The Digestive System
and Nutrition
Lesson 1: Nutrition
Lesson 2: Anatomy and Physiology of
the Digestive System
Lesson 3: Disorders and Diseases of
the Digestive System
Chapter 13: The Digestive System and Nutrition
Lesson 1
Nutrition
Objectives
• Identify the major categories of nutrients.
• Identify nutrients that can have negative effects on
your health, and describe the negative effects.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Nutrition
• energy
• macronutrients, vitamins, and minerals
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Energy
• measuring the body’s energy use
– calories
– kilocalories
• basal metabolic rate
– energy required for one day at rest
– varies by individual
• For men: BMR = 10 x weight (kg) + 6.25 x height
(cm) – 5 x age (years) + 5
For women: BMR = 10 x weight (kg) + 6.25 x
height (cm) – 5 x age (years) – 161
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Macronutrients, Vitamins, and Minerals
• nutrients
– substances needed for
• energy
• growth
• maintenance
Tischenko Irina/Shutterstock.com
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Nutrients
•
•
•
•
•
carbohydrates
proteins
fats (lipids)
vitamins
minerals
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Carbohydrates
•
•
•
•
sugars
starches
1 gram supplies 4 Calories
one half of daily caloric intake should be from
carbohydrates
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Proteins
• made of amino acids
• essential amino acids
– must be part of diet
• nonessential amino acids
– body can make
• one gram supplies 4
Calories
• one quarter of daily
caloric intake from
proteins
Joshua Resnick/Shutterstock.com
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Fats
•
•
•
•
•
lipids
saturated fats
monounsaturated fats
polyunsaturated fats
trans-unsaturated fats (trans fats)
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Fats
• one gram supplies 9 Calories
• minimize trans and saturated fat intake
• less than 25–35% of total calories from fat
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Vitamins
• chemicals needed for proper metabolism
• types of vitamins
– fat-soluble
• may be stored in the body
– water-soluble
• are not stored in the body
• vitamin deficiency
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Minerals
• elements needed for proper body function
• examples
–
–
–
–
calcium
potassium
iron
phosphorus
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Water-Soluble Vitamins
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Fat-Soluble Vitamins
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Minerals
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Review and Assessment
Match these words with 1–4 below: carbohydrate,
fat, vitamin, iron.
1. 9 calories per gram
2. water soluble
3. sugar
4. mineral
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Chapter 13: The Digestive System and Nutrition
Lesson 2
Anatomy and Physiology
of the Digestive System
Objectives
• Identify the organs of the digestive system and
explain their functions.
• Describe how food is digested and absorbed.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Anatomy and Physiology of the
Digestive System
• activities of digestion
• layers of the alimentary canal
• digestive organs and their functions
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Activities of Digestion
• (1) ingestion
– getting food into the body
• (2) propulsion
– moving food along GI tract
• (3) mechanical breakdown
– breaks food into smaller pieces
– increases surface area of food
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Activities of Digestion
• (4) chemical breakdown
– also known as digestion
– enzymes
• (5) absorption
– digested food particles moved into blood
• (6) defecation
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Activities of Digestion
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Layers of the Alimentary Canal
• mucosa
– innermost layer
– adjacent to lumen
• submucosa
– below mucosa
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Layers of the Alimentary Canal
• muscularis externa
– circular muscle
– longitudinal muscle
• serosa
– outermost layer
– peritoneum
• visceral
• parietal
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Layers of the Alimentary Canal
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Review and Assessment
True or False?
1. Mechanical breakdown decreases the surface
area of food.
2. The mucosa is adjacent to the lumen.
3. Peritoneum is serosa.
4. In absorption, digested food moves into the blood.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Digestive Organs and Their Functions
•
•
•
•
•
•
the oral cavity
the nasal cavity
teeth and gums
salivary glands
pharynx
esophagus
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Digestive Organs and Their Functions
•
•
•
•
•
•
stomach
small intestine
liver and gallbladder
pancreas
large intestine
rectum, anal canal, and anus
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Digestive Organs and Their Functions
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
The Oral Cavity
•
•
•
•
lips
tongue
cheeks
palate
– hard
– soft
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
The Nasal Cavity
• passageway for air
• uvula
– hangs from soft palate
– keeps food out of nasal cavity when swallowing
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Teeth and Gums
• gum
– gingiva
• teeth
– deciduous
– permanent
• incisor
• canine
• molar
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Anatomy of the Tooth
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Salivary Glands
•
•
•
•
parotid
submandibular
sublingual
saliva
– water
– enzymes
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Pharynx
• nasopharynx
• oropharynx
• laryngopharynx
– glottis
– epiglottis
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Esophagus
• connects pharynx to stomach
• peristalsis
– muscle contraction changes size of tube
– food is moved through GI tract
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Stomach
• regions
–
–
–
–
cardia
fundus
body
pyloric region
• three layers of
muscle
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Lining of the Stomach
• gastric gland
–
–
–
–
mucus-secreting cells
parietal cells
chief cells
enteroendocrine cells
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Chemical Reactions in the Stomach
• protein-digesting enzymes
• chyme formation
• stomach contractions
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Review and Assessment
Match these words with 1–4 below: canine, fundus,
parotid, esophagus.
1. region of stomach
2. connects pharynx to stomach
3. a type of tooth
4. a type of salivary gland
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Small Intestine
• segments
– duodenum
– jejunum
– ileum
• lining
– villi
– intestinal crypts
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Small Intestine
• chemical breakdown
– emulsification by bile
– break down by
enzymes
• absorption into the
blood
– from capillaries to the
blood
– lacteal to lymph
– vitamin B12
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Functions of the liver
• maintains nutrients in
blood
• converts one nutrient
to another
• stores nutrients
• inactivates toxins
• parts of the liver
–
–
–
–
–
lobules
hepatocytes
blood vessels
bile canaliculi
bile salts
• hepatic portal vein
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Liver and Gallbladder
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
The Gallbladder
• functions of the gallbladder
– stores bile produced by liver
– releases bile when fat-containing chyme is in duodenum
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Pancreas
• pancreatic juices
– contain digestive enzymes
• glucose regulation
– beta cells–insulin
– alpha cells–glucagon
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Large Intestine
• regions
– cecum
– colon
•
•
•
•
ascending
transverse
descending
sigmoid
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Rectum, Anal Canal, and Anus
• rectum
• anal canal
• anus
– sphincters
• internal
• external
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Review and Assessment
Match these words with 1–4 below: jejunum, sigmoid,
beta cells, gallbladder.
1. a region of the colon
2. a region of the small intestine
3. stores bile
4. produce insulin
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Chapter 13: The Digestive System and Nutrition
Lesson 3
Disorders and Diseases
of the Digestive System
Objectives
• Describe some of the common disorders and
diseases of the digestive system.
• Explain the damage that gingivitis can do in the
oral cavity as well as throughout the entire body.
• Describe lifestyle changes that would lessen the
symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive
System
• gingivitis and periodontal disease
– plaque forms tarter
• cardiovascular disease
• gastroesophageal reflux disease
– heartburn
• ulcers
– Helicobacter pylori
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive
System
• gastroenteritis
– inflammation of stomach or intestine
• inflammatory bowel disease
– chronic inflammation
– ulcerative colitis
– Crohn’s disease
• constipation and diarrhea
– infrequent or too frequent defecation
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive
System
• hepatitis
– inflammation of liver
• pancreatitis
– inflammation of pancreas
• gallstones
– bile forms crystals
– cholecystectomy
• cancer
Roblan/Shutterstock.com
– digestive system cancers
are common
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Review and Assessment
Fill in the blanks with: tartar, gallstones, hepatitis,
or ulcers.
1. Helicobacter pylori causes _______________.
2. Inflammation of the liver is _______________.
3. Plaque forms _______________.
4. Crystals of bile are _______________.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.