Semester Exam Review Sheet
The review sheet is separated into each specific area we covered this semester. Under
each major topic you will need to answer each question. Use your notes and textbook to
answer each question.
The test itself will include multiple choice, matching, graphs, charts and essays.

Characteristics of Life
Name all 8 eight characteristics of life

Why is homeostasis so important?

Understand the atomic structure of elements and how to read a periodic table.

What are the 7 properties of water?

What is the difference between a polar and nonpolar molecule?

Write down the pH scale and include all important information.

Fill in the chart:
Carbohydrates
Elements:
Functions:
Building
Blocks:
Examples:
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids


What is the difference between an organic molecule and an inorganic
molecule?

Compare and contrast dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis reactions.

What are molecular formulas and structural formulas?

Be able to recognize the structural formulas for all biomolecules and be able
to draw structural formulas.

Enzymes:
o What are they?
o Why are they important?
o What are some of their unique properties?
o Define activation energy and explain how this relates to enzymes?
Explain why tests with reagents are important to identify particular biomolecules:
a. Iodine identifies _______________________
b. Biuret solution identifies ________________.
c. Benedict’s solution identifies _____________________.
Scientific Method

State the steps of the scientific method.

Why is it important to repeat experiments?

How do you determine dependent and independent variables, as well as a control.

Be able to set up and interpret charts, graphs, and data tables.
o How do you properly scale a graph?
o Where does the dependent and independent variable go on the graph?
Cells

Describe the 3 ideas involved with the cell theory.

How did the following scientist contribute to our understanding of cells?
o Anton van Leeuwenhoek
o Robert Hooke
o Schleiden
o Schwann
o Virchow

Be able to identify types of cells by viewing images. In addition, be able to
identify organelles in cell pictures.
_____________ CELL
_____________ CELL
____________ CEL
CHARACTERISTICS OF CELLS
TRAIT
Prokaryote or
Eukaryote?
Encloses
Cytoplasm of Cell?
Presence of
Nuclear
Membrane?
Presence of Cell
Wall?
DNA in Single or
Multiple
Chromosomes?
Presence of
Cytoskeleton?
Vacuoles --Small, Large,
None?
Presence of
Lysosomes?
With or without
Centrioles?
Chloroplasts?
Cell Size --Small or Very
Small?
Mitochondria?
Ribosomes?
Function or
Description:
Present In:
PLANT
ANIMAL
BACTERIA
CELL
CELL

Be able to identify the key components to a cell membrane: Draw below
including :phospholipids, polar heads, nonpolar tails, proteins, carbohydrates,
lipid bilayer.

What is the difference between osmosis and diffusion?

Predict what would happen to a plant and animal cell in the following
solutions:

Determine what will happen below:

Compare and contrast the following:
o Endocytosis vs. Exocytosis
o Passive transport vs. Active Transport

Explain how cells behave if they are unicellular vs. multicellular. Know how
cells become specialized?

Lab techniques:
o Be able to identify key parts of a microscope
o How do you make a wet mount slide?
o How do you determine total magnification?
Photosynthesis and Cell Respiration:

What is the role of a leaf?
o Understand leaf structure
o Know the function of a pigment and a few examples?

Be able to draw and label an ATP molecule and an ADP molecule?
o Which one has more energy?

Know the overall chemical equation for:
o Photosynthesis:
o Cell Respiration:
Fill in the following chart:
Reaction:
Photosynthesis, Aerobic
Cell Respiration or
Anaerobic Respiration?
Light Dependent
Calvin Cycle
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
ETC
Lactic Acid
Fermentation
Alcoholic
Fermentation
Location
of
Reaction
Function or importance:

Label the following:

Be able to compare and contrast the following:
o Photosynthesis and cell respiration
o Aerobic and Anaerobic respiration
Cell Cycle and Cancer

Know why cells are the size they are
o Understand surface area to volume ratios
o Know how to calculate surface area to volume

Understand the cell cycle and describe what is happening in each stage.

What is cancer and how is it caused?
o Know key terminology like: benign, malignant, metastasize, oncogene,
protooncogene, tumor suppressor gene, p53 and apoptosis
Mendelian Genetics
From Chapter 11:
1. Who is Gregor Mendel and what did he contribute to science?
2. What organism did Gregor Mendel study?
3. What are the four basic principles that Mendel discovered in his experiments?
4. Answer the following questions. In flowers, if R is red and r is white.
a. Genotype of a homozygous dominant individual? ______ Phenotype: ______
b. Genotype of a homozygous recessive individual? _______Phenotype: ______
c. Genotype of a heterozygous individual?
_______Phenotype: ______
5. Using the same information from question 3:
a. if a pink flower would be produced what has happened?
__________________
b. if a flower that is spotted red and white what has happened?
__________________
6. Show me a cross between a heterozygous red and homozygous dominant flower.
What are the genotypic and phenotypic results?
7. Show me a cross between two heterozygous parents. What are the genotypic and
phenotypic results?
8. If brown hair and brown eyes is dominant and blonde hair and blue eyes is
recessive:
a. What are the possible gametes that a heterozygous parent could produce?
b. Is this a dihybrid or monohybrid cross?
c. How do you know?
9. List all the possible ways variation is created in a species: (There is at least 5).
10. What is probability?
11. What is the chance that you will toss a quarter and get heads three times in a row.
Show your work.
12. If there was 5 red jellybeans, 2 blue jellybeans, 3 yellow jellybeans, 1 purple, and
4 green jellybeans in a bag.
a. What is the chance that you would pull out a red jellybean. __________
b. What is the chance that you would pull out a blue jellybean, then a red,
then a yellow, then a purple and last a green. (you put back the jellybeans
everytime). Show your work.
13. Be able to recognize and explain NON-Mendalian Genetics:
a. Incomplete Dominance
b. Codominance
c. Multiple Alleles
d. Polygenic Inheritance
e. Environmental Factors
14. Be able to discuss blood types
15. Be able to work with monohybrid and dihybrid crosses.
16. Compare/Contrast Mitosis and Meiosis. You need at least 5 comparisons for this
answer.
17. In which phase of meiosis is crossing over occurring? Does this create variation?
Draw a chromosome to show me how?
18. What is the difference between haploid cells and diploid cells? Give examples of
cells in your body that are haploid and diploid.
19. Suppose for an organism 2N=8. How many chromosomes do the organism’s
gametes have?
20. How do male and female human gametes compare and contrast? State at least 4
comparisons.
21. Compare the phases of meiosis I with the phases of meiosis II in terms of the
number and arrangement of chromosomes.
22. Be able to recognize the differences between chromatin and chromosomes.
MAKE SOME HETEROZYGOUS MONOHYBRID CROSSES
A black coat (B) is DOMINANT in guinea pigs. A brown coat (b) is
RECESSIVE.
What is the genotype of a HOMOZYGOUS BLACK guinea pig? =
_______
What is the GENOTYPE of a HETEROZYGOUS BLACK guinea pig?
=_________
What is the GENOTYPE of a brown guinea pig? =__________
Make a cross between TWO HETEROZYGOUS BLACK guinea pigs.
Genotypes of Parents:
__________ X __________
POSSIBLE OFFSPRING GENOTYPES
________________________________________
POSSIBLE OFFSPRING PHENOTYPES
________________________________________
What is the probability that a baby will be black? _________ %
What is the probability that a baby will be brown? _________%
What is the probability the baby will be a HYBRID? ________%
What is the probability the baby will be HOMOZYGOUS DOMINANT ?
_________%
What is the probability the baby will be HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE?
___________%
INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE:
In Four O’clock plants RED FLOWERS (R) are INCOMPLETELY dominant
over white (r) flowers. Heterozygous plants show a blended intermediate
phenotype of PINK flowers.
MAKE A CROSS WITH 2 HETEROZYGOUS FOUR O’CLOCK PLANTS.
Genotypes of Parents:
__________ X __________
Genotypes___________________________
Genotypic Ratio ______________________
Phenotypes __________________________
Phenotypic Ratios _____________________
IF the red allele in Four-o’clocks WAS COMPLETELY DOMINANT over the
white allele, what would the phenotype be for a plant with Rr genotype?
____________________
BLOOD TYPES:
In the ABO blood type system the A and B alleles are dominant to O allele, and A and B are
codominant to each other.
Make a cross between an AO mom and an BO dad.
What are the possible genotypes of the offspring?
________ _________ _________ _________
What is the probability the offspring will have:
A type blood ____% B type blood _____% O type blood _____% AB type blood _______%
Cross a HETEROZGOUS TALL, HETEROZYGOUS ROUND pea with a PURE SHORT,
WRINKLED pea.
Parent's genotypes
__________ X __________
Possible gametes
____ ____ ____ ____
How many out of 16 will be:
_______ TALL ROUND
_______ TALL WRINKLED
_______ SHORT ROUND
_______ SHORT WRINKLED
____ ____ ____ ____