1: Introduction to IPv6
Rick Graziani
Cabrillo College
Rick.Graziani@cabrillo.edu
For more information please check out my Cisco Press book and video series:
IPv6 Fundamentals: A Straightforward
Approach to Understanding IPv6
•
By Rick Graziani
•
ISBN-10: 1-58714-313-5
IPv6 Fundamentals LiveLessons: A
Straightforward Approach to Understanding IPv6
•
By Rick Graziani
•
ISBN-10: 1-58720-457-6
©
1.1: Beginning with IPv4
Beginning with IPv4
• IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4)
• Developed in the early 1980s
• RFC 760 Jan 1980 obsoleted
by RFC 791 Sep 1981
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IPv4
10.1.1.1
10.1.0.2
•
•
•
•
32-bit addresses represented in dotted-decimal notation.
Provides 4.29 billion addresses.
Why not more addresses?
It seemed like a lot of addresses at the time!
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IPv4
IPv4 was standardized in 1981,
provisioning 4.29 billion (232) IP
addresses for a world population
IPv4 - 1981
of 4.41 billion people.
*
= 100,000,000
= 100,000,000
*www.census.gov
IPv4 Addresses
World Population 1980
• 4.29 billion addresses, about a 1:1 ratio with the world’s
population.
• What was the Internet like in 1981?
• No WWW, no mobile devices, and most people never heard of
the Internet
• Mostly mainframe and minicomputers
• The IBM PC was introduced trying to overtake the Apple II
Images courtesy of Computer History Museum
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The Internet Begins to Take Off
•
•
•
•
1990s introduced the World Wide Web.
Everyone was getting on the Internet.
Internet routing tables growing rapidly – 20,000 routes in 1994.
IETF realized that it would soon run out of IPv4 address space.
Image courtesy of Computer History Museum
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IPv4: Running Out of Addresses
Private Address
Space
10.0.0.0/8
172.16.0.0/12
192.168.0.0/16
• Short term solutions included:
• NAT (Network Address Translation)
• Private address space
• CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing)
• Long-term solution: IPv6
IPv4
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1.2 Introducing IPv6
Introducing IPv6
• Not a “new” protocol.
• Developed mid to late
1990s.
• Much learned from IPv4.
• 128-bit address space,
written in hexadecimal.
• This gives us 340
undecillion addresses!
2001:DB8:CAFE:0001::100
128 bits
128 bits
340 undecillion
= 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456
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IPv6
• How many is 340 undecillion?
• 340 undecillion addresses is 10
nonillion addresses per person!
• Internet is a much different place
and will continue to evolve:
• Mobile devices
• Video on demand
• Internet of Everything
• A critical part in how we “live,
work, play, and learn”.
10 nonillion
= 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
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IPv6
• IPv6 is not just about more
addresses:
• Stateless autoconfiguration
• End-to-end reachability without
private addresses and NAT
• Better support for mobility
• Peer-to-peer networking easier to
create and maintain, and
services such as VoIP and
Quality of Service (QoS) become
more robust.
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IPv6: A Brief History
• 1993, IETF announced a call for white papers with RFC 1550
IP: Next Generation (IPng) White Paper Solicitation.
• IETF chose Simple Internet Protocol Plus (SIPP) written by
Steve Deering, Paul Francis, and Bob Hinden but changed the
address size from 64 bits to 128 bits.
• 1995, IETF published RFC 1883 Internet Protocol, Version 6
(IPv6) Specification - later obsoleted by RFC 2460 in 1998.
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RFC 1190
What About IPv5?
4 = IPv4
5 = ST2
6 = IPv6
• In the late 1970s, a family of experimental protocols was
developed intended to provide quality of service (QoS) for realtime multimedia applications such video and voice.
• Known as Internet Stream Protocol (ST) and later ST2 – (RFC
1190 and RFC 1819).
• Although it was never known as IPv5, when encapsulated in IP,
ST uses IP Protocol version 5.
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1.3: The Need for IPv6
The Need for IPv6
• We are running out of
IPv4 address space.
• Monday, January 31,
2011 IANA allocated the
last /8 IPv4 address
blocks to the RIRs.
• RIR’s have very few, if
any IPv4 address left.
• Many ISPs are severely
limited and some have
already run out.
Actual or projected dates
as of November 2014
Source: www.potaroo.net/tools/ipv4
Note: APNIC and RIPE are not completely out of addresses
but they are very restrictive on allocation of addresses.
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Running Out of IPv4
• The regions with the largest populations have the lowest
percentages of people connected to the Internet
Graphic from Internet World Stats, www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm
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Internet of
Everything
• Cisco defines the Internet of Everything (IoE) as bringing
together people, process, data, and things to make networked
connections more relevant and valuable than ever before.
• Cisco estimates that there will be 50 billion “connected” devices
by 2020. (Source: The Internet of Things by Dave Evans)
©
NAT
Customer Network
192.168.1.0/24
No More NAT as We Know It
ISP Network
Public IPv4
Internet
Public IPv4
(RFC 1918)
X
• NAT has been used to help “hide” customers and works for many clientinitiated applications.
• However, NAT also creates some issues, like peer-to-peer networking
and accessing our “hidden” systems from other networks.
• Using NAT to “hide” IPv6 networks has been the source of some
debate.
• IETF continues to state that NAT is not a security feature.
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Benefits of IPv6
• As mentioned previously the benefits of
IPv6 include:
• Larger address space
• Stateless autoconfiguration
• End-to-end reachability without private
addresses and NAT
• Better mobility support
• Peer-to-peer networking easier to create
and maintain, and services such as VoIP
and Quality of Service (QoS) become
more robust.
• The “killer application” for the Internet is
the Internet itself.
Graphic from IPv6 Forum, www.ipv6ready.org
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1.4: Transitioning to IPv6
Transitioning to IPv6?
• IPv4 and IPv6 will coexist for
the foreseeable future.
• Dual-stack – Device running
both IPv4 and IPv6.
• Enterprises and ISPs have to
support both protocols, which
is a reason to eventually go to
only IPv6.
IPv4 IPv6
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Happy Eyeballs
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RFC6555 Happy Eyeballs:
Success with Dual-Stack Hosts
•
•
•
The dual-stack code may get two
addresses back from DNS…
Which one does it use?
In order to use applications over
IPv6, it is necessary that users enjoy
nearly identical performance as
compared to IPv4.
?
©
RFC6555 Happy Eyeballs:
Success with Dual-Stack Hosts
www.facebook.com
Query A record?
www.facebook.com
Connect to:
31.13.77.65
Query AAAA record?
www.facebook.com
Connect to:
2a03:2880:f016:401:face:b00c:01:1
GET HTTP/1.1
www.facebook.com
©
Happy Eyeballs in a nutshell
Attempt IPv6 lookup and
connect
User:
“www.facebook.com”
Ultimately, it depends on how the OS
and application wants to handle it.
Retrieve and display
First come, first served
Attempt IPv4 lookup and
connect
300ms
TIME
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Transitioning to IPv6
• Tunneling – Various protocols to encapsulate IPv6
packets inside IPv4 packets.
• NAT64 – Translating between IPv4 and IPv6.
• Native IPv6 – All IPv6 (our focus and the goal of every
organization).
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Learn, Use, and Familiarize Yourself with IPv6
•
•
•
•
Get behind the wheel of IPv6.
Test lab for IPv6.
Implement in a part of your network.
Develop an IPv6 implementation plan including an addressing
plan.
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You Are Probably Already Running IPv6
IPv4
RS
IPv4
IPv6
R1
Here is an
IPv6 prefix
and
gateway
Rogue
RA
IPv4
IPv6
I need an
IPv6 prefix
•
•
•
•
Windows Vista or later, Mac OSX, Linux already running IPv6
Packet analyzer (Wireshark)
Potential man-in-the-middle attack
RS (Router Solicitations) and RA (Router Advertisements) described in
other lessons. (Mitigation techniques like RA Guard are available.)
• Get familiar with IPv6!
©
People Icon: Occupations set 5 © Copyright Fredy Sujono
For more information please check out my Cisco Press book and video series:
IPv6 Fundamentals: A Straightforward
Approach to Understanding IPv6
•
By Rick Graziani
•
ISBN-10: 1-58714-313-5
IPv6 Fundamentals LiveLessons: A
Straightforward Approach to Understanding IPv6
•
By Rick Graziani
•
ISBN-10: 1-58720-457-6
©
1: Introduction to IPv6
Rick Graziani
Cabrillo College
Rick.Graziani@cabrillo.edu