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A baseline study on Organizational practices and effectiveness of political parties in Pakistan
Submitted by:
Bushra Raza
Student, M. Phil. Program
Institute of Business Management (IoBM)
Karachi, Pakistan
Director, Academics
Newports Institute of Communications &Economics (NICE)
Karachi, Pakistan
Tel.: 0092-21-35855968, Cell: 0092-300-8293212
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A baseline study on Organizational practices and effectiveness of political parties in Pakistan
ABSTRACT
Political parties play the most important role in maintaining political stability and
national prosperity. In a democratic culture, national political leadership stems up from the basic
level of political parties. However, the leadership excellence of a national political leader
depends upon the values, experience, education and capacity building being gained at the party
level. Realizing the importance of internal organizational effectiveness of a political party for the
democratic success of a nation, the objective of this research is to explore and analyze the
organizational practices of political parties that ultimately become responsible for the success or
failure of democratic culture in Pakistan. The research reviews and evaluates major aspects of
organizational structure, management and practices in leading political parties of Pakistan. The
case study research approach was adopted by selecting two most prominent political parties in
the province of Sindh. It was observed that both the parties have a well-defined mission, vision
and organization structure, but one of the parties needs to focus more on member education,
training and development, performance management, intraparty elections, office atmosphere and
succession planning as compared to the other party. It was also observed that member education
at the party entry level was not prioritized by either of the two parties. The research output
provides an insight into the internal organizational effectiveness of political parties in Pakistan
highlighting the areas of improvement. It would enable the political parties to review their
organizational practices and researchers for exploring further into the parties for improving
quality of Pakistani political leadership.
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INTRODUCTION
Political parties play the most significant and crucial role in political development of
society and governmental missionary. For the external world, they represent the national political
status, whereas for the internal masses, that is, public, they are perceived as the hope of
sustainability and development. An effective political leadership ensures a stabilized nation with
a progressive economy. Even the economic indicators of a country also largely depend on its
political stability and leadership scenario. Actually, it is the leadership of a political party, which
develops the leadership qualities of its members, enabling them to join the mainstream national
politics. It can also be said that political parties serve as nurseries of political education for its
workers who begin their journey with protection of rights of a certain group at party level and
later on, become responsible for the safeguard of larger interest at the national level. It can be
inferred that stronger the party structures and leadership growth patterns, the better its impact on
the democratic system.
Therefore, it is important to explore, analyze & evaluate the organizational practices,
structures and leadership growth patterns of political parties that ultimately become responsible
for the success of democratic culture, specifically in Pakistan. It is a country facing severe
political crisis leading to malfunctioning of democratic system and increasing corruption due to
the existing political leadership. The research also explores into a literature review highlighting
the role of political parties in strengthening the political base of nations. It incorporates the
examples of emerging economies like India, Brazil etc, where political parties have initiated and
formalized changes within their structures and leadership development approaches to have a
positive impact on the national leadership scenario.
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LITERATURE REVIEW
In the globalized age of rapid growth and advancement, the difference between the
modern and third world countries lies in the political strength of a nation. It is the political
stability of a country, which identifies, explores and capitalizes upon the avenues of growth and
human development. The history of nations has witnessed and associated the economic, human,
socio-cultural and all other areas of national development with the governmental efficiency,
specifically, political leadership of a country. Be it the emergence of China as a super power or
downfall of Iraq, political leadership bears the major responsibility of national sustainability on
the world map. It is important to understand that the government of a nation is based on the
elected or nominated political leaders belonging to an electorate represented by political parties,
who nominate their representatives for participation in the political process. Therefore, at the
grass root level, the prime responsibility of national political stability lies with the capability,
leadership and organizational strength of political parties, whose leaders join the state
governments and then, decide the fate of a nation.
Before moving on, the concept of a political party needs to be reviewed. According to
Duverger (2010), an eminent professor of political science in University of Paris, political party
is a group of persons organized to acquire and exercise political power. All parties develop a
political program that defines their ideology and sets out the agenda they would pursue should
they win elective office or gain power through extra parliamentary means. (¶ 1)
This definition of a political party makes it the supreme and sustainable organization
within a state, responsible for developing and providing the best possible state leadership
representing the country men. This definition also derives that the efficiency of a political party
will have a direct impact upon the efficiency of a government. At this point, it becomes
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imperative to study the internal organizational structures and leadership growth patterns of
political parties, which reflects their approach in running the mainstream national politics. There
have been a number of studies that give us some help in this regard. Some of these have focused
on individual parties, including Werner (1980), who studied the democracy in a communist
party, whereas David (1986) argued the role of French socialist party in the political system of
France, Grant (1981) focused on Italian party systems while Chris and Taylor (1980) studied the
Labor party in United Kingdom. Hans (1987) focused on whole party systems highlighting the
internal life of specific parties within those systems in Austria, Denmark, Netherlands,
Switzerland and Belgium.
Lawson (1994) in his exceptional book, included the research work of various authors in
different countries to evolve theories on how political parties work by highlighting the internal
perspectives of a political party in different countries including France, Germany, Japan, India,
Belgium and countries from Eastern Europe. His work offers new understanding of the changing,
frustrating, and apparently indispensable modern institution, the political party.
Moreover, a French political scientist, Charlot (1989), gave a theory acknowledging the
duality of parties, in which Charlot gave a dialectical model, based upon relations between
internal decision-making and external competition within the context of the rules of the game,
offers the best prospect of further advance in the study of political parties. Lawson (1994) also
discussed the theory given by Charlot stating that all political parties have two faces, a public
face looking towards the media, the voters and the rest of the world, and an in-ward looking face
for the activists, elected representatives and leaders and to come as close as possible to reality,
the party must be analyzed in its fundamental duality. The hopes and actions of individual party
members are doubly regulated; inside the group by the unequal distribution of decision-making
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power, outside it by competition from other parties and the rules of the political, economic and
social game.
If we look at some emerging economies like India, we find that political party structures
and leaderships play a vital role in ensuring the economic development. Out of 61 years of its
independence, India has been ruled by the Indian National Congress for 48 of those years.
According to an article on History of Indian National Congress issued by Wikipedia (nd.),
political parties represent different sections among the Indian society and regions, and their core
values play a major role in the politics of India. From its foundation on 28 December 1885 until
the time of independence of India on August 15, 1947, the Indian National Congress was the
largest and most prominent Indian political organization, having a central and defining influence
on Indian Independence Movement (¶ 1). Although initially and primarily a political body, the
Congress transformed itself into a national vehicle for social reform and human uplift. The
Congress was the strongest foundation of modern Indian Nationalism (¶ 2). The role of Indian
National Congress in gaining independence from the British rulers and formation of India shows
the powerful role of internal organization in enabling a party to maintain itself in power without
strong ties to the military, church or any other single interest groups. According to another article
on Politics of India published in Wikipedia (nd.), Indian National Congress enjoyed a
parliamentary majority except for two brief periods during the 1970s and late 1980s (Role of
political parties, ¶ 2) . While Pakistan often encountered dictatorship, India faced suspension of
democracy only once. But later on, emergence of multi-party governments took place in
particular states, because of voter frustrations with political corruption and fragmentation of
electorate support among the growing number of political parties that represent specific parochial
or local interests.
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If we consider the example of Brazil, Hudson (1997) discussed that with the exception of
the Workers' Party; traditionally all Brazilian political parties have been organized from the top
down, with a compact group of professional politicians making major decisions. The party
system suffered considerable fragmentation during the late 1980s and early 1990s, especially
because of an exodus from the two largest parties—PMDB (Brazilian Democratic Movement
Party) and PFL (Liberal Front Party) (¶ 8).
Pondering upon the Asian Region, Rocamora, J. (1998) presents a notable study of
political parties in Philippine. He mentioned that the most important characteristic of Philippine
political parties is that they are parties of the elite. He argued that parties anywhere in the world
are elite formations whether one defines elite in functional terms as those who lead or in
sociological terms as those who hold economic and political power. But many parties at least
attempt to organize regularized support from a broader segment of the population. These efforts
result in a more or less stable membership, regularized patterns of interaction within and between
parties, and characteristic forms of ideological or political self-definition (¶ 1).
In contrast, Philippine political parties are unabashed 'old boys clubs'. According to
Rocamora (1998), there are non-elite individuals, mostly men, who identify with one or another
party, but all of them are followers of elite individuals. These individuals are linked together in
shifting coalitions from barangays (the lowest government unit) all the way to the national
government in Manila. He further added that wealthy families are at the core of this system in the
town centers united downwards with dominant barangay families and upward with similar
families in other towns. Some of these families are wealthy enough on their own to unite
municipal political organizations and finance provincial electoral battles, or battles for
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congressional seats at the district level. These families constitute the provincial elite. He also
mentioned the shifting character of membership and leadership and the absence of ideological or
programmatic differences between parties as the distinctive features of political parties in
Philippine. (¶ 2)
Unlike the political leadership in developed and emerging economies, Pakistan is still
struggling with the attributes of political leadership since its independence. Despite of having a
well-defined political structure and a democratic constitution supported by countless natural
resources and unmatched human potential, Pakistan has yet to find a political identity reflected
through a leadership that can align the structures, vision of its founders and bring the country to a
path of prosperity through organized and structured political process. Haqqani (2006) stated that
Pakistan, undoubtedly, came into being by the movement led by Muslims of sub-continent, but
those Muslims were politically disorganized and had no political platform in the initial period.
Even, the political leadership that emerged from Pakistan Muslim League (major political party
behind Pakistan movement) and ruled the newly independent Pakistan, did not have any real
attachments to the norms of democracy and also lacked commitment to Islamic teachings.
Moreover, the persistence of feudal culture in Pakistan also paved the way for non-democratic
forces and still poses a challenge for progressive democracy in Pakistan.
Khan (2005) argued that political parties in Pakistan are not working fairly. The intraparty elections are not held by political parties. Consequently, political party leaders become
autocrats. Political parties are famous in the name of leader of the parties. He said that such
personification has negatively affected the true essence of democracy (¶ 4). He recommended
that political parties should embrace a new spirit of co-operation and constructive opposition,
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moving beyond out dated confrontational and self-defeating street action and walk-outs and
boycott politics to engage in vigorous political debates free of violence (¶ 8).
It is high time that the political faces of Pakistan should evaluate their practices, norms,
values and training of members at the party level. Political parties must realize that the leadership
at the national level grows out from within themselves, thus, making them learning academia for
political workers. This immense responsibility demands political parties to impart many
important skills, including relevant education combined with a thorough understanding of the
state affairs, ability to lead people and putting national interest at the center stage of
governmental operations. It is also important to review and understand the major factors, which
are internal, basic yet most important foundations for organizational effectiveness of a political
party. These factors include:
Mission
The mission of an organization reflected in its mission statement highlights its
fundamental purpose of existence, that is, the reason for which an organization came into being.
The entire organizational strategies, goals, objectives and operations grow out of this statement
and revolve around accomplishing the mission. It clearly defines what, why and how about an
organization. It has to be embedded across the organizational structure to ensure high
productivity and profitability levels. If the mission statement of an organization is vague, the
future of an organization becomes bleak. It can always be modified to adopt any situational
circumstances. David (2009) mentioned that mission statement is the most visible aspect of
strategic management process, so it is important that it includes nine essential components, i.e.,
customers, products/services, markets, technology, concern for survival, growth and prosperity,
philosophy, self-concept, concern for public image and concern for employees. As far as a
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political party is concerned, its mission statement should reflect the party philosophy, selfconcept and defines the direction for its party members and workers. Moreover, it should also
state the desired outcome and groups(s) of population to whom it represents.
Organization structure
According to Bovee, C. L., Thill, J. V., Wood, M. B., and Dovel, G. P. (2000), an
organization structure is a formal system of interaction and coordination that links the tasks of
individuals and groups to effectively achieve organizational goals. The same book also defines
the organization chart as a diagram of the positions and relationships within the organization
structure.
Member Recruitment Process
According To Milkovich & Boudreau (1997), Recruitment is the process of identifying
and attracting a pool of candidates, from which some will later be selected to receive
employment offers. For a political organization, the same definition of recruitment may include
identifying and attracting people who can associate themselves with the party mission and
manifestos. The recruitment process of an organization identifies the quality, capability and
categorical requirements that fulfill the goal of its mission. It becomes very important for a
political organization to devise an eligibility criterion for recruitment of its members that may be
the potential future leaders of the country.
Members’ education
Pinnington and Edwards (2000) defined education as “a process and a series of activities
which aim at enabling an individual to assimilate and develop knowledge, skills, values and
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understanding that are not simply related to a narrow field of activity but allow a broad range of
problems to be defined, analyzed and solved” ( p. 185). In the knowledge economy, education
and research are considered to be the most important pillars for the growth of nations. A nation,
where the literacy rate is extremely low despite of having an important position in almost every
party agenda, political parties should initiate to promote education by starting it from within their
own internal organizations. If we consider the example of Latin American countries, various
educational programs have been designed to prepare and equip the political parties with the
relevant skills required to efficiently contribute in the national political scenario. Such programs
produce certified political party leaders, who possess the dynamic capability effectively run the
mainstream national politics.
Training and development
Pinnington & Edwards (2000) defined training as “a planned and systematic effort to
modify or develop knowledge/skill/attitude through ‘learning’ experience, to achieve effective
performance in an activity or range of activities” (p. 185). Harris (1997) defined training and
development and also discussed its importance. He said that training and development are the
planned efforts by organizations to increase employees’ knowledge, skills and abilities. He
further discussed that training and development is crucial for both, employees and organizations.
The major reasons include changes in the Workplace and Workforce, maintaining
competitiveness and improving productivity and for meeting regulatory requirements of an
organization. As mentioned earlier in the introduction of the study, political organizations act as
learning academies for its members and workers where they are exposed to local, national and
international political scenario. Be it a worker or a leader, the political activist requires extensive
training in basic communication skills, analytical skills and a thorough understanding of the
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national and international political scenarios so that they can better able to contribute within their
areas of responsibility. Because, it is the political party workers who are transformed into
national leaders, therefore, the responsibility of the party becomes more crucial. Moreover, it is
the political worker/leader, which builds/damages the party repute with his/her actions, therefore,
the parties should focus on their formal training and development program to meet the existing
expectations and future needs.
Office and work environment
Collins (2000) defined office as a room or set of rooms in which business, professional
duties, clerical work, etc., are carried out. Weber et. al. (1995) defined work environment
consists of the employer's premises and other locations where employees are engaged in workrelated activities or are present as a condition of their employment. The work environment
includes not only physical locations, but also the equipment or materials used by the employee
during the course of his or her work. Wiki answers (2011) defined work environment, in the
literal sense, means surroundings at the place of occupation; e.g. inside, outside, at a desk, in a
cubicle, etc. The term has also come to mean a sort of mental state while on the job; e.g. positive,
negative, friendly, etc. For a political party, it is the members, who build and maintain the
organizational environment (including discipline and office conduct), which has an overall
impact on the party repute on the general public. Generally, it is perceived that the office
environment of a political party in Pakistan is inappropriate for general public. In order to change
this perception, parties need to learn and impart the skills of maintaining decent workplace
environment at all party levels, ranging from the basic level of an office in a town or
municipality to its provincial/zonal and national secretariat.
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Performance Management
According to Noe et al. (2006), the means through which managers ensure that
employee’ activities and outputs are congruent with the organizational goals. Ivanceviche (2007)
the purpose of performance evaluation is to determine which employees need more training,
motivate employees, ensure proper communication between employees and their supervisors. In
the context of a political party, performance management plays a vital role in determining the
capability and strength of its members. A formal performance management system will ensure
the goal-setting process by the supervisor and goal-achievement by the subordinate. In this way,
members can associate themselves to the party mission, goals and objectives. On the other hand,
it would benefit the party leaders to enhance the efficiency and productivity levels of its workers.
Intraparty elections
If we look at the political parties of Pakistan, almost all of them are convinced to form a
democratic government through free and fair elections, but if we look at the internal democracy
of parties themselves, especially in terms of organizing elections within the party, it becomes
questionable. The same has been highlighted in the mid-term assessment of the quality of
democracy in Pakistan, published by Pakistan Institute of Legislative Development and
Authority (PILDAT) in 2010, which states that political parties in Pakistan do not hold intraparty
elections, which shows weak democratic structures of the political parties. It further states that
constitutional legal requirements exists that forced political parties to hold intraparty elections,
even though those were widely perceived to be often sham and lacking legitimacy. It further
discusses that until political parties promote a genuinely democratic internal culture and conduct
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reforms with robust internal democratic decision-making mechanisms, the quality of democracy
will remain uncompromised.
Leadership style
Clark (2010) said that leadership is a process by which a person influences others to
accomplish an objective and directs the organization in a way that makes it more cohesive and
coherent (¶ 1). Joseph, P. T. (2007) used FIRO (Fundamental Interpersonal Relations
Orientation) types given by Will Schutz that every human being has three interpersonal needs,
i.e., Inclusion, Control and Affection, and each type is further divided into three sub divisions.
Based on the nine types of needs, Joseph relates needs of human beings with the required
leadership style and identified 9 leadership styles, based on respective needs. These styles
include Strategic leadership, Transactional Leadership, Visionary Leadership, Charismatic
Leadership, Empowering leadership, Moral leadership, Servant Leadership, Entrepreneurial
leadership, and Innovative leadership.
For a political party, the leadership style holds the highest level of importance because of
its impact on internal and external public. In Pakistan, usually the leadership strength is directly
proportional to the sustainability and repute of a political party. It is in this context that this area
has been focused in detail, so that the leadership style of both the parties can be analyzed
comprehensively.
Succession planning
Noe et al. (2007) defined that it is a process for identifying and tracking high potential
employees who will be able to fill top management positions when they become vacant.
Succession planning increases the availability of experience and capable employees in the
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organization. It is also considered as plan to talent hunt in the organization for grooming into
ranks of leadership. Thus, it amounts to developing the pipeline of leadership in the organization.
For a political party, succession planning ensures its sustainability and survival in the long run. If
the political parties do not plan successors at various leadership positions, it may cause a chaotic
situation as the term of a leader comes to an end. Also, if the political parties do not develop their
pipeline of leadership on sound foundations of their values, norms, practices, ideology and
vision, it will fail to grow into a matured entity worthy of the trust they demand from their
electorates.
In Pakistan, a lot of research work has been done on the political systems and failure of
democratic institutions but a thorough review of the political instability of Pakistan demands an
in-depth study to explore the internal dynamics of political parties in Pakistan with the intention
of finding out how parties really work. It does not only include the organizational structures and
communication networks but also that how the power is developed, delegated and transferred
within the organizational framework. Parties have differentiated internal structures and layers.
Consequently, the motivations and objectives of the participants at each level may vary. If we
look only at their external effects, we can do little more than describe the behavior of parties and
party systems. Only by looking within can we understand the internal play of party power and
why a party functions as it does within the broader political arena. After a thorough analysis, the
resultant framework can facilitate the existing political parties to realign their internal structures
for capacity building and producing effective political leadership aiming towards a progressive
Pakistan.
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METHODOLOGY
In order to achieve the desired objective, case study research approach was adopted in
which organizational structure, practices and leadership growth pattern of two main political
parties of Pakistan were reviewed and evaluated having a strong alliance at the federal level,
major representation in the province of Sindh and major political influence in the city of Karachi.
The city of Karachi was selected because it is considered to be the financial and commercial
capital of Pakistan; it accounts for a lion is share of Pakistan is revenue generation. According to
Wikipedia (nd.), Karachi generates approximately 53.38% of the total collections of the Federal
Board of Revenue, out of which 53.33% are customs duty and sales tax on imports. Karachi
produces about 30 percent of value added in large scale manufacturing and 20% of the GDP of
Pakistan. In February 2007, the World Bank identified Karachi as the most business-friendly city
in Pakistan.
The selected parties included Pakistan People’s Party (PPP) formed by Late Syed
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and Muttahida Quomi Movement (MQM) formed by Mr. Altaf Hussain.
The Pakistan People’s Party Parliamentarian (PPPP) is the largest party of Pakistan and holds
127 seats in the national assembly (National Assembly of Pakistan, 2011) and 92 seats in the
provincial assembly of Sindh (Provincial assembly of Sindh, 2011). MQM is the second largest
party in the province of Sindh holding 51 seats in the provincial assembly (Provincial assembly
of Sindh, 2011) and fourth largest party in Pakistan holding 19 seats in the National Assembly
(National Assembly of Pakistan, 2011) and has a major vote bank in the largest metropolitan city
of Pakistan, Karachi. A detailed historical background of both the parties is attached as
Appendix-A and Appendix-B respectively. A comprehensive question guide was then prepared
to probe into important areas relevant to the topic. The question guide highlighted ten important
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indicators of a political party’s internal organizational strength. These indicators include party
mission, organization structure, member recruitment process, member education, training and
development, performance management system, intraparty elections, leadership style and
succession planning.
Most prominent party leadership from each party was interviewed on the basis of indepth and extensive experience based knowledge about the party structure and leadership.
Moreover, party secretariats of PPP and MQM were also visited to conduct an observational
analysis of party members and their routine operations. The information gained was analyzed to
draw appropriate conclusions on the current party setup. Specifically, the leadership style of both
the parties was categorized as per the nine leadership styles discussed by Joseph, P. T. (2007) in
the literature review section. Furthermore, the analysis also resulted in some important
recommendations that both the parties may consider for enhancing the leadership qualities of
current leaders and upgrading the information communication networks within their internal
structures.
ANALYSIS
Mission
PPPP: The mission of PPPP, commonly known as Pakistan People’s Party (PPP) as named by
its founder, reflected in its statement is to build Pakistan as a social state where sharing of
resources should be equitable amongst all the citizens. As the name implies, the party claims to
be the party of people living in Pakistan. It aims to build a society in which the old values of
greed and advancement will be replaced by a common concern of the welfare of the whole
community. With this philosophy, the party focuses on Employment, Education, Energy,
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Environment and equality towards peace and prosperity in Pakistan. This mission of PPP is also
reflected in its motto, which means Education, Energy, employment, bread, clothing and shelter
is the necessity/basic human right of every human being. Since PPP was formed with the
broader thought of social and national development involving all the citizens of Pakistan, the
mission statement has also supported in maintaining its claim and status as the largest national
political party of the country, which has a national agenda and deeply penetrated in all parts of
the country.
MQM: The mission of Muttahida Quomi Movement (MQM) as given in its mission statement is
to strive for the rights of downtrodden, poor, working and middle class people of Pakistan.
Having a strong belief in realism and pragmatism, the party aims towards the eradication of
political authoritarianism, abolishment of feudal system, promotion of cultural pluralism,
devolution of power to the grass root level, achievement of maximum provincial autonomy,
empowerment for all, and bottom up evolution of leadership to public offices. In pursuance of its
mission, MQM is gaining strong popularity amongst all ethnicities and provinces of Pakistan on
the basis of its past performance in Sindh. The party began with the protection of rights of a
specific group, but, has repositioned itself (since 1997) to include the ordinary citizens from all
over Pakistan. The party mission is to challenge and revolutionize the existing political
leadership of feudal lords and family structures and replacing them with the common educated
class of the society. In doing so, the party is rapidly diversifying into other provinces and is
undertaking an outreach initiative by holding massive public meetings and establishing party
offices, which shows its concern in broadly communicating the mission at national level.
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Organization structure
PPPP: The organizational structure of PPP comprises a Central Executive Committee, Federal
Council, and Provincial Presidents & Secretaries. The organization chart based on the current
party setup has also been designed as per the information provided (see Appendix-C). PPP,
having a broader and well-established national network of members have expanded their network
up to the provincial levels. The party has notable representation of members in all the bodies,
which should be reflected in the organization structure of the largest political party of a nation.
MQM: The organization structure of MQM includes a convener, deputy convener, coordination
committee, zonal committee, which further goes down to units and sectors. The organization
chart based on the current party setup has been designed (attached as Appendix-D). Recently, the
party has formed resident committees including reputable, professional and qualified people in
each town of Karachi so that the party can consult their advice and recommendation to promote
their mission to the masses. Besides, MQM also has two separate bodies. One is All Pakistan
Mohajir Students Organization (APMSO), a student-based wing of MQM involving students
(who are further transformed into the members of Muttahida Quomi Movement) and Khidmat-eKhalq Foundation (a social welfare wing of MQM, which undertakes social service initiatives
including hospitals, mortuaries, blood banks, funding the less privileged etc). MQM is one of the
very few political organizations in Pakistan, which has practically deep-rooted its organizational
structures to the grass root level in every area and town of their influence, and eventually
selecting and grooming leaders from the grass root level to participate in the national politics.
Interestingly, the organization structure of MQM does not include the founder of the party, Mr.
Altaf Hussain, as the party leadership apprised his leadership quality that the party always
consults and takes consent from Mr. Altaf Hussain in the decision making, but he has confidently
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entrusted the decision making power to the coordination committee including convener and
deputy convener. They believe that the consensual decisions have wider acceptability and
responsibility, which produces effective and innovative leadership at the party level.
Member recruitment process
PPPP: It is a national party open to all Pakistanis, who believe in the party ideology and
philosophy, having an age of 18 years-above, valid for three years and can be revised and have a
good reputation in the community. Similarly, members have to follow the party policies and code
of conduct, otherwise party will terminate the membership. The party members must also follow
the party discipline. The party forms can be collected and submitted to the respective divisional
offices. The newly inducted members are briefed about the party activities and respective
responsibilities by the party leaders in the respective localities.
MQM: The member recruitment policy of MQM is to attract any citizen of Pakistan, who believe
in the party manifesto and trust the party leadership. The criteria include the age of 18 yearsabove, should be honest and well-reputed individual in the locality with no criminal background.
The party workers have to abide by the rules, procedures, policies and party discipline. In not so
doing, the party reserves the right to take a disciplinary action that may lead to suspension of
party membership. The recruitment forms can be collected and submitted in the respective unit
offices. Once the forms are submitted, newly elected members are invited for an orientation and
then assigned specific responsibilities within their locality. The member recruitment form does
not include education as criteria for party membership, despite of its due importance realized by
the party membership. The party leadership believes that education is not included in the
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membership criteria because of low literacy level prevailing in the country, which may prevent
the masses to join the party.
Member qualification
PPPP: The party leadership, which enters into the mainstream national politics including MNAs,
MPAs, Senators and Ministers have acquired a minimum bachelors degree (following the
criteria, which was given by Election Commission of Pakistan), but, it was observed that
qualification is not considered as a major criteria to advance in the party politics. It was also
inquired that whether the educational advancement has any role in the promotion of
workers/leaders in the party cadre, but the party has not taken any such initiative to relate the
education of a member with his growth or competitiveness in the party. If we look at the Bhutto
family, the level of qualification is extremely high, but as we go down the line, the graph of
qualification and its importance, also seems to decline and is inconsiderable. Repeatedly, the
importance of education is highlighted in the party aims at all levels, but its implementation at
the party level seems to be contradictory to their mission and needs serious consideration.
MQM: Education is given high importance in MQM, specially when electing leaders from
within the party for party positions and also, governmental positions. MQM was initially a
student-based organization, so it continues to attract and involve educated people at different
party forums. Since last few years, MQM has inducted and developed strong liaison with the
educated class of the society and has also included them in the consultative discussions at
various forums for formulating party policies. The party realizes the importance of education and
has succeeded in sending a large number of lower and middle class educated members to the
provincial and national assemblies. The party believes that the education helps a person in
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excelling in his/her professional life, so it will definitely benefit the party as well. The party
always respects the expertise of highly educated workers and applies their expertise in their
research cell.
Training and development
PPPP: It was observed that PPP organizes training activities of its workers/leaders more
frequently near the general elections. It focuses more on the training of incoming leaders, like
MNAs/MPAs/Senators etc, by arranging lectures on important socio-economic and political
issues, where relevant experts are invited to share their thoughts. These lectures help the
participants to broaden their vision on national and international issues. These activities are
organized at provincial level and are also published in the form of booklets for review purposes.
MQM: The party organizes orientation sessions of its newly inducted members in the form of
lectures and discussion sessions on relevant issues and party ideology by the party leadership.
Such sessions facilitate the understanding of the new members to better understand the political
scenario. Basically, there are two types of training that are imparted to the members. First is
political and the other one is organizational or motivational. The organizational training is
conducted by responsible authorities of Coordination Committee (Rabta Committee). Such
sittings are called Training sittings. And when it relates to ideological understanding, it is known
as ideological sitting and conducted by Mr. Altaf Hussain himself. They also impart practical
training by involving them with experienced party leaders in various meetings and projects. If
the member is a female, she is sent to the women wing, a student is sent to APMSO, other males
are sent to units. The party has established a Council of Professionals, Technocrats and Research
and advisory cell for its members. These committees are responsible for sharing their ideas and
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also, to groom its members. Also, the women wing of MQM is actively organizing some training
session for the uplift of its workers. They not only conduct training in the official headquarters
but also have started a regular training in 30 areas of the city.
Workplace environment
PPPP: For the observational analysis, People’s secretariat situated in Karachi was visited. It acts
as the provincial headquarter of the party for the province of Sindh. It was observed that it has
different rooms for various office bearers and also has an office setup, where party records are
being maintained. The daily operations of the provincial secretariat are being performed from the
same office. The secretariat also includes a martyred persons gallery to recognize the efforts of
those, who sacrificed their lives to save the party ideology. But the discipline and official
conduct of the employees was not supporting a professional work environment and even, the
rooms were not properly maintained.
MQM: The observational analysis of the famous party secretariat that is, 90 was performed. The
place was originally the house of their founder leader, Mr. Altaf Hussain, which was later on,
transformed to the party secretariat. The venue was cordoned off by personal party security due
to high security risks. The office atmosphere was quite professional, where separate offices for
each of the administrative position (as mentioned in the organization chart in Appendix-D) were
made. The offices were well designed and gave a professional look to the visitors. A separate
gallery and an office is maintained for receiving and resolving complaints of general public,
which is directly been addressed by a Minister/MNA/MPA or a senior party officials. It seemed
to be a positive party initiative, which creates a direct interaction between public and higher
authorities, having a strong positive influence on the party popularity. It was observed that top
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party hierarchy frequently visit the secretariat and have a strong sense of ownership and
belongingness to the secretariat, due to which the party office has gained a lot of popularity
worldwide.
Performance management
PPPP: The party evaluates the performance of its members on the basis of public support and
the potential to contribute for the achievement of party aims and objectives. According to the
respondent, political parties are not corporate entities and the performance evaluation varies from
that of a corporate entity. The party does not only take into account the years of experience in the
party affairs, but also the potential to deliver. Because, only responsible people can fulfill the
tasks assigned to them and can be held accountable for their actions. The above description
shows that the major performance evaluation criteria mainly rely on the strong support of party
workers and leaders along with potential to fulfill the responsibilities assigned to them.
MQM: The profile of every worker is maintained from units to the central office in a
computerized form. The profile contains the basic membership form along with all the activities
that the member undertakes, achievement, complains/inquiries (if conducted) and are reviewed
on annual basis. The same information is used in time of nominating/electing candidates for
various party positions. The evaluation criteria include his party contributions, addition of new
members, coordination with the masses and resolution of issues raised by general public. For
example if an interview is conducted for a position of a unit, and there are 100 workers who
fulfill the criteria, so the unit will consider all 100 of them. Then their evaluation forms are filled
by their immediate supervisors on the basis of which, decisions are taken by the respective
sector. It can be analyzed that MQM has somewhat formalized its performance management
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system quite professionally, but there seems to be an equal performance criteria for members at
all levels.
Intraparty elections
PPPP: The party prefers to organize consultative sessions involving relevant party leaders to
select/nominate people at different positions. The party believes that consultative sessions
evaluate the merits and demerits of all the individuals, and based on the concluding judgments,
the leaders are selected and nominated within the party. The evaluation of the members is mainly
based on the support gained by those individuals amongst the relevant decision makers along
with other features such as sincerity, commitment and sacrifices made for the party. For party
positions, Central Executive Committee takes the final decision based on the public support of a
candidate and the extent to which he/she can keep the party united and its ideology alive. For
National elections, a parliamentary board is established, which comprises a board of party
leaders and invite applications for participation. The party also charges a fee for contesting at a
particular seat. The winning seat gets almost 40-50 applications. Then the board short-lists the
names and makes their recommendation, which is considered to be final. A person who
possesses sound communication, analytical and strong leadership skills is preferred to contest the
national elections.
MQM: The party claims to be one of the very few political parties, which regularly hold
intraparty elections and select their leaders on merit basis at all party positions. Relevant
departments conduct interviews after every two years for different positions within the party and
at the same time, elections for Central Coordination (Rabta) Committee are also regularly held
after every 4 years based on the requirements of Election Commission. The criteria for
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participation in the intraparty elections include that the person has to be a member of the party
for at least 5 years, should have worked regularly for the party in the capacity of a worker or
officer. The party evaluates the potential workers on the basis of his quality time for the party
along with performance, potential, character, communication skills, and stability. It also verifies
that the individual has not faced any party investigation or a party complaint. Education is an
added advantage for an individual to qualify for the party leadership positions. The party also
evaluates the reputation and popularity amongst the party members and the locality where he
lives and operates as a party member. As far as participation in general elections is concerned,
the party again claims to hold intraparty elections for all available positions of MNAs, MPAs,
Senators, Mayors and Councilors on the criteria laid down by Election commission and also, by
the party itself, which specifies the individual to have good communication and leadership skills,
be well versed with English and Urdu, have a basic know-how of computer and should be
educated. The party believes that although, the Election Commission and law have eliminated
the criteria for the degree, but it will still follow the criteria of at least graduation for MNAs,
MPAs, and other such positions in national politics.
Leadership style
PPPP: An in depth analysis of the leadership of PPP reveals that the styles are situational, based
on the human needs, which are targeted by various party positions. The leadership style in PPP
varies as per the party cadres. Late Mr. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and Late Ms. Benazir Bhutto had a
very strong influence on the party members and supporters and are always characterized under
charismatic and visionary leadership. It is because of their high emotional attachment with the
masses and perception as a role model for the nation. The level of attachment is so high that
thousands of workers have sacrificed their lives to save them and their party ideology. Their
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contributions for setting the party vision and direction has enabled the party to successfully
survive in the last 43 years as the largest political party of Pakistan. It is the charisma of Bhutto
family that has passed its legacy to the next generations, including the current Chairman, Mr.
Asif Ali Zardar and Mr. Bilawal Bhutto Zardari. The party members strongly believe in the
ideals of excellence of their party leaders and associate every success of the party with their
vision. When the dominant leadership style of Central Executive Committee and Federal
Committee was observed, it can be termed as a composite of Charismatic and strategic
leadership style. It is charismatic as it includes the party chairman, whose leadership style
remains dominant and strategic, because these committees focus more on executions of tasks and
achievement of goals. These committees also reflect few traces of empowering leadership, where
decisions are being made and responsible persons are empowered to achieve the goals with
authority and required resources. However, in case of provincial committees, divisions, cities,
towns and union councils, the dominant leadership style appears to be transactional, where the
performance is highly related to the rewards in terms of party positions and progression in
mainstream national politics. PPP claims that when it comes to their parliamentary leaders, their
preferred leadership style is servant leadership, because it is the support of the voters, which
enable them to enter and lead national politics, so, it is the responsibility of the leaders to serve
them with full spirit.
MQM: The leadership style in MQM varies as per the variance in the organizational structure.
That is, the dominant leadership style of its founder leader, Mr. Altaf Hussain, can be
characterized as charismatic leadership combined with visionary leadership, where the party
followers perceive him as a figurehead and role model, and his personality has profound
emotional effect on the followers. So much so, that his supporters have and are always prepared
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to sacrifice their lives to protect their leader. At the same time, it is the leader, who sets the
direction and whose vision is aspired by the members and workers. Another leadership style,
which is dominant in the personality of Mr. Altaf Hussain and has a strong impact on the party
operations also, is Empowering Leadership, where he delegates the power with confidence to his
capable leaders (mostly belonging to the middle classes of the society) and equip them with all
the resources and authority to execute their powers for the betterment of society.
When we analyze the leadership style of Deputy Convener along with Coordination
committee, the supreme body of MQM, the dominant styles include visionary, strategic,
transactional, and servant leadership. These styles exists because these people handle a variety of
needs of internal members and external public, which demands them to adopt various styles at
various situations. It is visionary when they have to design the vision of the party in consultation
with their founder, strategic because it is their responsibility to set our strategies for the party
members to achieve organizational goals, transactional because they reinforce the criteria and
evaluate the appropriate and inappropriate behaviors as against rewards of parliamentary and
party positions, empowering because it is the value that they have learnt from their founder
leader to empower people and delegate authorities that has earned a good reputation to the party
from the masses. When we go down the line to zone, sector and unit, the dominant leadership
styles focus on transactional leadership, where leaders reinforce appropriate behaviors as against
contingent rewards. The other prominent leadership style in the leaders who join the mainstream
national politics is servant leadership, where the party has exclusively setup a complaint cell for
general public, where all the ministers and other parliamentarians are available to address the
issues of a common man.
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Succession planning
PPPP: As far as succession planning in PPP is concerned, it has two parameters. One is the top
party leadership, that is, party chairman /chairperson and other such positions. It seems that the
top party leadership has always belonged to the family elites. It may be because of the strong
influence, contribution and sacrifices of Bhutto family and such elites in maintaining the party
strength. It is family name to which people have a strong sense of association in the elections as
well. However, in case of other major, middle and low ranking positions, succession planning is
generally based on leader observation and experience about the potential, leadership ability,
competency and the ability to muster support of the people around them. The leadership style in
PPP is participative, where decision making is done in a consultative way. The members of the
relevant committee are involved in taking important decisions, which is further approved by the
party chairperson and co-chair. There are innumerable examples where on the disappearance of a
party leader from the scene for any reason, there has been complete chaos and leaders emerge
out of demands of moments and situations by chance, choice or accidents.
MQM: This political party has a track record of giving an opportunity to the common citizens
rising from working class to high offices such as head of public institutions, city mayors,
ministers and Governor of a province. Right from the time that a member joins the party, the
profile of its performance, activities and contributions is maintained in the party records. These
records are always referred at the time of performance evaluation and while, planning the
successors at various leadership positions. MQM claims that it has a pool of leaders at all party
and national positions and they apprise their founder, Mr. Altaf Hussain for giving such vision to
party leaders, so that the party has the leadership capacity to safeguard its interests at local,
national and international level. The only unclear part of the succession planning remains the
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successor of its top most leader and party founder, Mr. Altaf Hussain. Undoubtedly, nobody
from within or outside the party can replace his influence and status as a party leader. But, how
and to whom the party will pass its highest chain of command is yet to be witnessed.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
An in-depth analysis of the internal perspectives of both the political organizations was
performed in areas, which indicate the internal organizational strength of a political party and
have a strong impact on its external image. Based on the analysis, the following conclusion and
recommendations may be drawn:

The mission statement of both the parties is strong, comprehensive and incorporates almost all
the essential components, which gives a clear direction of their mission, goals and objectives to
its internal and external public. In analyzing the mission statement, it can be inferred that PPP
focuses more on the development of a social-welfare state and fulfillment of basic necessities for
nation’s peace and prosperity. On the other hand, MQM relates national development with the
political leadership structures, and so, believes that revamping the political system of Pakistan by
involving middle class in the political streamline can ensure the growth and stability of its
people.

Both the parties have decentralized their structures to the grass root level, but important
decisions are concentrated and centralized for approval by the top cadres. When the internal
organizational structures of both the parties were reviewed, it was observed that both the parties
have an organizational structure, which reflects their party leadership layers, Communication
network, information retrieval network for decision making, and decision making network but
such networks/departments may not be formalized in the form of a comprehensive organization
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chart. So, an attempt has also been made to design the organizational chart of both the parties
(attached as Appendix ‘C’ & Appendix ‘D’ respectively) so that the chain of command, vertical
and horizontal coordination and type of centralization/decentralization can be closely analyzed. It
was felt that despite of decentralization and delegation of authorities at the provincial levels to
ensure maximum outreach to the masses, PPPP has a bit redundant structure with similar
authority scales for the Central Executive Committee and Federal Council. Moreover, it was
observed that the Central Executive Committee has too many honorary leadership positions
focusing on the family relationship order in the party structure. Another interesting highlight of
PPP’s organization structure reveals that the organization structure of PPP focuses on
incorporating the hiers of Bhutto family in its structure at top leadership positions because of its
strong influence in uniting the party members at one platform since last 43 years, party
development, contributions and most importantly sacrificing lives for the party ideology.

A thorough analysis of the recruitment process reveals that both the parties have almost a similar
member recruitment process whereby, anybody can join the party. It was interesting to know that
none of the parties have kept any minimum level of education in the membership criterion.
MQM believes that the literacy level in Pakistan is very low, so, it may restrict people from
entering into the fold of its organization. However, PPP believes that education has little
relationship with the political awareness of an individual and so, should not be criteria for party
membership. In order to improve the quality of members in each of the two parties, they may
include some basic education in their membership recruitment criteria, which will help them in
the long run to further groom the basic educational skills of the new members in their process of
climbing up the ladders of leadership. It would build the party repute in terms of attracting and
promoting educated members into their fold.
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
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Training and Development was an important area, which was felt to be neglected by both the
parties. Although, both the parties are undertaking training and development activities, but it
seems to be insufficient as far as the magnitude of the parties are concerned. Although the
potential leaders learn from their existing ones, but this system of learning has not yet been
formalized into training and development programs. The parties should initiate and invest in
organizing extensive training programs across the board (both for workers and leaders) in order
to give a highly professional appearance in their operations and office atmosphere at the same
time. Moreover, the party should also initiate development programs to identify and groom their
potential leadership by imparting leadership development and organizational development
programs. Each party should establish a training cell to extensive training, especially in the area
of communication, research, decision making, team building and professional skills. The parties
may also send their leaders of the top cadre for political trainings and certifications at the
International level. It would have a long-term impact on the political advancement of the party in
the long-run. Such an initiative will enable the workers and leaders to adopt the dynamics of
professionalism, manage diversity, enhance productive contribution and competitive abilities.
Then only, the political parties will play their due role as academies for producing quality
leadership for Pakistan.

Based on the observational analysis of the office atmosphere, it can be inferred that the party
secretariat of MQM was considerably better in terms of setup and official conduct, but PPP may
improve the office atmosphere by imparting decent workplace principles and training to party
workers for maintaining a professional work atmosphere.

It was observed that MQM has a well-defined performance management system of its members,
which further helps them in their succession planning and leadership development. The party
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may also correlate education with the performance and define broader criteria for evaluation but
a gap can be observed in terms of goal-setting for workers down the line and specific evaluation
criteria for different levels. Again, a focus on education and personal grooming was felt missing
in the performance evaluation of a party member, which can considerably multiply the party
strength and competitive advantage. However, PPP needs to formalize its performance
management system to relate the growth with performance of its members.

Intra party elections are held in MQM for all party positions, which ensure merit and
transparency in grooming and progression of party leadership. Also, the selection of candidates
for contesting the general elections is based on the intraparty elections, whose report is also
submitted to the Election Commission of Pakistan. However, PPP prefers consultations within
the relevant committees on party positions. If the party also organizes intraparty elections on a
regular basis, it may promote a more democratic culture within the party.

The common leadership style, which needs to be focused by both the parties, is moral leadership.
It’s extremely important for a party to not only document but follow the natural laws of morality,
which has a direct relationship with the party’s impact and credibility level in the eyes of general
public. Unfortunately, history of Pakistani politics is corrupted by innumerable examples and a
declining graph of integrity, credibility, ethics, moral conduct and behaviors of political parties,
which needs to be repositioned. Being two prominent parties of Pakistan, both MQM and PPP
can revamp this political image of Pakistan by continuing to realign their internal structures and
leadership with moral values and professionalism.

PPP, mainly a party ruled by just one family, may adopt a suitable succession planning approach,
and should initiate to plan and practically groom its members to step up the ladders of leadership
so that the party leadership remains intact at all levels. However, MQM has adopted a
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considerably better succession planning approach and can further formalize its succession
planning techniques by adopting modern tools of professional succession planning, which will
have a more positive influence on the party structure.
This study may further be expanded to other political parties of Pakistan covering wider
operational jurisdictions. Moreover, an organizational structure and a political leadership model
for Pakistani political parties may also emerge as a result of future researches in the said area.
It can be concluded that Pakistani political parties should redesign and continue to
improve its internal structures following modern organizational tools and practices, thereby,
giving the nation a genuine and eligible political leadership that every Pakistani truly deserves.
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APPENDIX-A
Organization Chart of PPP
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Women wing
Labor Division
Administration
committee
Elders wing
Employment cell
Martyred worker
Facts finding
Central
information
Workers
problems
Legal Aid
Medical Aid
Religious and
minorities Affairs
Election cell
News section
News section
News section
Photo section
Video section
Communication and
Media Management
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APPENDIX-B
Organization Chart of MQM
Convener
Deputy convener
Coordination
Committee
Zonal committee (one
or more District wise)
Sector
Unit
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APPENDIX-C
History of Pakistan People’s Party Parliamentarians (PPPP)
In the winter of 1967, Late Syed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto founded Pakistan People’s Party (PPP), as
an answer to the dictatorial and anti-people policies of the military-bureaucratic-feudal nexus of
power that ruled the country since its inception in 1947. The Party came into being with four
cardinal principles i.e. Islam is our faith, democracy is our polity, socialism is our economy and
all power to the people. Its program envisaged provision of basic human needs, i.e. Roti, Kupra
aur Makkan (food, clothe and shelter) to every citizen of Pakistan. It advocated a just and fairer
distribution of national wealth amongst various strata of the society and stood for democratic
traditions, liberal values and welfare-oriented policies. The party program captured the
imagination of the people within no time and the Party emerged as the single largest party of the
country.
A popular support and public pressure forced the military rulers to hold the first ever
general elections in the history of the country in December 1970, wherein the Party swept the
polls in the present day Pakistan. One year later the Party was handed over the power in the
aftermath of Pak-India War of 1971, which resulted in cessation of East Pakistan. The next five
years of the Peoples Government under President and then Prime Minister Late Mr. Zulfikar Ali
Bhutto saw the country moving fast on the road to progress. The achievements of the then
government include the framing of constitution in 1973, Simla Accord with India, Islamic
Summit Conference, land reforms, new labor policy, Administrative, Education, healthcare,
Heavy industry establishment (Steel Mill), establishment of the second seaport, first hydro
electric dam at Tarbela, and Pakistan’s Nuclear Programme.
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The party completed its 5-year term in 1977 and general elections were held, where PPP
again had a glorious victory but the rift arose on the election results between Pakistan National
Alliance (PNA) and PPP led to a martial law in 1977 by General Zia-ul-Haq. Immediately
following the coup, the Martial Law regime lodged a campaign against the PPP and its leaders.
Thousands of PPP political workers were imprisoned and tortured. Late Mr. Bhutto was framed
on a murder-conspiracy charge and executed in 1979. In those turbulent times, the party chose
Late Ms. Benazir Bhutto, a Harvard and Cambridge educated eldest daughter of Late Bhutto, to
lead the cadres and the country to the goal of an economically prosperous, socially liberal and
politically democratic disposition. The Party leader Ms. Benazir Bhutto also faced
imprisonments and lived in exile till 1986. Benazir Bhutto rescued and rebuilt the party from
scratch, leading an epic movement for the restoration of Democracy.
When Ms. Benazir Bhutto returned to Lahore in 1986, millions of people received her to
show their support for her and the Party. In the meantime, General Zia dissolved the national
assembly in May 1988 and in August, 1988 died in a plane crash. Ultimately, general elections
were held in November, 1988 and Late Ms. Benazir Bhutto became the first women in modern
history to head a government of a Muslim country. Under her government priority was assigned
to the social sector. The government was dissolved by President Ghulam Ishaque in 1990. In the
general elections held in 1990, PPP suffered a defeat and Islamic Jamhoori Ittehad (IJI) led by
Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif came into power. It was in 1990 that Mr. Asif Ali Zardari,
husband of Late Ms. Benazir Bhutto faced several criminal cases. After the dismissal of Nawaz
Sharif Government in 1993, Benazir Bhutto once again returned to the office of Prime Minister.
The New Social contract envisaged a social market economy, Privatization of the means of
production, downsizing of the government, devolution of power and decentralization to the level
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of Local Government. PPP government was dismissed for the second time in 1996 by the then
President Mr. Farooq Leghari. The Party and its Chairperson had been singled out for worst type
of character assassination, blackmail, harassment and persecution. In the general elections of
1997, PPP was defeated and PML led by Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif again came into
power. Late Ms. Bhutto was forced exile, while Mr. Zardari was put in jail in 1996 on account of
numerous corruption and criminal charges. Later on, Mr. Zardari was freed in 2005 and also
went abroad. During the Musharraf era, Late Ms. Bhutto remained in exile waiting for an
appropriate time to come back and work for restoration of democracy.
In 2007, she came back and millions of people gathered to welcome her in Karachi. Also,
President Musharraf announced general elections in 2008 after initiating a National
Reconciliation Order and resigned from his position as a President. In December, 2007, Ms.
Benazir Bhutto was assassinated on her return from a public address in Rawalpindi. Having a
major setback of her assassination near general elections, the party decided to continue its
participation in the general elections so that the dream of a democratic Pakistan can be turned
into a reality. As per the will of Late Ms. Bhutto, his son, Mr. Bilawal Bhutto became the Party
Chairperson and Mr. Asif Ali Zardari became the Co-Chairperson. In the general elections of
2008, PPP formed a coalition at the center and provinces and Mr. Asif Ali Zardari became the
President of Paksitan, while Mr. Yosuf Raza Gilani became the Prime Minister. The party is still
ruling the country as the largest national political party and changed its name to Pakistan
People’s Party Parliamentarians (PPPP) carrying the mission of a socialist economy based on the
party principles and vision of Late Mr. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and Late Ms. Benzair Bhutto. But
still the party uses its generic name and is commonly known as Pakistan People’s Party.
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APPENDIX-D
History of Muttahida Quomi Movement (United National Front)
It was on 11th June 1978 when a young student of pharmacy, Mr. Altaf Hussain, formed a
student political party in the lawn of University of Karachi, namely All Pakistan Mohajir (means
migrants) Students Organization (APMSO). The party was formed to struggle against injustice
and discrimination against specific group of population, that is, Mohajirs or Urdu Speaking
located in the urban areas of Sindh. That is, the descendants of those who migrated from the
Muslim minority provinces of India after the partition into the newly independent country,
Pakistan. The discrimination and injustice was evident in the form of an administrative divide, a
government policy of treating urban areas of Sindh differently from the rest of Pakistan. As per
the perception of founder of APMSO, an envious policy known as Quota System was launched
by the then Government, which was also given constitutional protection. This quota system was
imposed for rural areas to make them prosperous, but at the same time, it contradicted article 25
of the constitution, which speaks about equal rights for all citizens. It developed the perception
of discriminating Mohajirs because of a different language and cult. So, the party started a
movement against discrimination in education, employment and participation in governmental
services. Later on, the student organization (APMSO) transformed itself into Mohajir Quomi
Movement (MQM) in 1984 and emerged as a formal political party to combat discrimination and
injustice. MQM participated in the local government elections in 1987. The party had an
outstanding victory with a vast majority and two mayors were elected in Karachi and Hyderabad
in 1987. Once entering into the power, the party leadership served all ethnicities equally. It
united, mobilized and organized people on the basis of one identity, that is, Pakistan.
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In 1988, the party contested for Provincial Assembly, National Assembly and Senate in
general elections and won there too. From 1989-1997, MQM won seats in three general elections
and joined three democratic governments and also, faced three severe operations by military and
ruling government in the year 1988,1990 and 1994 respectively. Meanwhile, MQM shifted its
focus from safeguarding the interest of specific population to the larger group of ordinary
Pakistanis by changing its name from Mohajir Quomi Movement (MQM) to Muttahida Quomi
Movement (MQM) (means United National Front) in 1997. After facing a turbulent phase from
1989-1996, came the Musharraf era when a U-turn in policies was observed. Policies that were
previously designed against MQM were changed. After 1999, MQM reorganized its party
structure and never looked back. During the operations in 7 years, all the theoretical members
were underground, jailed or outside the country. So the place was occupied by the criminal
profiled people of respective areas who started taking extortions in the name of MQM, which
badly damaged the party repute. Then in 2002, when MQM won general elections and party
started to restored, it started eliminating those people, reconstructed and renovated the party. In
the general elections of 2008, MQM enjoyed a huge victory in Sindh Assembly, National
Assembly and Senate. Despite of its bitter relationship with PPP in the past, MQM became its
coalition partner in province and centre. The main reason for the coalition, as stated by MQM,
was to ensure prosperity of Karachi and Sindh in particular, and Pakistan in general, as both the
parties realized that riots amongst themselves have severely hampered the economic hub of
Pakistan, Karachi for a very long time. MQM, being the third largest party of Pakistan, commits
to expand its influence throughout the country by revolutionizing the existing political system for
a better Pakistan.
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