DESTINATION DEVELOPMENT
AND TOURISM POLICY
Path dependency and knowledge dynamics in
coastal tourism in North Jutland, Denmark
Henrik Halkier, Aalborg University, Denmark
halkier@cgs.aau.dk
DESTINATION DEVELOPMENT
AND TOURISM POLICY
Path dependency and knowledge dynamics in
coastal tourism in North Jutland, Denmark
1.
North Jutland: Coastal tourism development and knowledge processes
2.
Institutionalism, destination development and public policy
3.
Beyond path dependency in coastal tourism?
4.
Food, tourism and cross-sectoral policies
5.
Future research perspectives
Henrik Halkier, Aalborg University, Denmark
halkier@cgs.aau.dk
BRIEF KNOWLEDGE BIOGRAPHY
A case of personal path plasticity
From history, politics and regional development …
 Teaching and research in British politics and society
 Research on regional policy in UK/Scotland, Denmark/EU
 Discourse, institutions and regional development
… to tourism policy and destination development
 Master in Tourism Studies (destination development)
 Research first on actors and governance in tourism policy
(local, regional, national, European)
 Growing interest in innovation and knowledge processes
 Leading to focus on systemic/institutional features
(destination development and knowledge dynamics)
halkier@cgs.aau.dk
CONCEPTUALISATION 1
Institutionalism and destination development
Institutional path plasticity
 Incremental change
 Interpretable and illenforced institutions
 Actors within,
knowledge combination
(Simone Strambach)
Source: Henrik Halkier & Anette Therkelsen:
Breaking out of Tourism Destination Path
Dependency? Exploring the Case of Coastal
Tourism in North Jutland, Denmark, German
Journal of Economic Geography, May 2013
halkier@cgs.aau.dk
CONCEPTUALISATION 2
Institutionalism and tourism policy
1. Policy as interactive process (live targets)
2. Policy instruments combining resources and rules
3. Assumptional orders as informal discoursive institutions
3
Political
environment
Implementing
organisation
Public actors
Political sponsor
Private actors
Organisation
Discursive terrain
Policy design
1
Firms
Organisations
Public authorities
Tourists
Public actors
Private actors
Cultural patterns
Discursive terrain
2
PROBLEM
DEFINITION
Policy target
Economic &
socio-cultural
environment
3
POLICY
OUTCOME
Source: Inspired by inter alia Ham & Hill, Jenkins, Sabatier, Parsons,Winter – Elaborated on the basis of Henrik
Halkier: Institutions, Discourse and Regional Development, Brussels: PIE Peter Lang, 2006, chapter 3.
halkier@cgs.aau.dk
Beyond path dependency in coastal tourism
BINDING TIES
Families with kids,
nature-based, seasonal,
neighbouring markets
Automobile,
self-catering,
week-based
Marketing
Civil ownership/co-use,
life-style entrepreneurs,
monopolitistic rental
bureaus
Multi-level sectoral
policy network,
uneven local priority
National ownership,
planning restrictions
halkier@cgs.aau.dk
Beyond path dependency in coastal tourism
MULTI-LEVEL GOVERNANCE
Organisation
Sponsor(s)
Key tasks
VisitDenmark
National ministry, industry
International marketing
VisitNordjylland
Region, local government,
industry
Marketing, training,
development
Top of Denmark,
VisitAalborg,
VisitJammerbugten
Local government, industry
Marketing, development
Tourism
Associations
Membership of firms,
individuals
Stakeholder networking,
marketing
halkier@cgs.aau.dk
Beyond path dependency in coastal tourism
GRADUAL POLICY DEVELOPMENT
Case study: Destination Top of Denmark
 Three municipalities, leading leisure tourism area
 Small tourism enterprises, holiday homes, camping
 Gradual creation of decentralised policy-network
Three stages of destination development
Organisation
Initiatives
1989
Horizontal collaboration
between tourism
associations
 Reservation System
 Service
 Marketing
1996
Municipalities and
tourism associations
create DMO
 Prolonging of season
 Product development
 Networking within sector
2007-
Municipalities and
tourism associations
sponsor DMO
 Branding
 All-year tourism
 Extra-sectoral networking
halkier@cgs.aau.dk
Beyond path dependency in coastal tourism
UNWINDING TIES?
No-kid high-spenders,
+culture, short breaks
+flying in
Re-branding
Multi-level
development
1: More dull, reinforcing
projects
Cross-sectoral networks,
professionalisation,
new transport links?
1. Flexible planning
2. Innovation and
coordination
halkier@cgs.aau.dk
2: Uneven local change
Food, tourism and cross-sectoral policies
THE CHALLENGE
From tempting prospects of synergy …
 tourists will eat anyway
 food experience add to attraction of destination
 local food an exotic quality
 boost local food production directly/indirectly
 Reduce consumption of food imported by tourists
… to international food experience production chain
 regional food experiences must be produced
 regional food made accessible to visitors
 attractions of regional food communicated to visitors
 regional food experiences demanded by visitors
halkier@cgs.aau.dk
Food, tourism and cross-sectoral policies
STRATEGIC ALTERNATIVES
Communication
=
Organisation
+
=
Localise suppliers
Market local products
+
Build cross-sectoral
networks
Food tourism destination
brand
RDA
DMO
F
T
T
F
F
halkier@cgs.aau.dk
T
Exchange
to be
increased
INTER/NATIONAL
CONTEXT
Food, tourism and cross-sectoral policies
CASE STUDIES
Focus on
 local and/or quality food
 desirable well-off visitors
 extension of season
Key actor interviews
 food producers
 food retailers
 local policy makers
 tourism / DMOs
 food / RDA networks
(local trade council)
halkier@cgs.aau.dk
Food, tourism and cross-sectoral policies
RESULTS
 Production and perceived demand: local food
experiences, tourists and locals, what qualities?
 Private drivers: financial crisis, limited private resources,
strength in numbers, a unified product
 Private conditions: product complementarity,
limited direct competition, brand compatibility
 Private results: producer-driven collaboration, crossreferrals, supplier relations, bottom-up networks
 Public aims: bridging actors, bundling products,
knowledge sharing, access
 Public initiatives: Network, distribution channels, branding
halkier@cgs.aau.dk
Food, tourism and cross-sectoral policies
MARKETS AND NETWORKS MATTER
Communication
=
Organisation
+
=
Localise suppliers
Market local products
+
Build cross-sectoral
networks
Food tourism destination
brand
 Many strategies unfolding, synergies
 Links to wider strategies for extending season?
 Holliday homes: Self-catering and beyond?
 Degree of fit with development of food demand by
(international) tourists?
halkier@cgs.aau.dk
FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
Research mindmapping…
Systemic
perspective
Actor
perspective
Destination
knowledge
dynamics
Non-industrial
KDs
Tourism
policy
learning
Dynami
ccoastal
towns
halkier@cgs.aau.dk
HEIs and
tourism
development
Taste of
place
Food experience
production chains
DMO
transformations
Institutionalism
and tourism
policy
PAST AND CURRENT PERSPECTIVES
Research publications
Halkier, H. (in print) Innovation and destination governance in Denmark: Tourism, policy networks and spatial development. European Planning Studies (October
2013).
Blichfeldt, B. S. & Halkier, H (in print) Mussels, Tourism and Community Development: A Case Study of Place Branding Through Food Festivals in Rural North
Jutland, Denmark. European Planning Studies (October 2013).
Halkier, H. & Therkelsen, A. (in print) Breaking out of Tourism Destination Path Dependency? Exploring the Case of Coastal Tourism in North Jutland, Denmark.
German journal of Economic Geopgraphy (April 2013).
Halkier, H. (2012). Knowledge Dynamics and Policies for Regional Development: Towards a New Governance Paradigm. European Planning Studies, 20(11), doi:
10.1080/09654313.2012.723420.
Halkier, H (2012), 'Networking and Food Knowledge Dynamics: Towards and Understanding of Factors and Strategies in Bringing Regional Food to International
Tourists'. M Mair & D Wagner (red), i: Culinary Tourism - Products, Regions, Tourists, Philosophy. Springer, Wien, s. 67-80. Science and Practice Series of the FH
Wien University of Applied Sciences of WKW, vol. 1
Halkier, H (2012) 'Regional Development Agencies, Regional Policy, and Knowledge Dynamics'. N Bellini, M Danson & H Halkier (eds.): Regional Development
Agencies: The Next Generation?. Routledge, London, p 24-51.
Therkelsen, A., & Halkier, H. (2011). Branding provincial cities.: The politics of inclusion, strategy and commitment. I Pike, A. (red.), Brands and Branding
Geographies(s. 200-213). Edward Elgar Publishing, Incorporated.
Halkier, Henrik. (2010) Tourism Knowledge Dynamics. In Phil Cooke et al. (eds.) Platforms of Innovation. Dynamics of New Industrial Knowledge Flows, London:
Edward Elgar,pp 233-250.
Therkelsen, Anette ; Halkier, Henrik ; Jensen, Ole B. (2010) Branding Aalborg. Building Community or Selling Place? I: G. Ashworth & M. Kavaratsis (eds.): Branding
Places, Edward Elgar. s 136-55.
Halkier, Henrik (2010), 'EU and Tourism Development: Bark or Bite?' Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism 10 (2), 92-106.
Henriksen, Pennie Fogth ; Halkier, Henrik / From Local Promotion Towards Regional Tourism Policies: Knowledge Processes and Actor Networks in North Jutland,
Denmark. I: European Planning Studies. 2009 ; vol. 17, 10.10.2009. s. 1445 - 1462
Therkelsen, Anette ; Halkier, Henrik Contemplating place branding umbrellas: The case of coordinated national tourism and business promotion in Denmark.
Scandinavian Journal of Tourism and Hospitality, 2008, vol. 8, nr. 2, s. 159-175.
Halkier, H. (2008), 'Regional Development Policies and Structural Reform in Denmark. From Policy Segmentation towards Strategic Synergy?' in O. Bukve, H. Halkier
and P. d. Souza, Towards New Nordic Regionalism. Politics, Administration and Regional Development, Aalborg, Aalborg University Press, pp. 201-25.
Halkier, Henrik. / Institutions, Discourse and Regional Development : The Scottish Development Agency and the Politics of Regional Policy Bruxelles : P.I.E.-Peter
Lang, 2006. 598 s.
halkier@cgs.aau.dk
PAST AND CURRENT PERSPECTIVES
Applied research publications
APPLIED RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS
Maguire, Karen; Marsan, Giulia Ajmone; Nauwelaers, Claire; Halkier, Henrik; Bjerg, Jens; Dubarle, Patrick (2012) OECD Reviews of Regional Innovation :
Central and Southern Denmark 2012. Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooporation and Development, OECD, 2012. 236 s.
Halkier, Henrik (1996-2013): Denmark: An Overview of Recent Regional Policy Change - Country Report for EoRPA, Strathclyde University, Glawsgow,
1996Halkier, Henrik (1996-2013): Structural Funds programming in Denmark and North Jutland: Biannual Review and Thematic Report for IQ-Net, Strathclyde
University, Glawsgow, 1996Halkier, H., Dahlström, M., James, L., Manniche, J. & Olsen, L. S. (red.) (2010) Knowledge Dynamics, Regional Development and Public Policy. Department
of History, International and Social Studies, Aalborg University. Contributions to chapters
Halkier, H. (2009) Coordination between Structural Funds Programming and National/Regional Initiatives - Objective 2 and the origins of the Danish
Regional Growth Fora: ERDF project analysis for WP11 of the evaluation of the 2000-2006 ERDF programme. Vaarst : KatPlan for EPRC, Strathclyde
University.
Halkier, H., Henriksen, P. F., Dahl Olesen, L. & Therkelsen, A. (2009) Vidensdynamikker i nordjysk turisme: Casestudier af vidensbegivenhederinden for
kyst- og kulturturisme (Knowledge Dynamics in Tourism in North Jutland: Case studies of coastal and cultural tourism). Aalborg : Center for Regional
Udvikling (CRU), Aalborg Universitet. 56 s.
Halkier, Henrik. (2006) Strategic Evaluation on Innovation and the knowledge based economy in relation to the Structural and Cohesion Funds, for the
programming period 2007-2013 : Country Report: Denmark. Bruxelles : Technopolis. 56 s.
COMPLETE PUBLICATIONS AND ACTIVITIES
http://vbn.aau.dk/en/persons/henrik-halkier(8becd9c0-77db-4d2e-ab75-945244c730af).html
halkier@cgs.aau.dk