15
The Male and Female
Reproductive
Systems
Lesson 1: Reproduction and Development of the
Human Reproductive Systems
Lesson 2: Male Reproductive System Anatomy
and Physiology
Lesson 3: Female Reproductive System Anatomy
and Physiology
Lesson 4: Fertilization, Pregnancy, and Birth
Lesson 5: Disorders and Diseases of the
Reproductive System
15.1 Key Terms
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•
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Centromere
Chromatids
Chromosomes
Crossovers
Diploid
Fertilization
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Gametes
Haploid
Meiosis
Menarche
Zygote
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15.1 Quiz
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Chromosomes
Diploid
Fertilization
Gametes
Haploid
Meiosis
Zygote
A.
B.
C.
D.
Egg and sperm
The joining of gametes
Half the genetic material
Cell with half genetic
material from mother
and half from father
E. Found in all body cells
(excluding egg and
sperm
F. Contain genes and DNA
G. Results in reduction of
genetic material
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Chapter 15: The Male and Female Reproductive Systems
Lesson 15.1
Reproduction and
Development of the Human
Reproductive Systems
Reproduction and Development of the
Human Reproductive Systems
• reproduction
• mitosis versus meiosis
• development and puberty
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Reproduction
• chromosomes
– made of DNA, contain genes
• asexual reproduction
– offspring are a clone of parent
• sexual reproduction
– a gamete from each parent combine to make a zygote
(genetically unique individual)
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Mitosis versus Meiosis
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Mitosis versus Meiosis
• mitosis
– one cell divides into two genetically identical
daughter cells
• homologous chromosomes
– chromosomes duplicate in interphase
– stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
• result
– two cells, each with 46 chromosomes identical to
the mother cell
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Mitosis versus Meiosis
• chromosome number
– diploid–two copies of each chromosome
– haploid–one version of each chromosome
• normal body cells are diploid
• gametes are haploid
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Mitosis versus Meiosis
• meiosis
– produces gametes, or haploid cells
– stages
• meiosis I–homologous chromosomes separate
• meiosis II–sister chromatids separate
• result
– four haploid cells with 23 chromosomes each
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Embryonic and Fetal Development
• if SRY gene is present
– 7th week of development male sex organs begin
development
• if SRY gene is not present
– 8th week of development female sex organs begin
development
• sex-determining region Y
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Puberty
• maturation of the reproductive system
• development of secondary sexual characteristics
– females
• menarche
– males
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Review and Assessment
Match these words with 1–4 below: male,
chromosomes, meiosis, puberty.
1. maturation of the reproductive system
2. if SRY gene is present
3. made of DNA, contain genes
4. gamete production
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Chapter 15: The Male and Female Reproductive Systems
Lesson 15.2
Male Reproductive
System Anatomy
and Physiology
15.2 Key Terms
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Ductus deferens
Ejaculation
Epididymis
Gonads
Prostate gland
Semen
Seminal glands
sperm
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Male Reproductive Anatomy
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Penis Cross-section
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Male Reproductive Anatomy
• scrotum and testes
– sperm produced in
testes
– sperm mature in
epididymis
• penis
– delivers sperm to
female
– contains erectile tissue
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Male Reproductive Anatomy
• ducts of the male reproductive system
– ductus deferens
– ejaculatory duct
• accessory glands and semen
– seminal glands
– prostate gland
– bulbourethral glands
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Male Reproductive Physiology
• sperm formation
– spermatogenesis
– begins at puberty
• sexual response
– erection
– ejaculation
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Review and Assessment
Fill in the blanks with: epididymis, spermatogenesis,
testes, or penis.
1. Sperm formation is _______________.
2. The _______________ delivers sperm to the
female.
3. Sperm mature in the _______________.
4. Sperm is produced in the _______________.
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Chapter 15: The Male and Female Reproductive Systems
Lesson 15.3
Female Reproductive
System Anatomy and
Physiology
Female Reproductive System Anatomy
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Female Reproductive System Anatomy
• the ovaries
– oocyte
• egg cell
– ovulation
• release of egg from the ovary
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Female Reproductive System Anatomy
• ducts of the female reproductive system
– uterine tubes
• connect ovary to uterus
• uterus–womb
– endometrium
– cervix
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Female Reproductive System Anatomy
• vagina
– birth canal
• external genitalia
– labia–majora and
minora
– clitoris
• mammary glands
– lactation
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Oogenesis
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•
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oocyte production process
begins before birth
primary oocyte
secondary oocyte
polar bodies
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The Female Sexual Cycle
• also known as the menstrual cycle
• ovarian cycle
– maturation and release of oocyte
• the uterine cycle
– uterus readies for implantation
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The Ovarian Cycle
• the follicular phase
– dominant primary follicle
– pituitary gland releases FSH and LH
– ovulation
• the luteal phase
– corpus luteum
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The Uterine Cycle
• the menstrual phase
– endometrium breaks down and sheds
• the proliferative phase
– endometrium grows back
• the secretory phase
– endometrium prepares to nourish embryo
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Female Sexual Response
• stimulation
– tactile
– psychological
• orgasm
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Review and Assessment
True or False?
1. The vagina is the birth canal.
2. Oogenesis makes sperm.
3. The ovary is also called the womb.
4. Oogenesis begins before birth.
5. Ovulation is release of sperm from the ovary.
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Chapter 15: The Male and Female Reproductive Systems
Lesson 15.4
Fertilization,
Pregnancy, and
Birth
Fertilization, Pregnancy, and Birth
•
•
•
•
fertilization of the oocyte
pregnancy
childbirth
lactation
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Fertilization of the Oocyte
• the journey of the sperm
– vagina, uterus, uterine tube
– capacitation takes up to 10 hours
• sperm penetration
– zona pellucida
– acrosomal enzymes
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Fertilization of the Oocyte
• protection against polyspermy
– only one sperm is required for
fertilization
– more than one sperm causes
death of oocyte
– chemistry of the zona pellucida
changes after sperm entry
• completion of meiosis and
fertilization
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– sperm entry causes completion of
meiosis
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Pregnancy
• lasts approximately 265 days
• from fertilization to implantation
• development of the placenta, embryo, and fetus
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From Fertilization to Implantation
• cell stages
– zygote
– morula
– blastocyst
• implantation
– blastocyst binds to endometrium
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From Fertilization to Implantation
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Development of Placenta, Embryo,
and Fetus
• embryo
– after implantation to
8 weeks
• placenta
– organ that supplies
nutrients to embryo
and fetus
• fetus
– after 8 weeks of
development
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Childbirth
• parturition
– birth
• oxytocin
• stages of labor
– dilation
– expulsion
– delivery of placenta
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Lactation
• production of breast milk
• activation of milk-producing cells
– prolactin
• delivery of milk through ducts to the nipple
– oxytocin
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Review and Assessment
Match these words with 1–4 below: dilation, prolactin,
implantation, birth.
1. activation of milk producing cells
2. parturition
3. a stage of labor
4. blastocyst binds to endometrium
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Chapter 15: The Male and Female Reproductive Systems
Lesson 15.5
Disorders and Diseases of
the Reproductive System
Infertility
• male infertility
– low sperm count
– erectile dysfunction
• female infertility
– failure to ovulate
– inability of egg to reach uterine tube
– lack of implantation
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Infertility
• treatment for infertility
– lifestyle changes
– drugs to induce ovulation
– surgery to correct anatomical issues
• in vitro fertilization
– oocyte and sperm combined outside mother’s body
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Sexually Transmitted Diseases
• viral
– HIV and AIDS
– genital herpes
– human papillomavirus
• bacterial
– gonorrhea
– chlamydia
– pelvic inflammatory
disease
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Sexually Transmitted Diseases
• detection and prevention
– symptoms
• genital discharge, sores, rash, burning during
urination, and growths
– prevention
• condom, abstinence
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Cancers of the Reproductive System
• prostate cancer
– PSA test
• cancers of the female reproductive tract
–
–
–
–
uterine cancer
ovarian cancer
cervical cancer
breast cancer
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Review and Assessment
True or False?
1. Abstinence will prevent spread of STDs.
2. A virus causes AIDS.
3. A virus causes gonorrhea.
4. A bacterium causes genital herpes.
5. Genital discharge is a symptom of STDs.
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