What Else Besides Water?
Introduction to Matter
= anything that occupies space and has
mass
=easiest categorized by it’s physical states
either a solid, liquid or gas
Physical States of Matter
• Solids – have a definite shape and
volume
• Individual particles are arranged very
close together so that there is very little
motion and no room for compression
• Crystalline solids – particles arranged in
regular, systematic patterns (sugar, salt)
• Amorphous solids – some freedom of
motion of the particles ( glass, rubber,
wax)
Physical States of Matter
• Liquids – have fixed volume but variable
in shape.
• Particles are not held together as rigidly as
the solid state
• They can slide past one another so the
sample is said to flow or be fluid
• They take on the shape of the container
• Volume of sample remains constant
Physical States of Matter
• Gases – have no volume or fixed shape
• Particles are not attracted to each other but
rather expand to fill any conatiner
• Particles are in constant random motion and
move about independently
• Distance between them is greater than in a
solid or liquid.
• Can be compressed into a smaller space,
within limits
• All types of matter contain energy.
• More specifically kinetic energy = the energy of
motion
• How much kinetic energy is determined by the
physical state or property of the sample of
matter
• The properties are a result of how the individual
particles that make up the sample are arranged
How Does The Physical State
Effect the Amount of Energy in a
Given Sample?
• Solid – very little kinetic energy
• Liquid - more random movement of
particles so there is more energy
• Gas – particles move constantly and
independently. Generally – has more
energy than a solid or liquid
Conversion From One Physical
State to Another
Ice to Water to Gas
Solid - below 0ºC (freezing point)
Liquid – between 0ºC and 100ºC
(melting point)
Gas (steam) – converted to once it
reaches 100ºC (boiling point)
Graph from Class Packet
What is Heat Energy?
• Heat is added to disrupt the rigid structure
of the solid
• More energy added tight interaction of
particles is broken and free to move in
liquid state
• When additional energy is added the
particles are freed from each other are in
the gaseous state
Phase Changes as Heat
Energy Increases
Properties Of Matter
Whether they are solid, liquid or
gas
• Physical properties– those that can be
observed or measured without changing
the composition of the sample of matter.
• Chemical properties – describes the ability
of a sample of matter to be converted into
a different sample of matter
Physical Properties
When a physical property is changes
we say it is a physical change
A physical change is a change in the form
of matter but not in its chemical identity.
No new compounds are formed during a
physical change.
What is a Physical change?
• When ice melts and
becomes water
• What about tearing a big piece of paper
into smaller pieces or chopping wood into
smaller pieces?
Physical change
• Have only made the size of the sample
smaller
Chemical Properties
Describe the ability of a sample of matter to be
converted into a different sample of matter
All of the original substance must be
accounted for
Law of Conservation of Matter – matter may
not be created or destroyed in a chemical
transformation. This chemical change
(transformation) involves the rearrangement
of the atoms to form some new type(s) of
matter.
Questions to ask –
1.
2.
3.
4.
Does it burn in air?
Does it decompose when heated?
What happens when it is placed in acid?
What other chemicals will the sample of
matter react with and what is produced?
• Chemical changes are usually irreversible.
New compounds are formed during a
chemical change
Physical and chemical properties…
• Describe a sample of matter
• In most cases is does not matter what the
size of the matter is it will still have the
same properties
• These properties are called intensive
properties
Describing an Iron Nail
Physical Properties = heavy, malleable, ductile,
silvery-white color and can take and retain a
magnetic field
Chemical Properties =
The rusting of iron is an example of a chemical
change.
Reaction = moisture and oxygen in
the air forms a compound called an oxide
The rust has a different chemical
composition than the initial iron
Burning Candle
Chemical or Physical Change?
Bolt in Strong Acid
Chemical or Physical Change?
Penny in Solution
Chemical or Physical Change?
Fireworks
Chemical or Physical Change
Crushing/Grinding
Chemical or Physical Change?
Cooking an egg
Chemical or Physical Change?
Breaking Glass
Breaking
Glass
Chemical or Physical Change?
before
after
Chopping Food
Chemical or Physical Change?