of Total Surgery Procedures
That Are Day Cases, 2006
70%
65.4%
60%
55.4%
49.0%
50%
47.1%
40%
35.9%
34.9%
30%
21.9%
20%
16.1%
10%
0%
a
Canada*
United
Netherlands*
Australia*
OECD Median New Zealand*
Germany*
Switzerland
Kingdom
* 2005
THE
COMMONWEALTH
FUND
Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”
49
Number of Patients Undergoing Dialysis Treatment
per 100,000 Population, 2006
115
120
100
80
80
63
60
59
51
48
45
40
39
32
20
0
United
Germany
Canada
States*
* 2005
Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”
France
OECD
New
Median
Zealand
Australia
United Netherlands*
Kingdom
THE
COMMONWEALTH
FUND
50
Public Health and Prevention
THE
COMMONWEALTH
FUND
51
Percentage of Population over Age 65
with Influenza Immunization, 2006
80%
79.1%
75.1%
75.0%
68.0%
70%
66.5%
64.3%
63.6%
63.0%
63.0%
United
New
Germany*
OECD
States
Zealand
60%
61.0%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
a
Australia**
United
Netherlands France*
Kingdom
* 2005
**2004
Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”
Canada*
Switzerland
Median
THE
COMMONWEALTH
FUND
Percentage of Children Age 1 or 2 Who Have Been Immunized
Against Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis, 2006
100%
98.0%
97.4%
96.8%
95.8%
95.0%
94.5%
52
92.2%
90%
85.2%
84.7%
78.0%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
France**
Germany
OECD
Netherlands*Switzerland
Median
* 2005
**2004
Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”
United
Kingdom
Australia
United
New
States
Zealand*
Canada**
THE
COMMONWEALTH
FUND
53
Breast Cancer Screening, 2006
Percentage of Women Ages 50–69 Receiving a Mammogram
100%
89.0%
88.5%
80%
Survey Data
72.5%
70.4%
Program Data
70.7%
62.0%
55.6%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Netherlands
France
* 2005
**2004
Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”
United
States*
Canada*
United
New
Kingdom
Zealand
Australia**
THE
COMMONWEALTH
FUND
54
Percentage of Adults Who Report Being
Daily Smokers, 2006
35%
31.0%
30%
25.0%
25%
23.2%
23.2%
22.0%
20%
20.7%
17.7%
17.3%
16.7%
15%
10%
5%
0%
Netherlands France
Germany*
* 2005
** 2004
Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”
OECD
United
New
Median
Kingdom
Zealand
Australia** Canada*
United
States
THE
COMMONWEALTH
FUND
55
Twenty Year Change in Smoking Rates,
1986–2006
United
States*
Canada*
OECD
United
New
Median
Kingdom
Zealand
Netherlands
0%
-2%
-4%
-6%
-7.0%
-8%
-9.3%
-10%
-11.0%
-12%
-14%
-13.2%
-11.0%
-13.1%
*1985–2005
THE
COMMONWEALTH
FUND
Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”
56
Annual Alcohol Consumption in Liters per Capita
Among People Age 15 and Older, 2006
14
12.7
12
10.9
10.2
10
10.1
9.8
9.6
9.4
8.4
8
8.0
6
4
2
0
France*
United
Switzerland Germany
Kingdom
*2005
Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”
Australia*
OECD
New
United
Median
Zealand
States*
Canada*
THE
COMMONWEALTH
FUND
57
Obesity (BMI>30) Prevalence
Among Adult Population, 2006
35%
34.3%
30%
24.0%
25%
20%
18.0%
15%
13.6%
12.7%
11.3%
10.5%
10%
5%
0%
United
United
States
Kingdom
Canada*
Germany*
* 2005
** BMI data was only available for 21 out of the 30 OECD countries.
Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”
OECD
Netherlands
France
Median**
THE
COMMONWEALTH
FUND
58
Mortality
THE
COMMONWEALTH
FUND
59
Life Expectancy at Birth, 2006
Female
90
84.4
84.2
77.3
80
83.5
79.2
78.7
82.7
82.4
78
82.3
77.2
81.9
77.1
Male
81.9
77.6
77.9
81.1
77.1
80.4
75.2
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
France
Switzerland Australia
Canada*
Germany
OECD
Median
* 2005
Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”
Netherlands
New
United
United
Zealand
Kingdom*
States*
THE
COMMONWEALTH
FUND
60
Life Expectancy at Age 65, 2006
25
Female
22.6
20
18.2
22.1
21.5
18.5
21.1
18.3
20.5
17.9
20.5
17.2
17.8
20.4
20.1
17.2
Male
20.0
16.7
19.5
17.2
17.0
15
10
5
0
France
Switzerland Australia
Canada*
Germany
New
OECD
Zealand
Median
Netherlands
United
United
States*
Kingdom*
* 2005
THE
COMMONWEALTH
FUND
Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”
61
Increase in Life Expectancy at Birth, 1986–2006
7
6.8
Female
5.8
6
5.8
5.8
5.5
5.4
5
4.8
4.7
Male
5.4
4.9
4.7
4.3
4.5
4.3
4
4.1
3.7
3.5
2.8
3
2.3
2.2
2
1
0
New
France
Germany
Zealand
* 1985–2005
Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”
Australia
OECD
Median
Switzerland
United
Kingdom*
Canada* Netherlands
United
States*
THE
COMMONWEALTH
FUND
62
Increase in Life Expectancy at Age 65, 1986–2006
5
Female
Male
4.1
4
3.6
3.7
3.5
3.7
3.7
3.4
3.4
3.1
3
3.0
3.1
2.9
3.0
2.8
2.7
2.7
2.2
2
1.8
1.5
1.4
1
0
France
Germany
New
Australia
Zealand
OECD
Median
Switzerland
United
Kingdom*
Canada*
United
Netherlands
States*
*1995–2005
THE
COMMONWEALTH
FUND
Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”
63
Acute Myocardial Infarction Deaths
per 100,000 Population, 2006
70
63.1
60
50
45.2
44.7
44.7
41.5
37.9
40
36.6
30
21.4
20
10
0
New
United
Germany
Zealand** Kingdom*
* 2005
**2004
Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”
OECD
Median
Canada**
United Netherlands France*
States*
THE
COMMONWEALTH
FUND
64
Bronchitis, Asthma, and Emphysema Deaths
per 100,000 Population, 2006
6
5.1
5
4.1
4
3.5
3.5
3.1
3
2.9
2.7
2.5
2
1
0
United Netherlands
States*
New
OECD
United
Zealand**
Median
Kingdom*
* 2005
**2004
Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”
Germany
France*
Canada**
THE
COMMONWEALTH
FUND
Potential Years of Life Lost Due to Malignant Neoplasms
per 100,000 Population, 2006
65
992
1000
905
904
841
839
834
829
823
800
719
600
400
200
0
b
France*
* 2005
**2004
New
Netherlands United
Zealand**
Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”
States*
United
Kingdom*
Germany
OECD
Canada**Switzerland*
Median
THE
COMMONWEALTH
FUND
Potential Years of Life Lost Due to Diseases
of the Circulatory System per 100,000 Population, 2006
800
66
773
700
600
552
525
519
486
500
422
400
412
360
320
300
200
100
0
United
United
New
States*
Kingdom*
Zealand**
* 2005
**2004
Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”
Germany
OECD
Canada** Netherlands
France*
Switzerland*
Median
THE
COMMONWEALTH
FUND
67
Potential Years of Life Lost Due to Diabetes
per 100,000 Population, 2006
99
100
80
65
60
56
39
40
37
35
29
25
24
20
0
United
New
States*
Zealand**
Canada** Netherlands
* 2005
**2004
Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”
OECD
Median
Germany
France*
United Switzerland*
Kingdom*
THE
COMMONWEALTH
FUND
68
Potential Years of Life Lost Due to Diseases of the
Respiratory System per 100,000 Population, 2006
200
188
180
166
160
140
127
120
107
90
100
86
86
80
74
64
60
40
20
0
United
States*
United
New
Kingdom* Zealand**
* 2005
**2004
Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”
OECD
NetherlandsCanada** Germany
France* Switzerland*
Median
THE
COMMONWEALTH
FUND
69
Deaths Due to Surgical or Medical Mishaps
per 100,000 Population, 2006
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
France*
Germany
United
United
States*
Kingdom*
* 2005
**2004
Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”
Canada**
OECD
Median
Netherlands
New
Zealand**
THE
COMMONWEALTH
FUND