WOOD-BURNING STOVES IN BUILDINGS WORLDWIDE:
LOCAL MEASURES TO REDUCE REAL-WORLD EMISSIONS
SEMINAR ON REAL-WORLD EMISSIONS FROM RWC
COPENHAGEN, DENMARK
Ricardo L. Carvalho, Ole M. Jensen, Luís A. Tarelho
Danish Building Research Institute, Aalborg University, Denmark
Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Aveiro University, Portugal
rlc@sbi.aau.dk
Wood-burning stoves in buildings
•
Wood-burning stoves through ages
•
Wood smoke, exposure and impacts
•
Comparing studies in Europe
•
Outdoor/indoor measurements
•
Local interventions
Wood-burning stoves through the ages
Old english: Stofa = enclosed space = ”stoved in”
TRADITION
IMPROVEMENT
ADVANCE
Domestication of fire on the ground
Control of fire in stoves
Control of house and stoves
1 million years ago
Lightning: ”centre of activity”
200 years ago
5 years ago
”focus” ~ home
Steel exhaust
Tightness
Global world ”energy”
Insulation Design
Controlled venting
300.000 years ago
Cooking: ”Centre of humans”
Goudsblom J (2001) Fire, human use and consequences, Fine Arts, 2001
Wrangham R. (2010) Catching the fire: how cooking made us human
More than any time in the human history!
(Still) Popular traditional WBSs
Recreational heat in Europe
Open fire, 2014
Women cooking and heating in Hymalayas
3-stove fire, Inhabitat, 2014
Wood smoke, exposure and impacts
•
•
•
Mix of toxic substances including
CO, TVOCs and
Aerosols include climate forcing
black carbon
PM2.5 is the best single indicator for
exposure associated to:






Child pneumonia
Low birth weight
Chronic pulmunary disease (COPD)
Lung cancer
Cardiovascular disease
Others
Largest impact on the mortality
Industry
Land traffic
Residential
Biomass burning
Residential wood heating is a
major source in China and
Europe
Power generation
In cold areas, heating requires
more fuel than cooking during
the cold days!
Agriculture
Nature
Household air pollution: outdoor/indoor smoke
ICS-mud heating, Peru
Carvalho, 2012
World Health Organization. Global Burden Disease (2013)
World Health Organization (2012)
”Improved stoves”: enclosed with chimney
now become more popular in southern countries
Convective insert, Portugal
Solzaima, 2015
Wood-log stove, Chile
Google, 2015
Lars Mytting. Norwegian chopping, stacking, and drying wood: The Scandinavian way (2015).
Information on emissions is not comparable!:
representing the real apliance types?
~1.5 Mo installations
~0.7 Mo installations
11 kt PM2.5
0%
18%
Fireplace
43%
20%
Old closed
17 kt PM2.5
3%
30%
26%
Old closed
New closed
New closed
Modern
Modern
Boilers and cookers
Boilers and cookers
19%
35.342 TJ
41%
21.920 TJ
[1] C. Gonçalves, C. Alves, C. Pio. Inventory of fine particulate organic [14] Instituto Nacional de Estatística. Housing units of usual residence (No.)
compound emissions from residential wood combustion in Portugal. by Geographic localization (at the date of Census 2001) and Sewal disposal
Atmospheric Environment, 50, 297-306, 2012.
system; Decennialin Portugal, 2001.
Are there inconsistencies in the emission factors?
1600
1400
Typical
wood stove
gPM2.5/GJ
1200
1000
800
EN
certified
600
Portugal
Pellet
stoves
Denmark
400
𝑛
𝑊𝑐𝑖 ∙ EFsi
𝐸𝑃𝑀 =
200
𝑖=0
0
fireplace
old
new
modern
new modern
[12] Incentive, Forced Technology. Danish Ministry of Environment. [1] C. Gonçalves, C. Alves, C. Pio. Inventory of fine particulate organic
Virkemiddelkatalog for NOX, PM2.5, NMVOC og NH3, Miljøprojekt nr. 1514, compound emissions from residential wood combustion in Portugal.
2013.
Atmospheric Environment, 50, 297-306, 2012.
[18] EMEP, 2013
Simulating real-world emissions in different ways?
Tunnel in testing centre
Denmark, 2010
Tunnel at University of Aveiro
Portugal, 2015
1- Light small and from the top!
Indoor PM2.5 concentration medium load
(mg/m3)
2.5
2
dia 1
dia 2
1.5
dia 3
dia 4
dia 5
1
dia 6
dia 7
dia 8
0.5
0
8:24:00 10:48:00 13:12:00 15:36:00 18:00:00 20:24:00
[5] E.D. Vicente, M.A. Duarte, A.I. Calvo, T.F. Nunes, L. Tarelho, C.A. Alves. Emission of carbon monoxide, total hydrocarbons and particulate matter
during wood combustion in a stove operating under distinct conditions, 2015.
2- Use modern stoves with dry fuels!
Particles from local
pellets in Aveiro,
Cavalho 2015
90% efficiency,
Heavy metals
in pellets from
industrial materials
Olive pits high PM!
Automatic stoves, Portugal
Cavalho, 2015
EN certified pellets, Portugal
Cavalho 2015
Vicente et al. Particulate emissions from the combustion of different biofuels in a pellet stove, Atmospheric Environment, 2015
3- Design proper interventions!
Household wood-heating transformation
TRADITIONAL
”smouldering”
IMPROVED
”burning with flames”
ADVANCED
”Ash”
High wattage
Middle wattage
Low wattage
Eg. Peru
Eg. Spain
Eg. Denmark
Globally, there are very few evidences on local outdoor/indoor climate effects!
Local wood smoke and interventions:
…few studies on ”stove replacement” only…
HAP studies
China,
Li & Shan**, 2014
Germany
Salthammer, 2014
USA,
Nonan, 2012
Study design
10 old WBSs
7 old and
new WBSs
21 old WBSs
(pre-intervention)
21 new WBSs
(post-intervention)
World
Outdoor PM2.5
emissions g/kgF
2.7±4.3*
(very high CO)
5-25
5-25
<10
<1 g/kgF
Outdoor [PM2.5]
µg/m3
-
9-49
25.3±12.4
18.3±8.12
25 µg/m3
Indoor [PM2.5]
µg/m3
367±230**
4-55
45±33
20.4±26.5
35 µg/m3
Indoor temperature
(oC)
<26
<26
25.3±12.4
18.3±8.1
20-26
WHO/ISO
New measurements to test household interventions
CO, TVOCs
variations
Particles
size ranges
PM2.5
temp/RH
CPC/temp-RH (UFP)
variations outdoors
Low energy house in Oslo, Norway
Foto by Barbosa, 2014
CPC/temp-RH (UFP)
variations indoors
3.a. ”Advanced wood-burning” devices
Heta Solar hydronic, Oslo, Norway
Foto by Barbosa, 2014
Manual
Hwam auto-pilot, Aarhus, Denmark
Carvalho, 2014
Digital
OLD
Smart control
Heating area between 120-400 m 2
35
>50% supply
Primary heat!
Smart control
ca. intake out
Langhus (2011)
40
Skandenborg
(2011)
Overheat
Lasby (2008)
Esrum (2009)
25
Esrum I (2009)
Værloese (2008)
Virum (2007)
Ringsted (2006)
Hillerød (2001)
Bagsværd (1998)
Værløse II (1985)
Espergaede
(1977)
Net thermal energy production (MWh)
3.b. ”Draft design” & energy savings
45
Other heating
systems
30
Overheat
20
15
10
5
0
Manual
LEH
3.b. ”Draft design” & variations on IAQ
IAQ
#/cm3
digital
Old indoor
intake
manual
New indoor
intake
Background
New outdoor
intake
Lightning
Refilling
Time (hours)
How to design realistic interventions?:
Work on local measures for future buildings!
Low-income
Inform on:
• How and when to burn?
• Proper fuels & stoves!
• Chimneys & mantainance
Mid-income
Provide:
• Proper insulation and ventilation systems
• Stoves with control of air-inlets
• Realistic regulations
Retrofit:
High-income
•Heat recovery & chimney integrations
•Digital devices
•Building sensors
Billions
(worldwide)
Millions
(Europe, NA
and China)
Thousands
(worldwide)