SIDE GROUP
NAME
METHYL
CONDENCED
FORMULA
CH3
STRUCTURAL
FORMULA
H
H
c
H
ETHYL
C2H5
H
H
c c
H
PROPYL
C3H7
H
H
H
H
H
H
c c c
H
CHLORO
Cl
same
BROMO
Br
same
IODO
I
same
H
H
ALKANES (CnH2n+2)
1. THE INTER CARBON BONDS ARE ALL SINGLE.
2. COMPOSED OF HYDROGEN AND CARBON
(HYDROCARBON).
3. DEFINED BY THE EQUATION CnH2n+2
4. NONPOLAR AND INSOLLUBLE IN WATER.
5. REACTIONS ARE VERY SLOW.
6. FUELS FOR COMBUSTION REACTIONS.
7. HYDROGENS CAN BE REMOVED AND
SUBSTITUTED FOR BY HALOGENS FORMMING
HALOCARBONS.
8. ALKANES HOLD AS MANY HYDROGENS AS
POSSIBLE AND ARE TERMED SATURATED
WITH RESPECT TO H.
NAMING ALKANES (CnH2n+2)
1. Identify the longest unbroken (by other elements) carbon chain.
2. Count the carbons and use table P to get the prefix of the name.
3. Identify that the intercarbon bonds are all single, if so the suffix of the
name is --ANE.
BUT ANE
PREFIX
SUFFIX
ALL THE INTERCARBON
BONDS ARE SINGLE, TABLE
R INDICATES AN ALKANE.
ANE
THE LONGEST
UNBROKEN
CARBON CHAIN
IS 4 CARBONS,
TABLE P
INDICATES THE
PREFIX FOR 4
CARBONS IS
BUT
H H H H
H C C C C H
H H H H
SUBSTITUTED ALKANES
SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS
1. HYDROGENS ARE REMOVED AND A HALOGEN IS SUBSTITUTED IN
PLACE OF THE REMOVED HYDROGENS.
2. THE PRODUCT WILL HAVE FEWER HYDROGENS THAN THE
REACTANT AND WILL HAVE HALOGEN ATOMS IN THE FORMULA.
HALOGEN
HALOGEN ACID
AN ALKANE
C4H10 + Cl2  C4H9Cl + HCl
THE HYDROGENS
DECREASE FROM 10 TO 9
HALOHYDROCARBON
LONGEST UNBROKEN
CARBON CHAIN:
3 CARBONS
PROP….
H H
H C C
H H
H
C H
H
♫ note: all carbon to carbon
(C-C) are single – alkane!
This
compound
follows
CnH2n+2(
C3H6+2)
H H H H
H 4C 3C 2C 1C Cl
H H H H
ALWAYS NUMBER CARBONS SUCH THAT THE
SMALLEST NUMBERS ARE USED IN THE NAME!
1CARBON # OF
GROUP
CHLORO
“SIDE GROUP”
BUT ANE
PREFIX
SUFFIX
ISOMERS OF C5H12
H H H H H
H C C C C C H
H H H H H
H H H H
H C C C C H
H H C H
HHH
4
3
2
1
n-PENTANE
2CARBON # OF
GROUP
METHYL
“SIDE GROUP”
BUT
PREFIX
ANE
SUFFIX
ALKENES (CnH2n)
1. THE FUNCTIONAL GROUP IS A DOUBLE BOND.
2. THE COMPOUNDS ARE UNSATURATED, THEY CAN BOND TO MORE
HYDROGEN ATOMS BY OPENING THE DOUBLE BOND.
3. THE SUFFIX IS ENE.
THIS IS 2-BUTENE
BECAUSE THE
DOUBLE BOND
BEGINS ON THE
SECOND
CARBON.
THE DOUBLE BOND IS THE FUNCTIONAL
GROUP OF THE ALKENE.
H
H
H 4C 3C 2C 1C H
H H H H
NONE
CARBON # OF
GROUP
NONE
“SIDE GROUP”
2-
C # OF FUNCTIONAL
GROUP
BUT ENE
PREFIX
SUFFIX
♫ NOTE: 1-BUTENE AND 2-BUTENE ARE ISOMERS, THEY
HAVE THE SAME FORMULA (C4H8) HOWEVER THEY HAVE
DIFFERENT STRUCTURES.
H H H H
H 4C 3C 2C 1C H
H H
2 HYDROGENS CAN BE
ADDED TO THE
DOUBLE BOND,
NONE
CARBON # OF
GROUP
NONE
“SIDE GROUP”
1C # OF FUNCTIONAL
GROUP
BUT ENE
PREFIX
SUFFIX