2014 Cambridge Conference Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780974211428
Poverty Reduction Possibilities in Punjab
(Public –Private Partnership in Social sector)
by
Dr. Muhammad A. Quddus*
Dr. Mazhar-ul-Haq Baluch**
Khawar Ata***
*
Director, Punjab Economic Research Institute, Lahore.
**
Associate Professor, Lahore School of Economics, Lahore.
***
Research Economist, Punjab Economic Research Institute, Lahore.
_________________________________________________________________________________
July 1-2, 2014
Cambridge, UK
1
2014 Cambridge Conference Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780974211428
Poverty Reduction Possibilities in Punjab
(Public –Private Partnership in Social sector)
Dr. Muhammad A. Quddus
Dr. Mazhar-ul-Haq Baluch
Khawar Ata
Abstract
PPAF is the leading agency for poverty reduction in Pakistan, which embodies the spirit of
private – public partnership to address the multi-dimensional issues of poverty. It’s
multidimensional experience concludes that local, indigenous and community based institutions
are a pre-requisite for spending on the poor to achieve the positive development outcomes.
Consequently, Microfinance Innovation and Outreach Program (MIOP) comprised of three
components or multidimensional development activity has been initiated. Status of 50 percent
females improved after taking loan, while 36.4 percent replied that the loan had no impact on
their social status. In accordance with results of benchmark survey, total income of households
in project area increased by 126 percent over their income obtained during benchmark survey
whereas during the same period an increase of 95 percent was found in income of respondents
( non-project areas’ households). The remarkable increase in the income of project areas’
households was mainly due to project intervention in that area. There was although an increase
in the income and expenditure of the respondents, but increase in expenditure as found in
evaluation survey was higher as compared with that of benchmark survey. In the evaluation
survey, the savings by project households over the non-project households were positive. Poverty
score was established on the basis of weight assigned to different households’ characteristics
and the maximum poverty score assigned was 25. However, 50 percent poverty score was
estimated for 22 percent of the respondents of the project area and 36 percent of the non-project
area respondents in Kasur district. In district Sheikhupura, 50 percent poverty score was
estimated for 17 percent household of project area and 29 percent of the non-project area. In
overall, poverty score of respondent households was higher in the project area then that of nonproject area. This indicated sign of poverty reduction in the project area.
1.
Introduction
Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund (PPAF) being one of the largest sources of pro-poor spending
in the country is the leading agency for poverty reduction in Pakistan. It was established in 2000
with the following objectives: To strengthen the institutional capacity of civil society organizations, and support
creation of organizations of the poor, that can work together to alleviate poverty
and achieve MDGs.
 To build public – private partnerships with the purpose of increasing market
access and market share for poor communities.
July 1-2, 2014
Cambridge, UK
2
2014 Cambridge Conference Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780974211428
 To ensure that public services adhering to identified quality standards are
available to poor community.
 To empower the poor especially women and increase their income.
 To provide credit to partner organizations and assist them to expand their Poverty
Targeted Micro- credit Programs.
 To provide grants and loans on a cost sharing basis for development of small
scale community infrastructure.
 To increase accessibility of disadvantaged communities to infrastructure, health
and education.
 To strengthen the institutional capacity of partner organizations and support them
in their capacity building efforts with communities.
Pakistan poverty Alleviation Funds (PPAF) is a community led demand driven institution and
focuses on non- prescriptive and thrust model- neutral but value-driven partnership. The main
thrust of PPAF is to support and strengthen such institutions for the poor (Poor Organizations),
which are pro-poor, well governed, transparent, democratic and accountable. In the last ten years,
PPAF has successfully laid the foundation for a vibrant and responsive development sector by
expanding its presence across almost all the districts in the country. At the same time, PPAF
worked on developing human and institutional capacities of its partner organizations, thereby
enabling small emerging outfit to transform into medium and large organizations. PPAF is the
leading agency for poverty reduction in Pakistan, which embodies the spirit of private – public
partnership to address the multi-dimensional issues of poverty. It’s multidimensional experience
concludes that local, indigenous and community based institutions are a pre-requisite for
spending on the poor to achieve the positive development outcomes.
Consequently, Microfinance Innovation and Outreach Program (MIOP) comprised of three
components or multidimensional development activity. Thus, PPAF has cumulatively financed
over Rs. million 4.7 micro credit loans, completed 25000 health, education, water and
infrastructural projects, conducted over 11500 training events and developed a grass root
July 1-2, 2014
Cambridge, UK
3
2014 Cambridge Conference Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780974211428
network for 297000 community organizations. PPAF’s coverage has simultaneously increased to
include 129 districts through 99 partner organizations across all provinces and regions.
PPAF was also at the forefront in responding to the devastating floods that ravaged the country
in 2010-11 and is undertaking a comprehensive recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction effort
in the affected areas.
2.
Objectives of the Study
The main objectives of the study were to analyze changes in demographic characteristics,
housing conditions, ownership of assets, composition of household incomes and expenditure,
under weight and under height children and change in role of males and females in decision
making regarding different household activities.
3.
Methodology
A representative sampling is essential to derive the reliable results from the primary data
collected from the concerned population. The first and the foremost component of the population
to be considered for representative sample size is the variability, measured considering relevant
indicator of the elementary units of the population, for which the list of the elementary units
becomes primary requirement. However in the absence of the list of the population, the guessed
variability, which has been theoretically accepted can be used to have representative sample size.
Consequently the representative sample size was determined by applying the formula
considering the guessed variability for maximum sample size i.e.,
50 %. The formula is as
under:-
n=
July 1-2, 2014
Cambridge, UK
4
2014 Cambridge Conference Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780974211428
Where
n= Sample size
N= Total beneficiaries
Z= Normal variate at 90 percent precision level
d =Acceptable error
V = Guessed variability among sampling units (50 %)
for the maximum sample size.
3.1:
Sample Size for Community Support Concern (CSC) in Kasur
Using the above given formula, the sample size has drawn for the bench mark survey considering
the acceptable error=9.3%
n=
=
= 99.9
say =100
Thus, the sample size of the study was 100 respondents.
In bench mark survey the institute, however collected households level data from 112
beneficiaries and 123 non-beneficiaries. In case of evaluation study, the data was collected from
101 beneficiaries and 104 non-beneficiaries.
3.2
Sample Size for Centre for Women Cooperative Development (CWCD) in
Sheikhupura
In case of this component the sample size for the benchmark survey was determined by applying
the already described formula which was as under:-
n=
July 1-2, 2014
Cambridge, UK
5
2014 Cambridge Conference Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780974211428
Where
N=
sample size of the beneficiaries
Total beneficiaries= 181
N=
Normal variate at 95 percent precision level
d=
acceptable error i-e 3.32 percent
V=
Guessed variability among sampling units (50 percent) for the maximum
sampling size.
N=
=
= 149.87
say 150.
The sample size for the study for this (CWCD) component was 150. The data was collected from
150 beneficiaries and 175 non-beneficiaries. For evaluation survey 150 beneficiaries and 152
non-beneficiaries were contacted to collect relevant information.
4.
Results of the Study
The results of the study were discussed collectively for all the components i-e women
empowerment, housing profile and income, expenditure and poverty status to cover all the
described objectives of the introduced activities.
4.1
Women Empowerment
The PPAF loans were distributed not only to improve socio-economic situation of the
households under umbrella of introduced development activities but also resulted in giving more
weight and respect to their opinion to the voice of women in deciding matters relating to the
daily life.
July 1-2, 2014
Cambridge, UK
6
2014 Cambridge Conference Business & Economics
4.2
ISBN : 9780974211428
Household Demographic Features
Household demographic features include ratio of male and female in the considered sample
population and estimated size of the households eating from the same kitchen. The data given in
Table 1 reflected that the demographic features of the household families in the project and nonproject area in both the benchmark and evaluation survey were almost identical. It was noted that
percentage of female population increased in the project and non-project area during evaluation
survey as compared with that of benchmark survey. But in the Sheikhupura district, it decreased
in the evaluation survey in the non-project area of Kasur district.
The above Table shows that in benchmark survey, the average family size in the project area was
6.4 and it was 5.1 in the non-project area, but it decreased to 5.9 persons in evaluation survey and
increased to 5.5 in the non-project area in evaluation survey. Contrast to that the household size
increased in the Sheikhupura district in the project area in evaluation survey and remained the
same in the non-project area.
The findings of the evaluation survey were evident that in the project area, percentage of male
decreased from 55 (benchmark survey) to 53.4 whereas, the percentage of female members
increased from 45.0 to 46.3. The family size however, reduced to 5.9 as compared with 6.4
persons in the benchmark survey. Decrease in the percentage of male members is not a healthy
sign as in the near future, it will result into reduction of earning numbers of the family and it
might cause decrease in per capita income.
In project area, male and female ratio tilted in favour of female population and average family
size also increased from 5.6 persons in benchmark survey to 6.5 persons in evaluation survey.
Contrary to this, in non-project area, average household size remained constant whereas, male
July 1-2, 2014
Cambridge, UK
7
2014 Cambridge Conference Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780974211428
and female ratio was almost the same in both the benchmark and evaluation surveys. Increase in
the percentage of female population and family size are indicative of the fact that awareness
regarding family practices was not created under the programme.
4.3
Age-wise Distribution of Population
The age- wise distribution of the population of the sample area of the district Kasur and
Sheikhupura has been presented in the Table 2. The age- wise distribution of the population of
the sample area of the district Kasur & Sheikhupura has been presented in the Table 2. In the
district Sheikhupura, one third (33.0 percent) of male population fell in age bracket of less than
15 years. Whereas the male population of this area in the age bracket (15 ≥ 60 years) was
reported to be 64.7 percent of the population whereas the female group of this age was 53.7
percent in the project area. In the non-project area the reported difference was in the female
category of the same age. At the time of evaluation, male and female population decreased in the
age bracket of < 15 years both in the project and non-project area. However, in the age bracket
(15≥ 60 years) and (>60) years there reported increase not only in male but also in female
population in the project as well as in the non-project area.
The similar situations with respect to changes in the age brackets were occurred in the district
Sheikhupura project and non-project area.
4.4
Decision Making in Household
The role of male and female in decision making regarding children, social events and family size
has been of profound importance and was assessed. The results have been presented in Table 3.
The results of benchmark as well as evaluation results highlighted that most of the important
decisions relating to marriage of children, family size, social events and children education were
July 1-2, 2014
Cambridge, UK
8
2014 Cambridge Conference Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780974211428
jointly taken by male and female. The males were dominant in taking decision regarding
employment, whereas discussion pertaining to daily food was the privilege of female.
The percentage of females taking decision about daily food was computed during benchmark
survey and it was found as 67.3 and 36.9 in project and non-project area respectively. As per
evaluation survey, the decision in this regard was being taken by 40.4 and 67.7 percent females
in project and non-project area respectively.
The results of evaluation survey indicated that the percentage of women deciding about social
events independently declined in both the project and non-project area as compared with the
findings of benchmark survey.
4.5
Women Having Control over Household Resources
The household resources refer to cash, income, assets and budget. Consequently, the accessibility
of women to these resources was assessed during the benchmark and evaluation surveys, the
results are detailed in Table 4.
It transpired from survey results that the women were dominating in taking decision regarding
access and control over cash, income, and budget in both the districts, Kasur and Sheikhupura,
while 78.3 percent women had access and control over cash, 52.2 percent had access to income,
while 26.1 and 41.2 percent reported to somewhat independency related to assets.
4.6
Female Having Access to Employment
In rural environmental circumstances under familiar aspirations, the women, even the literate, are
not supposed to work to earn money in this era of vast awareness considering the literacy status
of the areas. Since this aspect specifically relating to females has been included in all the
development project funded by donor agencies to provide awareness among females to be broad
July 1-2, 2014
Cambridge, UK
9
2014 Cambridge Conference Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780974211428
minded and not confine to themselves within the boundary wall of the house. Here it was only to
probe access of female in employment opportunities to examining the mind of females as well as
the reaction of males in this context. Consequently, Female’s access to assets and employment
was assessed during survey and the results are presented in Table 5.
The affirmative response by 87.0 percent and 100 percent women regarding access to market
was reported in Kasur and Sheikhupura district respectively. Whereas 87.0 percent women from
Kasur District and 94.1 percent opined that they could decide themselves to visit and participate
in social events / places (Table 5).
4.7
Awareness of Women Regarding Local Rights
Local rights include Nikah Nama, Law of Inheritance and other Rights (concerning social and
economic obligations) were assessed during the surveys. The views of females regarding their
awareness about basic rights, Nikah Nama and inheritance laws obtained have been presented in
Table 6.
The Table reflected that that 73.9 percent women from Kasur district and 52.9 percent women
from Sheikhupura district were aware of their basic rights , 60.9 percent and 52.9 percent were
aware of different clauses of Nikah Nama in district Kasur and district Sheikhupura respectively.
However, 52.2 percent women from Kasur district and 47.1 percent women from Sheikhupura
district had awareness about the law of inheritance.
4.8
Impact of Loan in Change of Social Status of Women
Loan provision for women was a component of the project aiming at changes in social status of
women residing in the project jurisdiction. Consequently, the female respondents were
July 1-2, 2014
Cambridge, UK
10
2014 Cambridge Conference Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780974211428
interviewed to obtain views regarding the impact of benefits accrued of loan provision and the
response has been presented in the Table 7.
During the survey, it was discovered that the status of 50 percent females had improved after
taking loan, while 13.6 percent women reported no improvement in status dealings, while 36.4
percent reported no impact on their social status in Kasur district. However, in Sheikhupura, 88.2
percent females informed that their status was improved due to obtaining loan from PPAF, while
equal 5.9 percent females informed that their status remained unchanged and had no impact on
their living respectively in this area.
4.9
Importance of Female Opinion Increased or Decreased After Taking Loan
Money specifically in rural areas played a role in determining significance of her existing in the
household. During the survey, females were asked about the importance of their opinion
regarding different issues after obtaining loan from PPAF (Table 8).
The loans were provided by PPAF to increase the status and the opinion of women to increase
significant or the status of them in decision making at households. Thus, the Table reflected that
the significance of women in decision regarding children’s education and their marriage had
increased by 26.7 percent and 21.7 percent respectively in Kasur district, whereas, regarding
children’s marriage, and children education, an equal proportion i.e., 62.5 percent women
informed that the importance of their opinion had increased in district Sheikhupura. The majority
of females i.e. 78.3, 73.3, 82.6, 85.7 and 92.3 percent replied that the loan had no impact on their
opinion regarding children’s marriage, children’s education, family’s discord, business decisions,
purchasing / selling of household items and purchasing / selling of property respectively in
district Kasur.
July 1-2, 2014
Cambridge, UK
11
2014 Cambridge Conference Business & Economics
4.10
ISBN : 9780974211428
Impact of Loan in Change of Social Status of Women
The provision of micro finance services effectively can help build physical and human capital,
relieving opportunity constraints that hinder economic growth from being distributed equitably.
PPAF had cumulatively disbursed Rs. 25.2 billion to 45 partner organizations for microcredit on
lending to women to change social status of women in the sample areas of Punjab. The impact of
loan in changing social status of women was asked from the sample female respondents
(Table 9). As is evident from the above table that the status of 50 percent females had improved
after taking loan in Kasur district, while 88.2 percent females in Sheikhupura district, informed
that their status was improved due to obtaining loan from PPAF (Table 9).
4.11
Housing Condition
The better living conditions and atmosphere help improving the efficiency of human beings and
have effect on their health. Keeping in view of the importance of living conditions, the
respondents households residing in the project and non-project areas of districts Kasur and
Sheikhupura were asked during benchmark and evaluation surveys about the condition s of their
houses specially, The data / information obtained in this regard was presented in Tables 8. The
survey results revealed that a majority of the in the project area of Kasur, 72.3, 20.5 percent
households had two or three sleeping rooms respectively. Similarly, in benchmark survey in the
non-project area, it was found that 70.7, 22.0 percent households had two or three sleeping
rooms respectively.
The comparison of availability of sleeping rooms in the project area under both the surveys
indicated that percentage of households having three and four sleeping rooms had increased from
1.8 to 4.0 and 20.5 to 33.3, whereas, the percentage of household having two sleeping rooms
had decreased from 72.3 to 55.4 percent in project area (Table 10).
July 1-2, 2014
Cambridge, UK
12
2014 Cambridge Conference Business & Economics
4.12
ISBN : 9780974211428
Drinking Water Supply
One of the PPAF supported infrastructure focusing scheme was drinking water supply. This
scheme has contributed directly to households. Consequently, source of drinking water supply
was assessed and the results are depicted in the Table 11.
The benchmark survey results in district Kasur established that in both the project and nonproject area, 90.2 and 96.7 percent households were obtaining their drinking water from tubewell / borehole with pumps respectively. However, as per evaluation survey, 70.3 percent
households of project area were getting drinking water from tube-well / borehole with pumps and
25.7 percent respondents were using pipe into house facility for drinking water. Increase in the
percentage of respondents using better source for drinking water in the project area as per
evaluation survey could be attributed to interventions of the project. The same trend was,
however, observed in non-project area.
As per evaluation survey, percentage of households in project area obtaining drinking water from
pipe into house, tube well/borehole with pump and protected dug well decreased, whereas that
increased in case of public tap and motor pump.
4.13
Availability of Electricity
Keeping in view the importance of the availability of electricity, households in project area and
non-project area were asked about its availability. The results revealed that in both evaluation
and benchmark surveys, 100 percent project and non-project sample respondents had the facility
of electricity.
July 1-2, 2014
Cambridge, UK
13
2014 Cambridge Conference Business & Economics
4.14
ISBN : 9780974211428
Owner ship of Electric Appliances
The electric appliances were the main indicator of social status in the rural areas. The details of
ownership of electric appliances in the project and non-project at the time of benchmark and
evaluation survey have been presented in Table 12. As is evident from the table that, 39.0
percent households had radio / tape, 94.6 percent owned television, 58.1 percent had refrigerator
and only 6.2 percent respondents had AC / air cooler in Kasur district. In case of non-project
area, it was observed during evaluation survey that, 79.2 and 50 percent of respondent
households had television and refrigerator respectively. The average price of television and
refrigerator prevailed in project area during evaluation survey was Rs. 12,631 and Rs. 27,398
respectively.
In benchmark survey, it was found that in non-project area, 2.9, 85.7, 42.9 and 2.9 percent
respondents had radio / tape, television, refrigerator and AC / air cooler respectively. The
corresponding figures for project area in benchmark survey were 1.3, 91.3, 44.7 and 2.7
respectively.
4.15 Assets, Income, Expenditure and Poverty
The asset refers to ownership of cultivated land and livestock here, the other assets electric
appliances and other capital goods have been presented at appropriate place in the study.
4.16
Cultivation of Land
The cultivation of land status for project and non-project was slightly improved in evaluation
survey as compared with evaluation survey. The results of evaluation survey indicated that the
status of land cultivation increased both in the project and non-project area (Table 13).
July 1-2, 2014
Cambridge, UK
14
2014 Cambridge Conference Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780974211428
The results of benchmark survey revealed that in Kasur district a majority of households in
project and non-project area were not cultivating land and only 12.5 and 8.1 percent respondents
were cultivating land. However, in evaluation survey, the percentage of households who were
not cultivating land was 94.8 percent in project area and 95.2 percent in non-project area
increased from 87.5 to 94.8 and 91.9 to 95.2 in project and non-project areas respectively.
The cultivation of land status for project and non-project area was slightly improved in
evaluation survey as compared with that of benchmark survey. The results of evaluation survey
indicated that in Sheikhupura district,
in project area, the status of land cultivation had
increased from 6.0 to 8.7 percent and the corresponding figures in non-project area were 5.1 and
16.4 percent respectively.
4.17
Livestock Owner ship
In district Kasur 15.2 percent in the project area and 7.3 percent of the respondents in the nonproject area of Kasur district were owning livestock in the benchmark survey, whereas at the
time of evaluation survey 6.9 percent of household in the project area and 4.8 non-project area
households reported owning livestock.
The household’s ownership of livestock in district Sheikhupura as per evaluation survey
increased in project area from 22.0 percent to 27.3 percent in the project area. However, the
increase from 18.9 percent to 27.7 percent of livestock ownership was reported in non-project
area during evaluation survey. The percentage of households without any animal reduced in both
the project and non-project areas during evaluation survey as compared with that of benchmark
survey.
July 1-2, 2014
Cambridge, UK
15
2014 Cambridge Conference Business & Economics
4.18
ISBN : 9780974211428
Income of the Households by Income Group
The average income of households per annum in the project area was Rs. 263,280/- and in the
non-project area was Rs. 200,639/-, whereas in the evaluation survey corresponding figures were
Rs, 324,173/- in the project area and Rs. 251,339/- in the non- project area in the district Kasur.
In district Sheikhupura the average income of the households was Rs. 156,925 in the project area
and
Rs, 164,229 in the non-project area in benchmark survey, while in evaluation survey it
increased in both the areas and it was Rs. 338,350/- in the project area and Rs. 312,638/- in the
non-project area estimated on per annum basis. The income of the households in the project area
increased by 126 percent in the evaluation survey over the income during benchmark survey,
while such increase in the non-project area was estimated to be 95 percent during evaluation over
the benchmark survey in this area. The remark increase in the income of project area households
was mainly due to project intervention in those areas (Table 14).
As far income distribution is concerned, in Kasur district 74.0 percent of the respondents
obtained income RS.> 100,000 to RS. 400,000 in the Project area , whereas in the non-project
area a relatively higher proportion (79.0 percent)reported falling in this income group at the time
of benchmark survey, while at the time of evaluation , the situation regarding income distribution
was better in the project area relative to non-project areas at both the considered locations.
4.19
Average Expenditure of the Households
The average expenditure of the households in the project area of district Kasur were
Rs. 136,929/-, while in the non-project area were Rs. 120,272/ per annum basis- during
benchmark survey. During evaluation survey corresponding expenditure figure in this area were
July 1-2, 2014
Cambridge, UK
16
2014 Cambridge Conference Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780974211428
Rs. 195,530/- in the project area and Rs. 137,352/- in the non-project area. Thus increase in
expenditure was estimated 42.8 percent in the project area and 14.2 percent in the non-project
area. Though the average expenditure increased in both the concerned areas, but such increase
was relatively higher in the Project area, the situation could be attributed to increase in the
income due to positive effects of the introduced project activities in the areas. The suitable
environment also affected the non-project area positively and the obtained income was also
higher which resulted in increase in expenditure by 14.2 percent, but these were less relative to
project are as identifying expected contribution of the Project activities.
4.20
Comparison of Annual Income and Expenditure
The data presented in the table revealed that although there was an increase in the income and
expenditure of the households but increase in expenditure as found in evaluation survey was
higher as compared with benchmark survey.
Thus, increase in expenditure was estimated to 42.8 percent in the project area and 14.2 percent
in the non-project area. Though the average expenditure increased in both the concerned areas,
but such increase was relatively higher in the Project area, the situation could be attributed to
relatively more increase in the income due to positive effects of the introduced project activities
in the areas. The suitable environment also affected the non-project area positively and the
estimated expenditure were also higher by 14.2 percent in the non-project areas but it was less
than project areas reflecting expected contribution of the Project introduced activities.
In the evaluation survey, the savings by project households over the non-project households were
positive. In the benchmark survey, a negative trend in savings by the non-project and project area
respondents was observed
July 1-2, 2014
Cambridge, UK
17
2014 Cambridge Conference Business & Economics
5.
ISBN : 9780974211428
Poverty
Poverty was established on the basis of score determined considering important characteristics of
households. Poverty score was established on the basis of weight assigned to different household
characteristics and the maximum poverty score was estimated to 25. However, 50 percent
poverty score was estimated for 22 percent of the respondents of project area and 36 percent for
non-project area respondents in Kasur district. In district Sheikhupura, 50 percent poverty score
was estimated for 17 percent households of project area and 29 percent of the non-project area.
The poverty score of respondent households was higher in the project area than that of nonproject area.
6.
Summary & Conclusions
PPAF is the leading agency for poverty reduction in Pakistan, which embodies the spirit of
private-public partnership to address the multi-dimensional issues of poverty. It’s
multidimensional experience concludes that local, indigenous and community based institutions
are a pre-requisite for spending on the poor to achieve the positive development outcomes.
The main objectives of the study were to analyze changes in demographic characteristics,
housing conditions, ownership of assets, composition of household incomes and expenditure,
under weight and under height children and change in role of males and females in decision
making regarding different household activities.
The results of evaluation survey indicated that the percentage of women deciding about social
events independently declined in both the project and non-project area as compared with the
findings of benchmark survey.
July 1-2, 2014
Cambridge, UK
18
2014 Cambridge Conference Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780974211428
The survey results revealed that 43.5 percent and 70.6 percent women had the access to
employment in Kasur and Sheikhupura district respectively. While about equal 17.4 percent
women had the ownership right of assets / land in both the districts.
Increase in the percentage of female population and family size are indicative of the fact that
awareness regarding family practices was not created under the programme. Status of 50 percent
females improved after taking loan, while 13.6 percent women said that their status did not
improve and 36.4 percent replied that the loan had no impact on their social status.
There was although an increase in the income and expenditure of the respondents, but increase in
expenditure as found in evaluation survey was higher as compared with that of benchmark
survey.
The majority of females i.e. 78.3, 73.9, 82.6, 85.7 and 92.3 percent replied that the loan had no
impact on their opinion regarding children’s marriage, children’s education, family’s discord,
business decisions, purchasing / selling of household items and purchasing / selling of property
respectively.
In accordance with results of evaluation survey, total income of households in project area
increased by 126 percent over their income during benchmark survey whereas during the same
period an increase of 95 percent was found in respondent of non- project area households. The
remark increase in the income of project area households was mainly due to project intervention
in that area.
Though there was an increase in the income and expenditure of the households, yet increase in
expenditure as found in evaluation survey was higher as compared with benchmark survey.
July 1-2, 2014
Cambridge, UK
19
2014 Cambridge Conference Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780974211428
Thus increase in expenditure was estimated to 42.8 percent in the project area and 14.2 percent in
the non-project area. Though the average expenditure increased in both the concerned areas, but
such increase was relatively higher in the Project area, the situation could be attributed to
relatively more increase in the income due to positive effects of the introduced project activities
in the areas. The suitable environment also affected the non-project area positively and the
estimated expenditure were also higher by 14.2 percent in the non-project areas but it was less
than project areas reflecting expected contribution of the Project introduced activities. In the
benchmark survey, a negative trend in savings by the non-project and project area respondents
was observed.
In the evaluation survey, the savings by project households over the non-project households were
positive. In the benchmark survey, a negative trend in savings by the non-project and project area
respondents was observed.
July 1-2, 2014
Cambridge, UK
20
2014 Cambridge Conference Business & Economics
Table 1:
Households Population in the project area of the Punjab
Areas
Male
%
Kasur
Project Area
Non-Project Area
Sheikhupura
Project Area
Non-Project Area
Table 2:
Age Groups
(Years)
Kasur
< 15
15 ≤ 60
Above 60
ISBN : 9780974211428
Benchmark
Household
Female
Size
%
(No.)
55
57
45
43
6.4
5.1
56.2
58.8
43.8
41.2
5.6
5.6
Male
%
53.4
56.7
54.1
57.3
Evaluation
Household
Female
Size
%
(No.)
46.3
42.4
45.9
42.2
5.9
5.5
6.5
5.6
Age-Wise Distribution of Population
Bench Mark
(Percent)
Evaluation
N.P.A
P.A
N.P.A
P.A
33.0
(46.0)
64.7
(53.7)
2.3
(0.3)
32.5
(42.1)
64.3
(57.1)
3.1
(0.8)
29.3
(35.2)
67.6
(61.6)
3.1
(3.2)
25.9
(28.5)
67.8
(66.9)
6.3
(4.5)
37.2
(43.2)
61.3
(56.0)
1.5
(0.85)
35.2
(30.3)
61.1
(57.5)
3.73
(2.2)
34.0
(38.4)
62.5
(59.5)
3.6
(2.3)
30.1
(32.2)
64.4
(62.0)
5.6
(5.9)
Sheikhupura
<15
15≤ 60
Above 60
July 1-2, 2014
Cambridge, UK
21
2014 Cambridge Conference Business & Economics
Table 3:
Decision Making in the Household by Gender
Benchmark
Evaluation
Male
Female
Joint
Male
Female
Joint
PA NPA PA NPA PA NPA PA NPA PA NPA PA NPA
Items
Kasur
Children
Education
Employment
Daily Food
Marriage of
Children
Social Events
Family Size
Sheikhupura
Children
Education
Employment
Daily Food
Marriage of
Children
Social Events
Family Size
6.7
5.8
15.2 20.2 78.1 74.0 21.2 19.0 4.0
2.7
74.7 79.0
7.5
8.2
3.8
89.1 88.7 1.0
15.2 7.1
4.8
91.9 80.0
12.6 7.5
30.0 24.1
7.2
0.9
8.3
0.9
802 84.2 1.0
69.1 75.0 -
13.3 12.1 4.8
9.5 6.1 3.8
86.9 81.9
93.9 86.7
21.3 24.6
6.7
9.1
72.0 66.3 1.6
19.0 3.5
81.9 60.5
2.7
66.0 72.0 4.0 2.9 30.0 25.1 49.0 50.0 2.1 10.8 49.0 27.7
0.7 0.6 65.3 62.9 34.0 36.5 3.4 6.1 47.3 55.4 49.3 26.4
5.0
10.1
2.9
3.6
92.1 86.3 6.3
11.6 1.4
4.8
92.3 58.9
4.0
6.7
9.1
6.9
2.0
1.3
2.3
1.7
94.0 88.6 4.8
92.0 91.4 4.2
12.2 2.7
10.2 2.1
3.4
1.4
92.5 73.0
93.7 67.3
NPA= Non-Project Area
Women Members Having Control over Household Resources
Items
Kasur
Access to control over cash
Income
Assets
Budget
Sheikhupura
Access to control over cash
Income
Assets
Budget
July 1-2, 2014
Cambridge, UK
1.9
68.2 78.5 0.9 1.7 30.9 19.8 17.2 62.9 9.1 2.9 73.7 34.3
1.8 4.2 57.7 69.2 40.5 26.7 3.0 2.9 40.4 67.6 56.6 29.5
PA= Project Area
Table 4:
ISBN : 9780974211428
Response in Percent
78.3
52.2
26.1
82.6
82.4
76.5
41.2
82.4
22
2014 Cambridge Conference Business & Economics
Table 5:
ISBN : 9780974211428
Female Households having Access to Household Assets and Employment
Items
Kasur
Access to Employment
Ownership of Assets / Land
Access to Market
Visibility in and Access to Social Spaces
Sheikhupura
Access to Employment
Ownership of Assets/Land
Access to Market
Response in Percent
Visibility in and Access to Social Spaces
94.1
Table 6:
Response in Percent
73.9
60.9
52.2
52.9
52.9
47.1
Impact of Loan in Change of Female Social Status
Items
Kasur
Status Improved / Increased
Status not Improved / Decreased
No Impact
Sheikhupura
Status improved/ Increased
Status not Improved / Decreased
No impact
July 1-2, 2014
Cambridge, UK
70.6
17.2
100.0
Status of Awareness of Women Households Regarding their Rights
Items
Kasur
Rights
Nikah Nama
Law of Inheritance
Sheikhupura
Rights
Nikah Nama
Law of Inheritance
Table 7:
43.5
17.4
87.0
87.0
Response in
Percent
50.0
13.6
36.4
88.2
5.9
5.9
23
2014 Cambridge Conference Business & Economics
Table 8:
Importance of Female opinion increased or decreased after taking loan
Response in Percent
Increased
Decreased
No Impact
Items
Kasur
Children’s Marriage
Children’s Education
Family’s Discord
Business Decisions
Purchasing / Selling of Household Items
Purchasing / Selling of Property
Sheikhupura
Children’s Marriage
Children’s Education
Family’s Discord
Business Decisions
Purchasing / Selling of Household Items
Purchasing / Selling of Property
Table 9:
21.7
26.1
8.7
13.0
9.5
7.7
8.7
4.3
4.8
-
78.3
73.9
82.6
82.6
85.7
92.3
62.5
62.5
41.2
70.6
76.5
47.1
37.5
6.3
11.8
5.9
5.9
5.9
31.3
47.1
23.5
17.6
47.1
Impact of Loan in Change of Female Social Status
Items
Kasur
Status Improved / Increased
Status not Improved / Decreased
No Impact
Sheikhupura
Status Improved / Increased
Status not Improved / Decreased
No Impact
July 1-2, 2014
Cambridge, UK
ISBN : 9780974211428
Response in
Percent
50.0
13.6
36.4
88.2
5.9
5.9
24
2014 Cambridge Conference Business & Economics
Table 10:
Housing Condition of the Sample Areas
Benchmark Survey
PA*
Category
% age
Kasur
One Room
Two Rooms
Three Rooms
Four Rooms
Total
Sheikhupura
One Room
Two Rooms
Three Rooms
Four Rooms
Total
PA = Project Area,
Table 11:
ISBN : 9780974211428
NPA**
% age
Evaluation Survey
PA*
NPA**
% age
% age
1.8
72.3
20.5
5.4
100.0
2.4
70.7
22.0
4.9
100.0
4.0
55.4
33.7
6.9
100.0
15.4
60.6
15.4
8.7
100.0
17.3
51.3
23.3
8.1
100.0
22.3
43.4
22.9
11.4
100.0
6.7
44.0
28.0
21.3
100.0
14.4
52.7
21.2
11.7
100.0
NPA = Non-Project Area
Source of Drinking Water Supply
Benchmark
Source
Kasur
Pipe into House
Pipe into Yard or Plot
Public Tap
Tubewell / Borehole with
Pumps
Protected Dug Well
Total
Sheikhupura
Piped into House
Public Tap
Tubewell / Borehole with
Pump
Bottled Water
Protected Dug Well
July 1-2, 2014
Cambridge, UK
Evaluation
Households in Households in
Project Area Non-Project
%
Area %
Households
in Project
Area
%
Households
in NonProject Area
%
7.1
0.9
1.8
0.8
25.7
1.0
3.0
42.3
1.0
4.8
90.2
96.7
70.3
29.8
100.0
2.4
100.0
100.0
22.1
100.0
32.7
-
24.6
1.7
28.0
6.7
16.1
0.7
65.3
72.6
38.7
42.9
2.0
1.1
-
0.7
-
25
2014 Cambridge Conference Business & Economics
Motor Pump
ISBN : 9780974211428
Total
100.0
100.0
Ownership of Electric Appliances
Table 12:
Benchmark
Type of
Appliances
Households who
Owned Appliances
Average Value
Rs. / Unit
26.6
100.0
39.6
100.0
Evaluation
Households who
Average Value
Owned
Rs. / Unit
Appliances
PA % NPA %
PA
NPA
PA %
NPA %
PA
NPA
39.3
79.6
1,468
1,280
-
0.9
-
-
94.6
58.1
9392.7
3030.1
6,697
13,531
6,146
14,270
91.9
60.0
79.2
50.0
12631
27398
7014
18395
6.2
44.1
3,600
4,040
-
-
-
-
1.3
2.9
2500
1220
0.8
0.7
800
750
91.3
44.7
85.7
42.9
7624
15589
7235
16281
90.7
46.6
80.3
48.6
7642
21861
7047
21316
2.7
2.9
5625
5840
-
-
-
-
Kasur
Radio
/
Tape
Television
Refrigerator
AC / Air
Cooler
Sheikhupura
Radio /
Tape
Television
Refrigerator
AC / Air
Cooler
PA = Project Area,
Table 13:
NPA = Non-Project Area
Cultivation of Land Status
Benchmark
Project Area
Non-Project
%
Area %
Kasur
Cultivating Land
Not Cultivating Land
Total
Sheikhupura
Cultivating Land
Not Cultivating Land
Total
July 1-2, 2014
Cambridge, UK
Evaluation
Project Area
Non-Project
%
Area %
12.5
87.5
100.0
8.1
91.9
100.0
5.2
94.8
100.0
4.8
95.2
100.0
6.0
94.0
100.0
5.1
94.9
100.0
8.7
91.3
100.0
16.4
83.6
100.0
26
2014 Cambridge Conference Business & Economics
Table 14:
ISBN : 9780974211428
Annual Household Income by Income Groups
Benchmark
PA*
NPA**
PA*
NPA**
Evaluation
Average Income
Household %
(Rs.)
PA*
NPA**
PA*
NPA**
Up to 50000
50001-73000
73001-100000
4.5
0.9
5.4
1.6
1.6
11.4
15558
61500
89531
22318
67000
88702
2.0
1.0
2.0
1.0
1.0
3.8
24600
64650
89000
36000
72000
90100
100001-200000
32.1
48.0
164884
151919
16.8
37.1
169588
159951
200001-300000
300001-400000
Above 400000
20.5
21.4
15.2
100.0
22.0
9.8
5.7
100.0
232366
340469
550555
263280
245862
345478
501561
200639
32.7
17.8
27.7
100.0
29.5
18.1
9.5
100.0
244564
347295
544455
324173
258003
352211
499400
251339
5.3
8.7
18.7
48.0
15.3
2.0
2.0
100.0
2.9
6.9
12.0
54.9
16.0
5.7
1.7
100.0
38144
62621
87407
144364
243653
342603
982046
156925
38880
60933
88876
143829
246344
367175
523686
164229
1.3
0.7
3.3
20.0
30.0
23.3
21.3
100.0
3.4
30.4
25.7
18.9
21.6
100.0
9000
60000
93322
167870
252142
357514
666014
338350
86208
155079
255305
352049
603182
312638
Income Groups
(Rs.)
Household %
Average Income (Rs.)
Kasur
Total
Sheikhupura
Up to 50000
50001-73000
73001-100000
100001-200000
200001-300000
300001-400000
Above 400000
Total
July 1-2, 2014
Cambridge, UK
27
2014 Cambridge Conference Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780974211428
References
Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund (2013), “Restoring Hope, Security the Future Ending
Poverty , Sustainability Report, Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund, 1-Hill View,
Banigala, Islamabad, Pakistan. www.ppaf.org.pk.
Quddus, M. A., and K. Ata (2013), “Impact Evaluation of IFAD Microfinance Innovation
and Outreach Programme (MIOP)”, Punjab Economic Research Institute (PERI)
Publication # 409, 48-Civic Centre, Johar Town, Lahore-Pakistan.
Quddus, M. A., K. Ata and Muhammad S. S. (2008), “Baseline Survey of IFAD Microfinance Innovation and Outreach Programme (MIOP)”, Punjab Economic
Research Institute (PERI) Publication # 390, 48-Civic Centre, Johar Town,
Lahore-Pakistan.
Quddus, M. A., K. Ata, Muhammad S. S. and Muhammad R. (2009), “Baseline Survey of
IFAD - Microfinance Innovation and Outreach Programme (MIOP) Phase-II”,
Punjab Economic Research Institute (PERI) Publication # 396, 48-Civic Centre,
Johar Town, Lahore-Pakistan.
July 1-2, 2014
Cambridge, UK
28