http://www.slideshare.net/wong_teck_kiong_nicholas/developmentpearson-2011-7786364
Development
 A progressive process aimed at achieving economic
growth
 and as a result, a conducive environment for
individuals
 to enjoy a decent standard of living and quality of life
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SoL & QoL
 Standard of living (SoL):
 Living conditions OR
 A measure of the quality and quantity of resources
available to people and the way these resources are
distributed within a population
 Quality of life (QoL):
 The degree of satisfaction that an individual or a group
of people have with their living conditions and lifestyle
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Indicators of Development
Economic
Demographic
Social
• Income per capita
• Employment
structure
• Life expectancy
• Infant mortality
rate
• Urban population
• Access to water &
sanitation
• Adult literacy rate
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Income per capita
 Gross National Product (GNP)
 Refers to the total value of goods and services produced
by the citizens of a country in a given year.
 Includes contributions by citizens working and
investing outside the country
 Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
 Refers to the total value of goods and services produced
by the citizens and non-citizens in a country in a given
year.
 Excludes contributions by citizens working and
investing outside the country
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Employment Structure
 Primary Industries
 Industries that extract natural resources from the Earth
 Secondary Industries
 Industries that convert natural resources into useful
products
 Tertiary Industries
 Industries that provide services
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Life Expectancy
 Refers to the average number of years a person can
expect to live in a particular country
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Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
 Refers to the number of deaths of children under the
age of one per 1000 live births in a year
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Urban Population
 Refers to the percentage of people living in an urban
area
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Adult Literacy Rate
 Refers to the percentage of
population aged 15 and
above who are able to read,
write and understand
simple statements.
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Human Development Index (HDI)
 Refers to a composite index that range from 0 – 1 to rank
countries by level of human development and separate
developed, developing and less developed countries
 Combines GDP per capita, adult literacy rate and life
expectancy
 The closer the index is to 1, the higher the development
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Level of Human Development
HDI Values
High
0.800 – 1.000
Medium
0.500 – 0.799
Low
0.499 and below
Quiz 1:
Describe the development of the world measured by the HDI.
HDI 2009
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[?]
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Factors
 Social
 Education
 Population growth rate
 Environmental
 Natural disasters
 Climate
 Historical Reason
 Colonialism
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 Economic
 Raw materials
 Cumulative causation
 Political Reasons
 Political conflict
 Leadership
Social ~ Education
 Countries with low literacy will face difficulties in
achieving development.
 Low literacy rates is common among LDCs as the children
have fewer opportunities for education because their
parents cannot afford to send them to school OR
 The number of schools may be limited or there may be a
lack of teachers and inadequate facilities
 This will result in slow and low development as people with
little education face more difficulties learning new skills
and technology, leading to a shortage of skilled labour
thereby slowing down the development of higher value
secondary and tertiary industries
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Social ~ Population Growth
 The lack of education usually
result in the lack of family
planning which lead to large
family sizes and
overpopulation
 Overpopulation may lead to
insufficient food, housing and
healthcare facilities hence
resulting in undevelopment
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Environmental ~ Natural Disasters
 Both DCs and LDCs are subjected to natural disasters
 However DCs have the resources to recover from
natural disasters faster than LDCs.
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Environmental ~ Climate
 Countries that experiences favorable climates are more
likely to be developed countries
 Cool and moist climate of Canada and USA allowed
the growing of many important crops such as wheat
and oat, which can be consumed or exported
 Countries that experiences unfavorable climates are
more likely to be less developed countries
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Raw materials
 Countries with rich raw materials tend to be able to
achieve development faster as
 Wealth from the raw materials can be invested to
develop the country and raise the quality of life
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Political Conflict
 Countries with unstable environments such as
frequent wars and social unrest will deter investors,
leading to lack of resources for development
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