Emergence Urban Water Supply —
Challenges and Experiences
Wenjun Liu, Associate Professor
Tsinghua University
13/9, 2006
Main Contents
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Experiences from Tanshan
earthquake
Recent emergence water
supply cases
Preparation for emergency
water supply Protocols
Tanshan Earthquake
28/7/1976
 Dead: 242,769
 22 of 38 wells destroyed
9 of 38 wells severely damaged
 204 km pipeline damaged
 No source water, no water supply
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Severe sanitation problems, Tanshan
Earthquake
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E. coli exceeded the standards ten, hundred
and thousand times
No enough disinfection
Outbreak of diarrhea, dysentery and other
enteric diseases
3 to 7 days reached to the peak of cases
Emergence water supply and recover
to normal, Tanshan Earthquake
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Pipeline recovering: (fire hose pipe), steel pipe
Close branch pipe
Supply water by main pipe
Supply water recovered gradually and scatteredly
By 10/10, 1976, whole city was back to normal water
supply
Experiences, Tanshan Earthquake
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Seek new water sources
Disinfection
Supply water by water truck
Supply water recovered gradually and
scatteredly
Repair water supply facilities rapidly
Recent Emergence Water Supply
Cases
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Songhuajiang River, Harbin city
(Nitrobenzene, 11/2005)
North River (Cd pollution) (12/2006)
Yiluo Branch of Yellow River (Oil,
1/2006)
Taihu (Algae Pollution, 8/2006)
….
Harbin City Emergence Water Supply
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blast of chemical factory
Interruption of water
supply 4 days
Nitrobenzene, benzene ….
Harbin
Songyuan
Jilin
Harbin City Emergence Water Supply
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Temporary drinking water delivery
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Bottled water
Water Tank
Well drilling
Research on the best process ofr
removal of Nitrobenzene
Engineering and equipment
preparation and implementation
Organization and logistics
Harbin Emergence Water Supply
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Powered activated carbon
Adjust dosing point to
significantly increase contact
time
Retrofit sand filtration to
Carbon-sand filtration
Harbin Emergence Water Supply
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Successfully recover regular
water supply prior to the
expected time
Nitrobenzene much below the
limited
No secondary pollution
occurred
National-wide response to handle
emergence water sullpy
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Organization
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Sepa, MOC, MOH…
Technical Manual
 National level
 City level
 Industry level
Engineering and
Implementation
Water Safety and Water Security
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Natural Occurred
disasters
Earthquake, volcano,
hurricane, Tsunami…
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Inadvertently
Chemical blast, traffic
accidents…
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Intently
Terrorism…
Understanding the importance of
water safety and security
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Improve the standards of
source water and drinking
water security
Use of advanced water
treatment processes
Maintain water security in
distribution systems
Fully protection of source water
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Extend the protection area
of source water
Enhance monitoring
source water quality
Prepare multiple source
water
Build up early-warning
system
Technical manual for emergence water
supply
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Determine and understand the
susceptible factor of urban water
supply system
Establish recognition and
categorization system of
accidents
Prepare technical manual for
local emergence water supply
Establish expert bank
Possible solutions
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Choose extra water sources
Use multi-water sources and
water treatment plants
Protect water treatment
systems
Prepare facility for emergence
water supply
Store materials for
emergence water supply
Train personnel for
emergence water supply
Special water quality system for
emergence water supply
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Decrease water quality
limits
Reduce water parameters
Use rapid analysis
methods
Case introduction-Dongguan’s
experience
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Municipal level emergence water
supply protocols
Organizations
Technical manual
Engineering implementation
Dongguan’s Emergence
water supply protocols
Organization and
management
Leadship and
On-site
management
Decision
making
and
communication
Technical manual
General
information
Removal
options
Engineering
implementation
Water source
and WTPs
interaction
execution
of
decisions
Technical manual
parameters
《drinking water standards》
（GB5749-2006）98 items
Water quality for urban water supply》
（CJ/T206-2005）5 items
《Standards for source water》
(GB3838-2002) 32items
Contents of the manual
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General information
Property in environment
toxicity
Comparison of different
standards
Proposed best removal
technology
Thanks and questions?