Major Minerals
Objectives
• After reading Chapter 7 and class
discussion, you will be able to:
– Define major minerals
• Inorganic elements
• Micronutrients
• Macrominerals
• Stability, Indestructible
• Calcium, Phosphorous, Potassium,
Sodium, Sulfur, Magnesium,
Objectives
• Define bioavailability (p.226)
• Identify recommendations, upper
limits for
– Calcium, Potassium, Sodium
• Describe the functions of
– Calcium, Potassium, Sodium
• Identify content of foods for
– Calcium, Potassium, Sodium
• Identify sodium content of salt
• Describe how to reduce sodium intake
The Minerals
• Major minerals
–Calcium
–Chloride
–Magnesium
–Phosphorus
–Potassium
–Sodium
–Sulfur
• Trace Minerals
– Chromium
– Copper
– Fluoride
– Iodine
– Iron
– Manganese
– Molybdenum
– Selenium
– Zinc
The Minerals An Overview
Major Minerals
• Inorganic elements
– Stable; especially in preparation
• The body’s handling of minerals
– Some are like water soluble vitamins
• Potassium-easily absorbed and excreted
– Some are like fat soluble vitamins
• Calcium-need carriers to be absorbed &
excreted; excess stored; toxicity
Major Minerals
• Concert effect/interaction
• Functions varied; primarily
– fluid balance and body structure
• Variable bioavailability
–Binders
•Phytates-legumes, grains
•Oxalates-spinach, rhubarb
Sodium
• Hypertension
–Salt sensitivity
•Fm Hx, Age, DM
•Ethnicity; Obesity
• Osteoporosis
– h NaCl in c h Ca out
• Foods
Sodium: In Summary
• Adequate Intake:
– 1500 mg/day (19-50 yr old) [5.5%]
– 1300 mg/day (51-70 yr old)
– 1200 mg/day (>70 yr old)
– 500 mg/day minimum requirement
• Upper Limit: 2300 mg/day [18.8%]
• Chief functions in the body
– Maintains normal fluid and electrolyte
balance
– Assists in nerve impulse transmission
and muscle contraction
Sodium: In Summary
• Deficiency symptoms
– Muscle cramps, mental apathy, loss
of appetite
• Toxicity symptoms
– Edema, acute hypertension
• Significant source
– Table salt, soy sauce(1t NaCl=2 gNa)
– Moderate amounts in meats, milks,
breads, and vegetables
– Large amounts in processed foods
Ubiquitous Sodium
•Sodium Everywhere!!
•Sodium in the soil.
•All foods grown in soil
has sodium.
•All foods which eat
products from the soil
contain sodium
Where does dietary sodium
come from?
• 75% salt from
manufacturers
• 15% from salt
added in cooking
or at the table
• 10% comes from
natural content
Sodium
Decreasing Sodium Intake
• Use
• Use
• Use
• Use
fresh, whole, unprocessed foods
little or no salt in cooking
little or no salt at the table
other sodium-free spices:
– Basil, bay leaves, curry, cumin, garlic, ginger,
mint, oregano, pepper, paprika, rosemary,
thyme; lemon, vinegar, wine
• Use low-salt or salt-free commercial
products
• READ Labels!
Decreasing Sodium
•Foods prepared in brine
CAUTION
•Pickles, olives, sauerkraut
•Smoked, processed meats
•Bologna, corned/chipped beef, bacon, ham,
lunch meat, frankfurters, sausage, salt pork
•Smoked/processed fish
•Anchovies, caviar, salted/dried cod, herring,
sardines, smoked salmon
Decreasing Sodium
CAUTION
• Snack foods
• Potato chips, pretzels, salted nuts,
crackers
• Condiments
• Bouillon, MSG, soy, teriyaki, horseradish,
catsup, mustard, Worcestershire, barbeque
• Cheeses: esp. processed
• Canned/instant soup
READ the Label
• Where’s the sodium in this
Appedix A
breakfast?
– ½ c. orange juice
– 1 c. bran flakes
– ½ c. skim milk
– 1 scrambled egg
– 1 slice bacon
p. 532, #334
p. 540, #479
p. 520, #121
p. 522, #149
p. 558, #759
Where does the sodium we
consume come from?
Natural
Added
Processed Foods
Potassium: In Summary
• Adequate Intake (AI) for adults:
4700 mg/day; No UL
• Chief functions in the body
– Maintains normal fluid and electrolyte
balance
– Facilitates many reactions
– Supports cell integrity
– Assists in nerve impulse
transmission and muscle
contractions
Potassium: In Summary
• Deficiency symptoms
– Muscular weakness, arrhythmias
– Increased blood pressure
– Glucose intolerance
– Confusion
• Toxicity symptoms
– Muscular weakness
– Vomiting
– If given into a vein, can stop the
heart
Potassium: In Summary
• Significant
sources
– All whole foods,
fresh foods
– Meats, milks,
fruits,
vegetables,
grains, legumes
Calcium
Calcium: In Summary
• Chief functions in the body
–Mineralization of bones and teeth
–Involved in muscle contraction
and relaxation, nerve
functioning, blood clotting
–Blood pressure, immune
defenses
Calcium: In Summary
• 1997 adequate intake (AI)
–Adolescents: 1300 mg/day
–Adults 19-50 yrs: 1000 mg/day
–Adults 51 & older: 1200 mg/day
–Elderly women: 1500 mg/day
• Upper level for adults: 2500
mg/day
Calcium: Controversy
• Women’s Health Initiative
– Links calcium supplementation to
• Vascular calcification, kidney stones
• h risk of cardiovascular events
– http://www.nhlb.nih.gov/whi/cad.htm
• IOM: upper level for women >50:
2000 mg/day
• British Medical Journal-61,000
– Fractures only in those with intake
CAUTION
below 750mg/day
– Warensjo, et al, BMJ, 2011:342:d1473
Calcium: In Summary
• Deficiency symptoms
–Stunted growth in children
–Bone loss (osteoporosis) in
adults
Calcium: In Summary
• Toxicity symptoms
–Constipation
–Increased risk of urinary stone
formation and kidney
dysfunction
–Interference with absorption of
other minerals
Sources of Calcium
Milk and milk products; Small fish with bones; Tofu
(bean curds); Greens (broccoli, chard); Legumes
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Calcium
CAUTION
• Bioavailability
–The degree
to which a
nutrient is
absorbed and
available to
be used by
the body.
Osteoporosis
And Calcium
• Bone development
and disintegration
– Bone density
Healthy vs. osteoporotic trabecular bone
Osteoporosis
And Calcium
• Age and bone calcium
• Maximizing bone mass
Osteoporosis And Calcium
Fig H12-3, p.431
Osteoporosis
And Calcium
• Physical
activity and
body weight
• Smoking
and alcohol
Osteoporosis
And Calcium
• Dietary calcium is the key to
prevention
• Other nutrients in supporting role
– Vitamin D
– Magnesium
– Sodium
– Phosphorus
Osteoporosis
And Calcium
Osteoporosis
And Calcium
Osteoporosis
And Calcium
• A perspective on supplements
–Antacids
–Bone meal
–Oyster shell
–Dolomite (limestone)
Calcium Supplements
• Administration: several times/day
• Dose at 500mg (or less)
• Supplements
–Calcium carbonates=40%
–Calcium citrate=21%
–Calcium lactate=13%
–Calcium gluconate=9%
Calcium Dissolvability
• Drop calcium tablet into 6 oz glass
of vinegar
• Stir occasionally
• Calcium tablet should dissolve in
30 minutes
Objectives
• After reading Chapter 7 and class
discussion, you will be able to:
– Define major minerals
• Inorganic elements
• Micronutrients
• Macrominerals
• Stability, Indestructible
• Calcium, Phosphorous, Potassium,
Sodium, Sulfur, Magnesium,
Objectives
• Define bioavailability
• Identify recommendations, upper
limits for
– Calcium, Potassium, Sodium
• Describe the functions of
– Calcium, Potassium, Sodium
• Identify content of foods for
– Calcium, Potassium, Sodium
• Identify sodium content of salt
• Describe how to reduce sodium intake