Rural Economic Development and Persistent Poverty in the South
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Rural Economic Development and Persistent Poverty in the South: Recommendations for Changing the Paradigm In the Shadows of Poverty Conference “‘Poverty’ is an unsatisfying term, for poverty is not a category that can be delineated by the government’s dollar limits on annual income.” – David Shipler in The Working Poor: Invisible in America, 2004 RURAL SOUTH 242 counties in 7 states identified as persistently poor (excludes ARC and MDR counties) Source: It’s a Matter of Wealth: Dismantling Persistent Poverty in the Southeastern United States Comparison of Demographic, Social, and Economic Characteristics of the United States and 242 Southeast Persistent Poverty Counties Variable U.S Southeast PP Counties (n=242) Percent of population reporting White as primary race (2000) 77.1 62.6 Percent of population reporting African-American as primary race or in combination with other races (2000) 12.9 33.9 Percent of population reporting Hispanic American as primary race (2000) 12.5 2.9 Percent of the population living in poverty (2000) 12.4 19.4 Percent of children living in poverty, under 18 years of age (2000) 16.1 25.0 Percent of elders living in poverty, age 65 and older (2000) 9.9 18.2 Percent age 25 & older without a high school diploma (2000) 19.6 27.7 Low birth weight birth rate per 1,000 births (1996-98) 74.8 95.7 Percent of mobile homes per housing units (2000) 7.6 24.9 Unemployment (2000) 5.8 7.1 $21,587 $16,049 Per capita income (2000) Economic Vitality Index Dade Catoosa Whitfield Murray Walker Chattooga Gordon yd Flo loyd Pololkk Haralson Bartow rtow Paulding Fannin Unio ion Gilmer ens Pickken Luum mpkikin n Lu Dawson son Cherokee Forsyth orsyth Cobb Gwinne netttt Towns Rabun White Habersham am Hall Banks S Stteephens ens Franklin Hart Rapidly Developing Developing Existing-Emerging Growth Lagging Rural Declining Rural Jack son ks Mad Elbert adison El Barrow Clarke Oglethorpe Oconee W Wiilkeess Walton Lincoln coln DeKalb Greene Clayton Rockdale Columbibia Taliaferro Carroll Newton Morgan McDuffie Henry F ay et t e W a rren Cowet etaa Richmond sper Putnam Butts Jaspe Heard Hancock cock Spalding Glascock Meriwether Jefferson Pi Burke Pike Lamar aldwin Waasshi Troup Jones Bald hingto gton Monroe Jo Upso pson Bibb Jenkins Screven Wilkinson Crawfford ord rd Johnson Harris Talboott TwiTgwigsggs Peach Emanuel Taylor Muscogee Lauren renss Houston Bleckley Effingham reutl tlen Candler Bulloch Treu reutle ario rio n M a ri o a con c on M Chattahoochee Pula ulaski Montgomery Schley Evans Dodge Dooly ooly Wheeler Toombs Bryan S Stteewart Webst Chatham Tattnall bs teer Sumter bste W i l c ox T el f ai a i r C p ris ris Quitman Liberty Terrell JeffD effDavis Appling Je BenHililll Lee Randolph Long Turner I r n wi rth W o Cla lay Calhoun Bacon Cl Wayne yne Coffee Dougherty McIntosh Tiftift Early Pierc rcee er Bak aker A n s o tki n Atki Berrien Mitchell Mi Glynn Brantley Ware Colquitt Miller Cook ook L ani e r Seminole Clinch Cli Cam amden Charlton Brooks Decatur Grady Thomas Lowndes Ecchhols Douglas Fulton 1980 SE Benchmark Dade Fannin Catoosa Whitfield Murray Gilmer Walker Chattooga Gordon Floyd Paulding Haralson Towns Rabun White Habersham am Lumpkin Ste Stephens ens Pickens Dawson Cherokee Forsyth orsyth Bartow Polk olk Unio nion Gwinnett nett Cobb Fran anklin Banks Hall Hart Jackson Madison Elbert Barrow Clarke Oglethorpe Oconee Wilkes Waltoonn Lin oln Linc co DeKalb Rockdale Greene M o rga n Columbia Taliaferro ferro Carroll Newton McDuffie Henry Warren Coweta Fayette Richmond perr Putnam Butts utts Jaspe Heard Hancoc ockk Spalding Glascock Meriwether Jefferson rke Pike Lamar Burke Baldwin Troup Washingto gton Monroe Jones Upson Bibb Wilkinson Jenkins Screven Crawford ford Johnson Harris Talboott TwiTgwigsggs Douglas Fulton Clayton Taylor Muscogee Chattahoochee Marion Ste Stewaartrt Schley Webste bster Quitman Randolph Terrell Mac acon Peach Houston Pulaski Dooly Sumter Crisp Lee Bleckley Turner Dodge Wilcox Emanuel Laurens Treu reutltlen ch ulloch Candler Bull Montgomery Wheeler Toombs Evans Tattnall Telfair nHill BenHil JeffD effDavis Irwi win Woortrthh Cllay Calhoun C Dougherty Coffeeee TiTift Tiftft Earlrlyy Bak aker Atki Atkinson Berrien Mi Mitchell Colquitt Miller Cook L ani e r Seminole Clinch Cli Brooks Decatur Grady Thomas Lowndes Echols 2001 Bryan Long Wayne ayne ay McIntosh Pierce Glynn Brantley are Ware Charlton Chatham Liberty Appling Bacon Effingham amden Cam Economic Vitality Index Dade Catoosa Whitfield Murray Walker Chattooga Floyd Polk Haralson Gordon Bartow Paulding Fannin Union Gilmer Pickens Lum umpkin Dawson son Cherokee Fors orsyt ythh orsyth Cobb Gwinnett Towns Rabun Whihite Habers ershham Hall Ba Bank nkss Ste Stephens Franklin Hart Rapidly Developing Developing Existing-Emerging Growth Lagging Rural Declining Rural Jackson Mad adiso ison Elbert Barrow Clarke Oglethorpe Oconee W Wiilkes Waltoonn coln Linco DeKalb Douglas R oc k d al e G re en e C l a yton Fulton Columbia ferro Taliaferro Carroll Newton Morgan McDuffie Henry F ay et t e W a rren Coweta Richmond sper Putna Jaspe utnam Hancoc Butts utts Ja Heard Spalding cockk Glascock Meriwether Jefferson Pike Lamar Burke rke Troup Jones Balalddwin Washingto gton Monroe Jo Ups psoon Bibb Wilkni son Jenkins Screven Cra raw wford ford Johnson Harris Talbot TwiTgwigsggs Emanuel Peach Taylor Muscogee ch Laurens Houston Bleckl Effingham Candler Bulloch Treutlen ckley M a ri o n M a c on con Chattahoochee Pul Pulaski ski Montgomery Schley Dodge Evans oolyy Dool Wheeler Toombs Bryan St Steewart Webste Chatham Tattnall Sumter bster W i l c ox T el f ai a i r Cririssp Quitman Liberty Terrell JeffDavis Appling BenHill Lee Randolph Long er Turner wi I r w i n W o rth Cl Clay Calhoun Bacon con Wayne Dougherty Coffee McIntosh TiTift Earlrlyy Pierce Bak aker Atki so n s o n Berrien hell Mitchell Mi Glynn Brantley Ware are Colquitt Miller ookk Coo r e L ani Seminole Clinch Camden Charlton Brooks Decatur Grady Thomas Lowndes Echols 1980 US Benchmark Dade Fannin Catoosa Whitfield Murray Gilmer Walker Chattooga Gordon Floyd Paulding Haralson Towns Rabun White Habersham am Lumpkin Ste Stephens ens Pickens Dawson Cherokee Forsyth orsyth Bartow Polk olk Unio nion Gwinne netttt Cobb Fran anklin Banks Hall Hart Jackson Madison Elbert Barrow Clarke Oglethorpe Oconee Wilkeess Waltoonn Lin oln Linc co DeKalb Rockdale Greene M o rga n Columbia Taliaferro ferro Carroll Newton McDuffie Henry Warren Coweta Fayette Richmond perr Putnam Butts utts Jaspe Heard Hancoc ockk Spalding Glascock Meriwether Jefferson rke Pike Lamar Burke Baldwin Troup Washingto gton Monroe Jones Upson Bibb Wilkinson Jenkins Screven Crawford ford Johnson Harris Talboott TwiTgwigsggs Douglas Fulton Clayton Taylor Muscogee Chattahoochee Marion Ste Stewaartrt Schley Webste bster Quitman Randolph Terrell Mac acon Peach Houston Pulaski Dooly Sumter Crisp Lee Bleckley Turner Dodge Wilcox Laurens Emanuel Treu reutltlen ch ulloch Candler Bull Montgomery Wheeler Toombs Evans Tattnall Telfair nHill BenHil JeffD effDavis Irwi win Woortrthh Cllay Calhoun C Dougherty Coffeeee TiTift Tiftft Earlrlyy Bak aker Atki Atkinson Berrien Mi Mitchell Colquitt Miller Cook L ani e r Seminole Clinch Cli Brooks Decatur Grady Thomas Lowndes Echols 2001 Bryan Long Wayne ayne ay McIntosh Pierce Glynn Brantley are Ware Charlton Chatham Liberty Appling Bacon Effingham amden Cam What if we could eliminate poverty in the rural South? If we closed the gaps in the service sector alone… • 500,000 additional jobs • $15 billion in additional income • $3.2 billion to government coffers – $1 billion to state and local governments – $2.2 billion to federal treasury How did we get here? • Failed Economic Development Strategies • Creation of a Culture of Dependency • Uncoordinated Development Policy • Misaligned Benefits from Growth • Race Matters Changing the Paradigm • A NEW MEASURE OF POVERTY!!! • FAMILY BUDGETS Family Budget for Rural GA Family of Four: Housing Food Child Care Transportation Healthcare Taxes Other TOTAL ANNUAL TOTAL $420 $505 $650 $270 $265 $304 $273 $2,687 $32,242 Source: The Self-Sufficiency Standard for Georgia, Women’s Policy Group, 2002 Changing the Paradigm • A NEW MEASURE OF POVERTY!!! • FAMILY BUDGETS • ABANDON THE COUNTY AS A UNIT OF ANALYSIS Murray Fannin Chattanooga Dade Dalton Gilmer Walker Whitfield Towns Catoosa Chattooga Gordon Rome Lumpkin Pickens Dawson 2003 Georgia Metropolitan Statistical Areas White Habersham Stephens Franklin Hart Gainesville Banks Floyd Bartow Rabun Union Cherokee Hall Forsyth Polk Gwinnett 10-20% of county commute in 20-30% of county commute in 30%+ of county commute in Madison Elbert Jackson Barrow Athens Clarke Paulding Cobb Oglethorpe Fulton Oconee Wilkes Lincoln DeKalb Haralson Walton Douglas Rockdale Morgan Carroll Clayton GreeneTaliaferro Newton Columbia McDuffie Henry Warren Fayette Richmond Coweta Butts Jasper Putnam Heard Spalding Hancock Glascock Atlanta Augusta Troup Meriwether Pike Lamar Monroe Jones Macon Upson Harris Bibb Talbot Muscogee Columbus Marion Chattahoochee Baldwin Crawford Taylor Schley Bleckley Dodge Toombs Telfair Jeff Davis Albany Worth Clay Wheeler Turner Ben Hill Irwin Calhoun Dougherty Appling Coffee Wayne Bacon McIntosh Berrien Baker Miller Seminole Decatur Mitchell Bryan Chatham Liberty Hinesville Long Tift Early Effingham Savannah Evans Tattnall Wilcox Lee Screven Candler Bulloch Montgomery Crisp RandolphTerrell Laurens Treutlen Pulaski Dooly Eufaula Johnson Emanuel Peach Houston Macon Quitman Jenkins Wilkinson Twiggs Stewart Webster Sumter Burke Jefferson Washington Pierce Atkinson Colquitt Ware Brunswick Brantley Glynn Cook Lanier Valdosta Grady Thomas Brooks Lowndes Clinch Charlton Camden Echols Jacksonville Changing the Paradigm • A NEW MEASURE OF POVERTY!!! • FAMILY BUDGETS • ABANDON THE COUNTY AS A UNIT OF ANALYSIS • COMMUNITIES OF ECONOMIC INFLUENCE Conclusions • • • • • Collaborative research Realistic policy options Focus on the working poor Develop more useful unit of analysis Communities of Economic Influence Contact: Matt Bishop University of Georgia mlbishop@uga.edu Joe Whorton University of Georgia jwhorton@uga.edu
