The Colonial Era: Economic, Political, Social #1 Enslavement in the Colonies #2 Characteristics of the Colonists #3 The Enlightenment/The Religious Impulse #4 Imperial Rivalries: Spanish and French Growth of Colonial America 1700-1770 • Provincial capitals • High-birth rate • Immigration Diversity of Population & Religion Poverty in the Colonies Consumer Revolution & Cities Decline of Indigenous Populations #1 The Creation of the Slave Institution in the Colonies First Arrivals •1560s- Spanish •1619 Virginia Shift in Landscape •English and Africans: Anti-Black stereotypes •1640s Virginia: slavery •Slave Laws: 1662, 1691 Virginia •Chattel Slavery • “From Cradle to Grave” •Slave Culture •Religious roles of Black women #2 Characteristics of the “Colonists” • Most colonies were business enterprises. • Isolation from indigenous populations- Waged war for land. • Belief Systems: • Racially, Culturally, Spiritually superior to indigenous and enslaved. • Gender assumptions and distinctions supported by English law • Economic distinctions • Characteristics of the first colonists #2: To Be Enlightened The American Enlightenment • Influence of Europe: French, British • Scientific method of investigation- research and experimentation Reasons For Enlightenment • Religious wars of 17th century • Criticism of social and political institutions • John Locke • Arminianism • Deism To Be Awakened Religion in the 18th Century •Sermons, treatises and copies of Christian Bible •Religious Revivals: Causes For… • Westward expansion, commercial development, rationalism • Lack of individual engagement •Worldwide Revival of religious fundamentalism • Rationalism and religious purity • Wahabbism- Middle East, Central Asia • Modern-day terrorism/state sponsored terrorism • Hasidic Jews •“Hell, Fire, and Brimstone…” • 1720s- style of preaching •George Whitefield •Critics of the Great Awakening #3: Imperial Rivalries: Spanish and French Empires Meet the Frontier Culture Clashes •War against the indigenous Spanish North America •Geography •Religious missions •Presidios •California: The Church and the Mission system- 1769 San Diego French Empire •Geography •Sugar plantations •Free Blacks in New Orleans War in The Upper Midwest- “the Middle Ground” •Ohio Valley: French, British, Indigenous Communities •Impact on Indigenous communities 7 The Seven Years’ War- 1754-1763 (French and “Indian” War) Warfare for Imperial Domination •Europe, West Africa, Asia- colonial conflicts •Main conflict- 1756-63 •Colonial Conflicts: British, French, trade, Ohio River Valley •War against the indigenous populations • Land and Spirituality A World Transformed: British Victory •Reshaped landscape and balance of power •Treaty of Paris 1763 (Peace of Paris, 1763) Pontiac’s Rebellion •3 Indigenous communities •General Amherst’s policies Historical Snapshot: Mississippi in the 1700s Historical Importance Treaty of Paris: Clause 1764- British expansion Indigenous Populations River- Trade/ War/Enslavement Exploration of Mississippi River Cabeza de Vaca Hernando de Soto Rene de La Salle European Influence • Spanish- cotton shipments to Liverpool, England • French • American • African slaves 1719