Introduction to
C++
Programming
©2011, Regis University
1
Introduction

The C++ language will be used as a
tool to learn about programming

You will learn how to write structured
C++ programs

Object-oriented aspects of C++ (objects,
templates, etc) will NOT be covered until
CS432
2
C++ Programming Concepts


To write a C++ program, we need:

Text editor

C++ compiler
Bloodshed Dev-C++ contains an editor and
a compiler in one

This is known as an IDE (Integrated
Development Environment)
3
Running C++ Programs
 Use an editor to create/edit C++ code in a
text file

C++ filenames ended with extension .cpp

Compile and link the C++ file

Execute the executable file created

If find bugs or errors, go back to the first
step and correct them and try again.
4
A Simple C++ program:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
//Displays greeting
int main()
{
cout << "Hello World!";
return 0;
}
(Each line is explained on the following slides)
5
A Simple C++ program:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
//Displays greeting
int main()
{
cout << "Hello World!";
return 0;
}
Tells compiler to include code from the iostream
library for use of input and output routines.
6
A Simple C++ program:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
//Displays greeting
int main()
{
cout << "Hello World!";
return 0;
}
Tells compiler to use a standard environment.
(The first 2 lines must appear in ALL your programs)
7
A Simple C++ program:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
//Displays greeting
int main()
{
cout << "Hello World!";
return 0;
}
Comment for the programmer
– lines beginning with "//" are ignored by the compiler
8
A Simple C++ program:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
//Displays greeting
int main()
{
cout << "Hello World!";
return 0;
}
Note
Your text uses:
void main()
but our compiler
requires:
int main()
and the return
of an integer.
C++ programs are built using functions.
A C++ program must contain at least one function,
called main. This is the main function “header”.
9
A Simple C++ program:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
//Displays greeting
int main()
{
cout << "Hello World!";
return 0;
}
Left curly brace marks beginning and
right curly brace marks end of the main function
10
A Simple C++ program:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
//Displays greeting
int main()
{
cout << "Hello World!";
return 0;
}
cout displays output, in this case, Hello World!
to the monitor
11
A Simple C++ program:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
//Displays greeting
int main()
{
cout << "Hello World!";
return 0;
}
return tells the program to exit from the main
function. By default, returning 0 implies success.
12
A Simple C++ program:
Sample Run
When the program is executed, this is the output:
13
Identifiers

Identifiers are the words that a programmer
uses to name things in a program

An identifier can be made up of letters, digits,
and the underscore character

An identifier cannot begin with a digit

C++ is case sensitive, therefore num and Num
are different identifiers

Keywords CANNOT be identifiers (see next slide)
14
Keywords
C++ keywords (do NOT use as Identifiers) :
asm
catch
continue
dynamic-cast
FALSE
if
new
Short
struct
try
union
volatile
auto
char
default
else
float
int
operator
signed
switch
TRUE
unsigned
wchar_t
bool
class
delete
enum
for
long
private
sizeof
template
typedef
using
while
break
const
do
explicit
friend
mutable
register
static
this
typeid
virtual
case
const_cast
double
extern
goto
namespace
return
static-cast
throw
typename
void
15
Data

You can store each piece of program data
as:

a Constant
or


a Variable
You will assign an identifier (name) to:


each constant
each variable
16
Data Types
Each piece of data stored in a program must also
have a type. Three basic C++ data types are:

int
- whole numbers
// No commas or leading zeros in number

double - numbers with fractional parts
// Has a decimal point

char
- a single ASCII character
// Enclosed in single quotes
17
Variables
 Variables are containers used to hold
 input data
 intermediate data
 output data
in your program
(think of them as named chunks of memory)
 A variable will occupy a number of bytes in Main
Memory
 The number of bytes allocated to a variable
depends on the type of data that will be stored in
it (e.g. numbers, characters, etc.)
18
Declaring Variables
 Declaring a variable will:
- define its type
- reserve a memory cell for it
- give the memory cell a name (an identifier)
Format:
type variable-list;
Examples:
char initial;
int num, count;
double gpa;
19
Variables in Memory
data type
Memory
variable
name(s)
int numStudents;
…
double total;
…
int average, max;
The value stored in a
variable is initially garbage,
and changes as the
program runs.
numStudents: 9200
9204
9208
9212
average: 9216
max: 9220
9224
9228
total: 9232
20
Constants

A constant is similar to a variable, except that
its value is set by the programmer and
CANNOT change


The compiler will issue an error if you try to
modify a constant
Why use constants?



Gives names to otherwise unclear literal values
Facilitates easier changes to the code
Prevents inadvertent errors
21
Declaring Constants
 Declaring a constant will:
- define its type and reserve a memory cell for it
- give the memory cell a name (an identifier)
- store a value in the memory cell
 Since the value is set by the programmer, the value
must be known when the program is written
Format:
const
Examples:
const
const
const
type constant-name = value;
double PI = 3.14;
int AGE = 33;
char YES = 'Y';
22
Constants in Memory
data
type
constant
name
Memory
constant
value
const int DOZEN = 12;
…
const double PI = 3.14;
The value stored in a
constant CANNOT change
as the program runs.
6200
DOZEN: 6204
6208
6212
6216
6220
6224
6228
PI: 6232
12
3.14
23
Declaring Constants/Variables
 Declare constants and variables at the top of the main
function
 Use good identifiers to make code "Self-Documenting"
 Follow the identifier rules:
 Should begin with a letter, followed by letters, digits and
underscores
 Are case-sensitive. Standard conventions are:
 Variable identifiers should begin with a lowercase letter
 Constants identifiers should be ALL uppercase
24
Constants/Variables Example
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
const char INITIAL = ‘P’;
int num;
:
Constant INITIAL and variable num are
declared at the top of the main function
25
Comments
There are two types of C++ comments:
 Single-line comments use //…
// This comment runs to the end of the current line
 Multi-lines comments use /* … */
/* This comment runs to the ending
symbol, even onto new lines */
Comments are ignored by the compiler.
26
Function Statements
 Function statements are located between the
function’s curly braces ''{" and "}"
 Statements are separated by semicolons (;)
 Statements can take up more than one line
 Extra blanks are ignored - used for readability
27
Assignment Statements
 An assignment statement changes the value of a
variable
 The assignment operator is the = sign
int count, num;
char ltr;
count = 0;
num = 55;
ltr = ‘A’;
Memory
count:
0
num:
55
ltr:
A
 The value on the right is stored in the variable on the left
 Any value that was in the variable is overwritten
28
Assignment Statements
 You can only assign a value to a variable that is
compatible with the variable's declared type
 You can declare a variable and assign an initial
value to it at the same time:
int count = 0;
int max = 50;
Memory
max:
50
count:
0
This is called “initializing” a variable
29
Arithmetic Expressions
 An expression is a combination of operators and
operands
 Arithmetic expressions compute numeric results
using arithmetic operators:
Addition
Subtraction
Multiplication
Division
Remainder
+
*
/
%
30
Operator Results



Arithmetic operators can be used with any
numeric type
An operand is a number or variable
used by the operator
Result of an operator depends on the types
of operands


If both operands are int, the result is int
If one or both operands are double, the result is
double
31
Division and Remainder

If both operands to the division operator (/) are
integers, the result is an integer (the fractional
part is discarded)
14 / 3
equals? 4
8 / 12

equals?
0
The modulus operator (%) returns the
remainder after dividing the second operand
into the first (both operands must be integers)
14 % 3
equals? 2
8 % 12
equals?
8
32
Operator Precedence
 Operators can be combined into complex
expressions:
result
=
total + count / max - offset;
 Precedence rules (same as default math rules)
 Parenthesis are done first
 Division, multiplication and modulus are done
second (left to right)
 Addition and subtraction are done last (left to right)
33
Assignment Revisited

You can consider assignment as another
operator, with a lower precedence than the
arithmetic operators
First the expression on the right hand side of the
= operator is evaluated, in precedence order
answer
=
4
sum / 4 + MAX * lowest;
1
3
Then the result is stored in the
variable on the left hand side
2
34
Assignment Revisited

The right and left hand sides of an assignment
statement can contain the same variable
count
=
8;
First, 20 is added to the
original value of count
count
=
count + 20;
Memory
count:
8
28
Then the result is stored back into count
(overwriting the original value)
35
Spacing


Use spacing to make arithmetic assignment
statements more readable!
Which is easier to read?
ans=num1+num2*num3;
or
ans = num1 + num2 * num3;
36
Arithmetic Equivalencies


Mathmatical Formulas:

c = a2 + b2

num =
1
x(x+y)
C++ Equivalent Expressions:

c = (a * a) + (b * b);

num = 1 / ( x * (x + y));
37
Compound Assignment
Operators


Compound assignment operators are operators which
provide a shortcut when adding, subtracting, multiplying,
or dividing a number to/by itself.
Operators:
+=
-=
*=
/=
%=
A op= B is the same as
A += B
A -= B
A *= B
A /= B
A %= B
A = A op B
A=A+B
A=A-B
A=A*B
A=A/B
A=A%B
38
Increment/Decrement
Operators

The increment operator (++) adds one to the value of the variable.
The decrement operator (--) subtracts one from the value of the
variable.
x++;
++x;
// both increase x by 1
x--;
--x;

// both decrease x by 1
When used alone with one variable, the following three statements
are equivalent:
x++;
++x;
x = x + 1;
39
Increment/Decrement
Operators

When used within an expression, however, the placement
matters.

++ (pre-increment operator) when the ++ is placed on the
left-hand side of a variable (++x).
Variable is incremented BEFORE the rest of expression is
evaluated:
A = ++B * Num;
is equivalent to:
B = B + 1;
A = B * Num;
40
Increment/Decrement
Operators
-- (pre-decrement operator)
When the -- is placed on the left-hand side of a variable
(--x).
Variable is decremented BEFORE the rest of expression
is evaluated:
A = --B * Num; is equivalent to: B = B - 1;
A = B * Num;
41
Increment/Decrement
Operators

++ (post-increment operator) when the ++ is placed
on the right-hand side of a variable (x++).
Variable is incremented AFTER the rest of expression is
evaluated:
A = B++ * Num; is equivalent to
A = B * Num;
B = B + 1;
42
Increment/Decrement
Operators

-- (post-decrement operator) when the -- is placed on
the right-hand side of a variable (x--).
Variable is decremented AFTER the rest of expression is
evaluated:
A = B-- * Num; is equivalent to A = B * Num;
B = B - 1;
43
Input/Output (I/O)
 We use two input/output statements
 one for output (cout)
 one for input (cin)
 In any program that uses these statements,
you must have the following lines at the very
beginning of the code:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
44
Output Statement
cout
– writes output to the monitor
Format:
cout << field1 << field2 << ... << fieldN;
A field can be:
- a string of characters (text) in double quotes
- a variable
- endl (end line/new line)
45
Output Example
Example Code:
cout << "Hello" << endl;
sum = 10;
cout << "Sum is " << sum << endl;
cout << "Enter a number:";
Resulting Output:
Hello
Sum is 10
Enter a number:
46
Input Statement
cin
- gets input from the keyboard
(typed in by the user)
Format:
cin >> field;
Here the field must be a variable name
47
Input Example
Example:
cout << "Enter pay amount: ";
cin >> pay;
Resulting Output:
Enter pay amount: 9.50
cin stores the number typed at keyboard (9.50) into the
Memory
variable pay in memory
pay:
9.50
48
I/O Stream: Output

Escape sequences:
\"
to display a double quote
\t
to display a tab
\\
to display a backslash
\a
to cause computer to beep
49
I/O Stream: Output

Formatting:


Must include iomanip library to use functions:
 setprecision(n) - sets number of decimal places
displayed
 setw(n) - sets width of output
Example:
float num = 4.557;
cout << setprecision(1) << setw(5) << num;
Result: displays 4.6 with two leading spaces
4.6
50
Variables during
Program Execution (1/8)
The next seven slides will walk you through the execution of
the program below:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int num1, num2;
double avg;
num2 = 5;
num1 = 7;
avg = (num1 + num2) / 2;
cout << "Avg is " << avg;
return 0;
}
51
Variables during
Program Execution (2/8)
During Compile Time:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int num1, num2;
double avg;
num2 = 5;
num1 = 7;
avg = (num1 + num2) / 2;
cout << "Avg is " << avg;
return 0;
}
num2
Main Memory
num1
Executable Program
Allocate 2 bytes of
main memory for
each int variable,
and assign names
num1 and num2
52
Variables during
Program Execution (3/8)
During Compile Time:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int num1, num2;
double avg;
num2 = 5;
num1 = 7;
avg = (num1 + num2) / 2;
cout << "Avg is " << avg;
return 0;
}
y
num2
num1
avg
Executable Program
Allocate 4 bytes of
main memory for the
double variable and
assign name avg
53
Variables during
Program Execution (4/8)
During Execution Time:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int num1, num2;
double avg;
num2 = 5;
num1 = 7;
avg = (num1 + num2) / 2;
cout << "Avg is " << avg;
return 0;
}
y
num2
num1
Main Memory
5
avgk
Executable Program
Store the integer 5
(0000000000000101)
in location allocated
to num2
54
Variables during
Program Execution (5/8)
During Execution Time:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int num1, num2;
double avg;
num2 = 5;
num1 = 7;
avg = (num1 + num2) / 2;
cout << "Avg is " << avg;
return 0;
}
Main Memory
y
num2
num1
7
5
avgk
Executable Program
Store the integer 7
(0000000000000111)
in location allocated
to num1
55
Variables during
Program Execution (6/8)
During Execution Time:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int num1, num2;
double avg;
num2 = 5;
num1 = 7;
avg = (num1 + num2) / 2;
cout << "Avg is " << avg;
return 0;
}
Main Memory
y
num2
num1
avgk
5
7
6.0
Executable Program
Read contents of bytes allocated to
num1 and num2 from Main
Memory. Add the values and divide
by 2.
End result will be written into the
bytes allocated to the variable avg
56
Variables during
Program Execution (7/8)
During Execution Time:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
Main Memory
y
num2
num1
avgk
5
7
6.0
int main()
Screen
{
Executable Program
Avg is 6.0
int num1, num2;
double avg;
num2 = 5;
num1 = 7;
Send the text “Avg is” to the
avg = (num1 + num2) / 2;
screen.
cout << "Avg is " << avg;
Then read the value of avg
return 0;
from Main Memory and send
}
that value to the screen.
57
Variables during
Program Execution (8/8)
During Execution Time:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
Main Memory
y
num2
num1
avgk
int main()
Screen
{
Avg is 6.0
int num1, num2;
double avg;
num2 = 5;
num1 = 7;
avg = (num1 + num2) / 2;
cout << "Avg is " << avg;
return 0;
}
5
7
6.0
Executable Program
Program exits
main function and
terminates.
58
Age Program Description

Write a program to:
 compute and display a
person’s age
 given their year of birth as
input
59
Age Program Design

What are the program inputs?


Age
needs a variable
Are there any known values the programmer will
set?


needs a variable
What are the program outputs?


Year of Birth
Current year
needs a constant
How do we calculate the output value?

Age = Current Year – Year of Birth formula
60
Algorithm

Pseudocode:
 Prompt for user’s year of birth
 Read in user’s year of birth
 Compute user’s age
 Display user’s age
61
Age Program Code
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
const int NOW_YR = 2006;
int birthYr, age;
cout << "Enter year of birth: ";
cin >> birthYr;
age = NOW_YR - birthYr;
cout << "Age after this year's birthday is ";
cout << age;
return 0;
}
(Explanation on following slides)
62
Age Program Explanation
const int NOW_YR = 2006;
/* defines a constant NOW_YR and
stores value 2006 into it */
Memory
NOW_YR: 2006
age:
birthYr: 1962
int birthYr, age;
// defines two integer variables, birthYr and age
cout << "Enter year of birth: ";
// displays prompt to the screen
cin >> birthYr;
/* reads the year entered by the user
and stores it into variable birthYr */
Screen:
Enter year of birth: 1962
63
Age Program Explanation
Memory
NOW_YR: 2006
age:
44
birthYr: 1962
age = NOW_YR - birthYr;
/* calculates age by subtracting
birthYr from NOW_YR*/
cout << "Age after this year's birthday is ";
// displays text message
Screen:
Enter year of birth: 1962
Age after this year’s birthday is 44
cout << age;
// displays value stored in variable age on same line as message
64
Running Programs on your
C++ Compiler

If you type the programs shown in this slide
presentation into your compiler and execute
them, there will be a problem:


The DOS input/output screen will disappear
before you have a chance to read your
results (it will look like nothing happened).
The next slides will show you how to make the
DOS screen stay open.
65
Keeping the DOS screen open

Add the following lines to EVERY C++ program
file that you create:

At the BOTTOM of the file,
just BEFORE the "return 0;" statement,
add:
cout << endl << endl;
system("PAUSE");
66
Example
The original simple program from slide #4 becomes:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
//Displays greeting
int main()
{
cout << "Hello World!";
cout << endl << endl;
system("PAUSE");
return 0;
}
67
Example Output
And the program output becomes:
68
Exercise

Type the Hello World code from
the previous 2 slides into your
compiler.

Compile and run the code.
69
Template File
You can create a template file to use whenever you
start a new program, that looks like this:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
//insert program code here
cout << endl << endl;
system("PAUSE");
return 0;
}
70