Economic impacts of the nostalgic tourism on a
community with migration to the United States.
Nydia Delhí Mata Sánchez, Rafael G. Reyes Morales, Alicia Sylvia
Gijón-Cruz, Andrés C. Cruz Contreras y Salvador López Platas.
Introduction
• Nostalgic tourism refers to the
circular migration flow from host
communities.
• Looks at the direct and indirect
impacts of migrants spending
patterns on the local economic and
social activities.
• Therefore, it also considers the
characteristics of the demand for
tourist services and in turn what
local communities are able to
provide.
Saint Francisco de Asís
Methodology
• Survey of nostalgic tourism (2006):
The purpose was to analyze the economic impact
of nostalgic tourism, the structure of how a tourist
spent his or her money, the amount of time the
individual spent in the community and the demand
for services.
• Census of migrants: was carried during the
months of January and February of 2005 to obtain
specific information about characteristics of
migration .
• Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) : In this project
we use the 2004 SAM of San Francisco
Cajonos which was adapted to analyze to
nostalgic tourism.
• Calculation of economic impacts: The SAM
provided the information to estimate the
economic impacts in local productive activities
by means of models of multiplication.
Characteristics of the nostalgic tourism
Frecuency
• The period of time that a
visitor stays in San
Francisco
Cajonos
annually varies between
15 and 20 days.
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
Std. Dev = 19.81
2
Mean = 17.4
N = 37.00
0
0
0.
10
.0
90
.0
80
.0
70
.0
60
.0
50
.0
40
.0
30
.0
20
.0
10
0
0.
• The flow of nostalgic
tourism peaks during
specific seasons of the
year that coincide with
vacation periods and
religious festivities.
Period of time San Francisco
Cajonos, Oax.
Days
Source: Encuesta “Turismo nostálgico” aplicada en
San Francisco Cajonos, 2006, ITO.
Origin of the nostalgic tourism
Type of Visitor
(Percentage)
National
(86.5%)
International
(13.5%)
Origin of Visitor
Percentage
Oaxaca City
48.6
Other parts of the State of Oaxaca
10.8
Other states in Mexico
8.1
Mexico City
16.2
Los Angeles (Metropolitan area)
5.4
Surrounding towns of L.A. and cities of
California (Sacramento, Tracy, Van Nuys
y Rosemead)
10.8
Total
100.0
Source: Survey “Turismo nostálgico” aplicada en San Francisco
Cajonos, 2006, ITO.
Lodging used by the nostalgic tourism
Housing
Percentage
With Family Members
37.8
With Their Parents
27.0
In Their Own Home
27.0
They don’t stay in San Francisco Cajonos
because they are from neighboring
communities.
5.4
With Friends
2.7
Total
Source: Encuesta “Turismo nostálgico” aplicada en
San Francisco Cajonos, 2006, ITO.
100.0
The Most Important Festivals that influence
migration flows of Nostalgic Tourism
Santa Cruz
Festivals
Martíres de Cajonos
Saint Francisco de Asís
Vacations (december)
Carnival
Other Festivals
-3
2
7
12
17
22
Number of visitants
Source: Survey “Turismo nostálgico” aplicada en
San Francisco Cajonos, 2006, ITO.
27
32
37
Motivations
Reason for Visit
Frequency
Percentage
To visit family
14
37.8
To attend village festivals
5
13.5
To relax
14
37.8
To preserve their customs, traditions
and cultural identity.
3
8.1
To do business
1
2.7
37
100.0
Total
Source: Encuesta “Turismo nostálgico” aplicada en
San Francisco Cajonos, 2006, ITO.
Demand for services
San Francisco Cajonos has the following services for visitors:
2 Restaurants
» 2 Public Telephones
» 4 Convenience Store
»
• Tourist attractions:
»
»
»
»
»
Community Museum
Community Museum
Graphic art workshop
Archaeological Zone
Natural areas ideal for Ecotourism
Local religious holidays and holidays celebrating zapoteco
culture
Traditional dances
Natural areas: La Mesa
Evaluation of the demand potential of the
nostalgic tourism, San Francisco Cajonos.
Tourist Guide
Services
Crafts
Resturants
Hotel
Sales Souvernirs
Touristic Information
Internet
1
6
11
16
21
26
31
Frequency
Source: Survey “Turismo nostálgico” aplicada en San
Francisco Cajonos, 2006, ITO.
36
Nostalgic Tourism in San Francisco Cajonos
Results of the Social
Accounting Matrix
Economic Structure from San Francisco Cajonos, Oax.
2004
TOTAL
DISTRIBUCIÓN ECONÓMICA
PRODUCTION
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
Agriculture
Backyard animal husbandry
Natural resources ( fire wood)
Commerce and services
Craft production
Subtotal
FACTORS
1.
2.
3.
4.
Land
Capital
Wage-earning work
Family work
Subtotal
INSTITUTION
1.
2.
3.
4.
Household with remittances
Household without remittances
Community organization
Government
Subtotal
SAVE AND
INVERTIONS
1. Saving Money
2. Human Resources
Subtotal
1. Rest of the region
RELATIONS WITH 2. Rest of México
THE EXTERIOR 3. Rest of the world
%
AMOUNT
3,776,871
1,085,207
77,475
257,428
4,095,503
1,753,853
7,269,466
15,688
148,371
1,521,477
2,091,335
3,776,871
8,508,130
6,160,883
100,000
411,346
15,180,359
-42,590
926,615
884,025
8,077,240
100
14.93
1.07
3.54
56.34
24.13
100
0.42
3.93
40.28
55.37
100
56.05
40.58
0.66
2.71
100
-4.82
104.82
100
42.21
5,775,340
5,281,433
30.18
27.60
Subtotal 19,134,013
100
Results of the multiplier model
San Francisco Cajonos, 2006.
INJECTION OF MONETARY CONTRIBUITION OF NOSTALGIC TOURISM TO
THE LOCAL ECONOMY.
SAN FRANCISCO CAJONOS, 2006.
ACTIVITY
PRODUCTION
FACTORS
COMERCE AND SERVICES
SAVING MONEY
CRAFTS
Subtotal
Economic growth (real GDP)
1. Agriculture
2. Backyard animal husbandry
3. Natural resources (wood fire)
4. Commerce and services
5. Activities not agricultural
1. Land
2. Capital
3. Wage-earning work
4. Family work
1. Household with remittances
2. Household without remittances
INSTITUTIONS 3. Community organization
4. Government
SAVE AND
1. Saving Money
INVERTIONS
2. Human Resources
RELATIONS WITH 1. Rest of the region
THE EXTERIOR 2. Rest of México
3. Rest of the world
Source: “Etnodemografía. Migración y Comunidad Transterritorial en San Francisco Cajonos, Oaxaca, 2005”. Instituto
Tecnológico de Oaxaca, The Rockefeller Foundation , Red Internacional de Migración y Desarrollo.
INJECTION
210,745
12,903
12,903
236,551
1.498
0.757
92.660
0.508
7.649
0.744
0.757
2.304
1.832
1.203
.295
0.702
0.000
2.297
0.297
0.000
2.688
0.158
0.016
Conclusions of the nostalgic tourism
• The reasons why nostalgic tourists are motivated to return to their
communities of origin are: The desire to visit to relatives, and to
rest and to attend community festivals (89.1%).
• The lodging does not represent a problem for the visitors because
almost all of them are guaranteed lodging with their nuclear family,
with other relatives or with friends (94.5%).
• The majority of the flow of visitors come from areas within Mexico
(86.5%), and the remainder coming from the United States (13.5%).
• The average annual stopover is 17.4 days over the state average of
1.84 days, and the national one of 1.71 days; which presents a
coefficient variation of 113.9%.
• The economic impact of nostalgic tourism profoundly impacts the
economic activities, particularly backyard animal husbandry,
commerce and basic services.
• Nostalgic tourism has a limited impact on local development
because the liquidity provided by the productive activities is directed
towards regional markets.
• The economic growth induced by the economic impact of nostalgic
tourism causes dependency with outside markets because there is
an increased demand for imported goods and services.
• This is a characteristic of rural economies such as San Francisco
Cajonos that lack communal banks or microfinance institutions to
ensure that remittances are recycled locally in the form of loans.