The Renaissance
“THE REBIRTH”
The medieval Age is over destroyed by
the black plague, a new civilization is
starting a stronger and more beautiful
world
The Renaissance
Sections 1
and 2
A New Beginning
• The Renaissance
starts in Italy in the
mid 1300’s. One
place that first started
was Florence. New
arts, new writings,
new ways of looking
at things, and how
they viewed the world
was changing.
Ancient Times
• “the glory that was Rome.” A new time brings back old
ideas. Rome and Greece were the ideas of the
Renaissance. The writings, the teachings, and the
architecture. The domes, the arches, and the columns
were all built during this time. Books and old methods
were used for teaching
People
• The ideal person of the Renaissance was a man of many
skills and that he was good in all those fields. Humanists
were was an intellectual movement on worldly issues,
not an life after death. Studies were on grammar,
rhetoric poetry, and history of the ancient studies.
The Art
• Leonardo di’ Vinci the
Mona Lisa, Raphael the
school of Athens, and
Michelangelo the Pieta.
These are the few great
artist of the time who
used perspective. There
are other types of art, like
writing. Baldassure
castiglione the book of
the courtier, Niccolo
Machiavelli the Prince
and of course
Shakespeare and his
famous works.
The Church
• Latin was still used in the
church and among
educated people. The
church would pay artists
to do murals and
paintings for the church.
Even though the artists
studied the human
anatomy and the church
was against that they still
hired them.
Science
• Technology was growing by the 1400s. Johannes
Gutenburg of Mainz Germany, had made the first
printing machine. This machine made it possible
for more people to read and write because books
were able to be mass produced.
The Renaissance
Chapter 14
Section 3 & 4
By: Jordan Padgett
Section 3 – The Protestant Reformation
Abuses in the Church
 During the renaissance, most high officials in the church had a lavish life.
 High officials were patrons of the arts and hired artist to paint and create sculptures of
them and for the church itself.
 The high officials believed that God gave them ultimate power so they could do almost
anything they wanted.
 The priests began to tell people during the time that you can buy an indulgence or a free
pass into heaven.
 It was said that if you buy one that all your sins or your recently deceased family members’
sins would be gone and you may go straight to heaven.
 This was putting into peoples’ minds that you can buy your way into heaven but during that
period only the rich could afford them.
 Many people objected to the indulgences and
disliked many ideas that the church made. One
person who disliked ideas in the church was
Martin Luther.
 Martin Luther was a German monk and a
professor of theology. In 1517, the protest
became a revolt.
 To protest, Martin Luther made 95 theses or
statements arguing against indulgences.
 To counter this the church asked Martin to
give up his views but he denied.
 At first the 95 theses were posted on
Wittenenberg’s All Saints Church but due to
the new printing press it was copied and read all
around the country.
 Even
though
Martin
Luther
was
excommunicated from the church, he had many
followers who strongly believed him.
 There are many differences between Martin Luther and the church. He
argued taught that salvation can only happen through faith alone. He
rejected the church sayings that good deeds were necessary for salvation.
 Martin Luther declared that the Bible is the only source of religious truth.
 He denied all high authorities such as the Cardinals and the Pope.
 He rejected five of the seven sacraments only accepting Baptism and
Communion.
 Martin Luther won widespread support because people saw Luther’s
reforms as the answer to the corruption in the church.
 With corruption going on in the church, the people hoped to gain social and
economic change. They demanded an end to serfdom.
 Martin Luther’s reforms led to the peace of
Augsburg where every Prince may choose
their own religion within their kingdom.
 John Calvin was the most important
follower of Martin Luther.
 Like Luther, Calvin believed that salvation
was gained through faith alone. He also
regarded the Bible as the only source of
religious truth.
 Unlike
Luther,
he
believed
in
predestination which is the idea that God
determined our fate before we were born.
 He believed the world was split into two
groups, sinners and saints.

John Calvin was asked to lead the
community so he set up a theocracy.
 A theocracy is a government run by church officials.
 Calvin’s followers started to see themselves as the chosen people of God.
They tried to build a truly Christian society.
 Calvinists stressed hard work, discipline, charity, honesty and morality. Citizens
had to pay fines or have harsh punishment for fighting, swearing, laughing in
church, dancing and other offenses.
 John Calvin closed down many theaters and did not like elaborate dressing.
 This strict morality made Calvinists seem like a model or perfect community.
 Calvin believed in religious education for girls and boys. He felt though that
women should read the bible in private.
 He also allowed women to sing in church which was criticized by some church
officials.
 Reformers from all over Europe went to Geneva and went home to spread
Calvin’s ideas.
 By the late 1500’s, Calvin’s ideas were spread across Europe.
reformation led to bloody wars over religion across Europe.
This
 In Germany, Calvinists fought against the Lutherans as well as the Catholics.
In France, Calvinists called Huguenots fought with the Catholics.
 To avoid persecution Ministers held mass in the country side away from the
town authorities.
 In Scotland a Calvinist Preacher named John Knox led a religious rebellion.
 Under Knox, Scottish Protestants overtook their Catholic Queen. They set
up the Scottish Presbyterian Church.
Section 4 – The English Reformation
 In England, there are many people thinking about converting to a Protestant
faith.
 The English did not have any major reforms until King Henry the VIII. For
personal and political reasons Henry wanted to end the papal control over the
English church.
 King Henry was against the Protestants and was a strong supporter of the
Catholic faith. He was even good friends with the Pope.
 After eighteen years of marriage he and his wife only had one living child. He
wanted and annulment to cancel his marriage.
 As good a friend he was with the Pope, the Pope would not allow it, so King
Henry broke with the church and created the Anglican Church of England.
 The new church allowed for annulment of marriage.
The Catholic Reformation

Due to the Protestants movement across
Europe and taking most many of the church’s
followers, they had their own Reformation.

The leader of the Catholic Reformation was
Pope Paul III. He set out to revive the belief in
the church and to stop the oncoming
Protestants.

To stop corruption within the church, Pope
Paul appointed people to certain areas. Those
people and their successors guided the
Catholic Reformation until the end of the
century.

To find out what the reform will be aimed at,
Pope Paul called the Council of Trent in 1545.

The Council of Trent met periodically for
twenty years.

The Council reinstated their views of which the
Protestants tried to challenge.
 The Catholics reinstated that to gain salvation you must have faith and do
good works and even though the Bible is a major source of religious truth, it is
not the only source of religious truth.
 The church made harsher penalties for anyone being a cause of corruption in
the church.
 The Council built schools to further teach Clergy to be able to challenge the
Protestant teachings.
The Inquisition
 To deal with Protestants more thoroughly, the Pope strengthened the
inquisition.
 This helps to create the index of forbidden books which included books said to
be to immoral and to anti-religious for Catholics to read.
 Among these books were Protestant books made by Martin Luther and John
Calvin.
 In 1540 the Pope saw a new religious order called the Jesuits. This was
founded by Ignatius of Loyola.
 The Jesuits mission was to combat heresy and the spread the catholic faith.
 The more the Jesuits expanded across Europe, the more they became advisors
to Catholic Rulers.
 Some Jesuits went as far as to go into Protestant nations in disguise to preach
the catholic faith to people who were still catholic in those lands.
 To be a Jesuit you had to follow a strict program which included spiritual and
moral discipline and religious training.
 The Jesuits were able to spread the catholic faith to Asia, Africa and even the
Americas.
 The
Catholic
Reformation
renewed strong feelings of faith.
 St. Teresa of Avila went to a
Carmelite convent in her young age.
She was not happy with it so she
created her own Order of Nuns.
 St. Teresa was greatly honored for
what she did and was made a Saint.
 Her writings were considered to be
some of the most important
Christian texts during her life.
 The Catholic Reformation did stop
the spread of the Protestants.
 After the Catholic Reformation,
Europe stayed a Catholic South
and a Protestant North.
Wide Spread Persecution
 Many people were killed and executed during the inquisition.
 Catholics were attacking Protestants and Protestants were attacking
Catholics.
 People began to call each other witches or agents of the devil who were usually
women.
 Between 1450 and 1750 tens of thousands of women and men were killed in
witch hunts.
 Scholars believed this happened because people of the time believed in magic
and thought magic and heresy were almost one in the same. This was also a time
of people being called scapegoats to avoid someone else’s problem.
 The Reformation was hard times for the Jews. For most Jews, the
Renaissance had been a relatively good time. Dislike Spain who expelled Jews
in 1492, Italy let Jews remain in their country.
 The Jews had good jobs and sometimes even served as advisors to some
Rulers.
 Sadly by the 1500’s Jews had to move to ghettos. They began to be limited to
what they can do. They began to be expelled from countries, were forced to
wear special badges if they left their ghetto, and even Pope Paul IV in the
1550’s restricted Jewish activities.
 Emperor Charles V, who supported the Jews in the Holy Roman Empire, did
not allow Jews to go to the Americas.
 After 1550, many Jews went to Poland and the Ottoman Empire where they
were allowed to prosper. Dutch Calvinists took in Jewish families who were
driven out of Portugal and Spain.
 The war of religion between the Catholics and the Protestants went on until
the mid 1600’s.
 In the mid 1600’s religion was becoming less important than national power
where politics were becoming more important than religion.
Chapter 14
Section 5
The Scientific Revolution
• The change in science began in the mid
1500s.
• The Scientific Revolution was a new way
of thinking.
• There were many new ideas in science
from astronomy to the scientific method.
Nicolaus Copernicus
• In 1543 Copernicus, a polish scholar,
published On the Revolutions of the
Heavenly Spheres. In his book he wrote
about a heliocentric, or sun centered,
model of the universe.
• Most experts rejected his theory because
it went against the Church.
Brahe and Kepler
• In the late 1500s Tycho Brahe, a Danish
astronomer, provided evidence that supported
Copernicus's theory. Every night for years,
Brahe carefully observed the sky while gaining
data on the movement of celestial objects.
• After Brahe died his assistant, Johannes Kepler,
used Brahe’s data to calculate the orbits of the
planets. Kepler was a German scientist and
Mathematician.
Galileo Galilei
• Galileo assembled an astronomical telescope.
With this he became the first person to see
mountains on the moon and sunspots. After
observing the four moons of Jupiter, Galileo
understood how the Earth could move around
the sun.
• The Church condemned him because his ideas
went against the Christian teachings. In 1633,
Galileo was brought to trial before the Inquisition
and was threatened with death unless he
withdrew his ideas.
Isaac Newton
• Isaac Newton devoured the works
of the different scientists of his day. Newton
got the idea of gravity after he got hit in the
head by an apple. In the next 20 years,
Newton perfected his theory. Thanks to his
theory of gravity, Newton was able to
explain how the planets revolve around
the sun.
More Scientific Advances
• Chemistry- In the 1600s, Robert Boyle was able
to distinguish between chemical compounds and
elements. He also explained the effect
of gases and temperature.
• Medicine- physicians made an effort to study the
human body. In 1543 Andreas Vesalius
published the first accurate and detailed study of
human anatomy. A French physician, Ambroise
Pare, developed a new ointment for preventing
infection and also developed a technique for
closing wounds with stitches. In the early 1600s,
an English scholar named William Harvey
described how the circulatory system worked.
Bacon and Descartes
• Both the Englishman Francis Bacon and the
Frenchman Rene Descartes devoted
themselves to the problem of knowledge. But
Bacon and Descartes had different methods.
Bacon stressed experiment and observation
while Descartes stressed human reasoning as
the best road of understanding. Through reason,
Descartes argued, the basic truths could be
discovered. Thanks to Bacon and Descartes the
way was open to the Enlightenment of the
1700s.