Chapter 7
 Ethnicities
in the United States
• Clustering of ethnicities (see map)
• African American migration patterns
 Slavery, industrialization, ghetto
 Differentiating
ethnicity and race
• Race in the United States
 75% white, 12% black, 4% Asian
• Division by race in South Africa
 Apartheid
Fig. 7-7: The British triangular slave trading system operated among
Britain, Africa, and the Caribbean and North America.
Fig. 7-8: Twentieth-century African American migration within the U.S.
consisted mainly of migration from the rural south to cities of
the Northeast, Midwest, and West.
Fig. 7-10: During the apartheid era, South Africa created a series of black
“homelands” with the expectation that every black would be a
citizen of one of them. These were abolished with the end of
apartheid.
 Rise
of nationalities
• Nation-states- territory based on ethnicity
• Nationalism- loyalty and devotion to nationality
 Revival
of ethnic identity
• Ethnicity and communism
 Communism seeks to unify people through government
and mask ethnic identity
• Rebirth of nationalism in Eastern Europe
 After the fall of Communism, more ethnic groups fought
for self-determination
 Multinational
states
• Former Soviet Union
 15 republics based on largest ethnicities
 After 1991, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Moldova,
Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan,
Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia and Russia
were created
• Russia
 39 nationalities, Chechnya Sunni Muslims
• Turmoil in the Caucasus
 Azerbaijan (fragmented state)
 Armenia (most homogenous country in Caucasus)
 Georgia (Conflict between Ossetians and Abkhazians)
 Ethiopia/Eritrea
• Ethiopia dissolved
Eritrea’s govt.
• 30 year civil war; 665,000
refugees
• 1991 Eritrea gains
independence and loses
it in 2000
 Sudan
• Civil war since 1980’s between Muslims and
Christians/Animist
• Sudanese Muslims want a nation state based on
Sharia Law
• 2 million deaths
 Somalia
• 1990s government collapsed
• 6 major clans fought for power and resources
• 300,000 deaths
Gained independence
in 1943
 Constitution made govt
offices of every
ethnicity
 1932 census had
Christian majority
 By 1975, population
changed to a Muslim
majority but the govt
didn’t reflect change.

 India, Pakistan
Bangladesh
and
• Gained independence in
•
•
•
•
•
1947 from Great Britain
G.B. created Pakistan and
Bangladesh
6 million Muslims migrated
to Pakistan
1 million migrated to
Bangladesh
9.5 million migrated to India
Kashmir conflict over
border
o Sinhalese
74% population
Buddhist
oTamils 18 % population
Hindus
oSince 1983, 60,000 people
have died
oTamils feel discriminated
against
oTamils assassinated a
president and wounded
another
Fig. 7-18: The Sinhalese are mainly Buddhist and speak an Indo-European
language, while the Tamils are mainly Hindu and speak a
Dravidian language.
 Ethnic
cleansing in central Africa
• Rwandans shared a common culture until
•
•
•
•
colonialism
Belgium and Germany divided Rwandans into
3 groups (Hutu, Tutsi and Twa)
Belgians encouraged the suppression of Hutu
Hutu gained independence and responded
with the same suppression to Tutsi
1994- Hutu began killing all Tutsi
 Ethnic
cleansing in Yugoslavia
• Creation of multi-ethnic Yugoslavia
 After WWI, allies created Yugoslavia to unite South
Slavic speaking ethnicities
• Destruction of multi-ethnic Yugoslavia
 After Tito’s death, independent countries were
formed
 Political boundaries failed to match ethnic
territories
 Serbs and Croats wanted to get rid of Bosnia
Muslims
 Kosovo conflict between Serbs and Albanians
Fig. 7-22: Yugoslavia’s six republics until 1992 included much ethnic
diversity. Brutal ethnic cleansing occurred in Bosnia,
Croatia, and Kosovo during the civil wars of the 1990s.
Fig. 7-19: Territorial changes after World War II resulted in many
migrations, especially by Poles, Germans, and Russians.