Introduction to the Human
Body
Introduction
• Anatomy and Physiology show the
relationship between structure and
function
Introduction
• Key to learning anatomy is understanding
function
Introduction
• For example:
• Left side of heart is larger than right.
• Why is that?
Gross Anatomy
• Structures large enough that one can see
with the unaided eye
Gross Anatomy
1.
2.
3.
4.
Surface Anatomy
Regional Anatomy
Systemic Anatomy
Developmental Anatomy
Surface Anatomy
• Study of superficial markings
For example:
Elbow- olecrenon process
Regional Anatomy
• The study of specific areas of the body
Systemic Anatomy
• Study of specific organ systems
• 11 systems
Developmental Anatomy
• The study of how anatomical structures
change throughout the course of
development
11 Systems
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Integumentary*
Nervous*
Skeletal*
Endocrine
Muscular*
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Urinary
Respiratory
Reproductive
Digestive
Microscopic Anatomy
• Involves studying anatomical structures
that cannot be seen with the unaided eye
Microscopic Anatomy
1. Cytology
2. Histology
Cytology
• Study of cells
Histology
• Study of tissue
Physiology-Function
1.
2.
3.
4.
Cell Physiology
Special Physiology
Systemic Physiology
Pathological Physiology
Cell Physiology
• Study of cells
Special Physiology
• Study of specific organs
Systemic Physiology
• Study of specific systems
Pathological Physiology
• Study of how disease effects organs or
organ systems
Anatomical Organization
• We will start from the smallest and finish
with the largest
1. Chemical or Molecular Level
• Atoms form molecules
2. Cellular Level
• Smallest living units in organisms
• In fact some organisms are made up of a
single cell
• Cells contain organelles
• Each organelle has a function
3. Tissue level
• Different groups of cells that perform a
function
4. Organ Level
• Different types of tissues that perform a
function
5. Organ System Level
• Consists of different organs working
together
Organism Level
• All systems working together (humans)
Homeostasis
• Stability
Homeostasis
• Our body has developed ways that make
sure that our body adjusts to changing
conditions
Homeostasis
• Our body does this via two methods
1. Autoregulation
• This occurs when our body adjusts itself to
a changing environmental condition
1. Autoregulation
• Example: High altitudes have less O2
• Blood produces more hemoglobin
2. Extrinsic Regulation
• This is when the nervous and endocrine
system acts on other systems
Negative Feedback
• The effector decreases the change the
receptor noted
Positive Feedback
• The effector increases the change the
receptor noted
Anatomical Position
• Supine
• Prone
Abdominopelvic quadrants
• 4
• Intersect at the navel
Abdominopelvic quadrants
1.
2.
3.
4.
RUQ Right upper quadrant
LUQ Left upper quadrant
RLQ Right lower quadrant
LLQ Left lower quadrant
Abdominopelvic Region
• More specific
• 9
Abdominopelvic Region
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Right hypochondriac
Left hypochondriac
Right lumbar
Left lumbar
Right inguinal
Left inguinal
Epigastric
Umbilical
Hypogastric (pubic)
Terms
• Anterior or Ventral
Terms
• Posterior or dorsal
Terms
• Cranial - head
Terms
• Caudal - tail
Terms
• Superior – higher level
Terms
• Inferior – lower level
Terms
• Proximal – away from fingers and toes
Terms
• Distal – toward fingers and toes
Terms
• Medial
Terms
• Lateral
Planes
• Sometimes to gain a greater
understanding of 3D images anatomists
cut the image at different planes
Frontal Plane
• Anterior/Posterior
Sagittal Plane
• Left/Right
Tranverse Plane
• Superior/Inferior
Cavities
• Organs are contained in cavities
Dorsal Body Cavity
1. Cranial Cavity
2. Spinal Cavity
Ventral Body Cavity
A.
•
•
B.
1.
2.
Thoracic Cavity
Pleura Cavity
Pericardial Cavity
Abdominopelvic (peritoneal) Cavity
Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity
Ventral Body Cavity
• Diaphragm separates the thoracic and
abdominopelvic cavities
Membranes
•
•
•
•
•
•
Visceral pericardium
Parietal pericardium
Visceral pleural
Parietal pleural
Parietal peritoneum
Visceral peritoneum