Report to PLACE
Pennine Lancashire
Economic Assessment
Prepared by Saeed Patel and Kenneth Barnsley
Corporate Research Joint Intelligence
Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council
Third Floor
Town Hall
Blackburn
BB1 7DY
15 February 2011
Document Information
Title
Pennine Lancashire Economic Assessment
Date completed
February 2011
Description
This report sets out the Local Economic Assessment for Pennine Lancashire and serves as the
Local Economic Assessment for Blackburn with Darwen. It has been developed between April
and November 2010, with contributions to the structure and suggestions for suitable content from
the Place Strategy Unit, Blackburn with Darwen Economic Development and Regeneration,
Corporate Research Joint Intelligence and the districts that make up Pennine Lancashire. The
report has been produced by Corporate Research Joint Intelligence at Blackburn with Darwen
Borough Council.
The purpose of this document is to communicate information which has been compiled as a
result of research and analysis relating to Pennine Lancashire districts and to stimulate thought
amongst partners to highlight the main issues affecting Pennine Lancashire districts now and in
the future.
The report is evidence based, the data provides a point in time snapshot and covers a wide
range of topics. The report is not intended to be exhaustive, instead a broad overview and
assessment is provided to support the development of economic policy and strategy for Pennine
Lancashire, the Multi Area Agreement and the developing proposals for Local Economic
Partnership.
Creator
Saeed Patel
Research and Intelligence Officer
Contact details
Corporate Research Joint Intelligence
Policy and Research
3rd Floor Old Town Hall
e: saeed.patel@blackburn.gov.uk
T: 01254 58(5106)
Geographic coverage
Pennine Lancashire districts
Period
Latest information up-to 2010-11 is included where possible
Frequency update
To be determined
Status
Final draft version
Disclaimer
Data for this report has been obtained from trusted national sources and is believed to be
correct. Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council does not guarantee its accuracy nor does it
accept any liability for any direct or indirect loss or damage or other consequences, arising from
use of such information supplied
Pennine Lancashire & Blackburn with Darwen Economic Assessment, February 2011
1
Chapter contents
Chapter 1
Population
Ethnicity
Religion
Projection of future population and households
Dependency ratio
Under 16 dependency ratio
Old age dependency ratio
Dependency ratio over time
Household projections
International migration
Origin of foreign nationals in Lancashire
Worker registration by district
Origin of foreign by district
5
8
10
11
13
14
14
14
15
16
16
17
18
Chapter 2
18
19
20
23
24
26
27
28
29
30
32
33
34
37
38
39
39
GCSE and equivalent results
Adult qualifications 2001 and 2008
Qualifications 2008
Employment rate
Economic activity rate 2001
Economic activity rate 2008
Economic inactivity
Jobs density
Self employment
Unemployment
Unemployment – age and duration
Claimants key out of work benefits
Earnings – Resident and workplace
Earnings Full and part time
Median gross annual earnings
Gross disposable household earnings
Chapter 3
Output and productivity (GVA)
Gross value added per head
Employment structure
Employment overview (employees) by district
Employment by sector (SIC 2007)
Manufacturing sector change over time
Textiles
Food and drink
Optical and electrical equipment
Printing
Machinery and equipment
Transport and equipment
Chemical and man made fibres
Non metallic minerals
Pennine Lancashire & Blackburn with Darwen Economic Assessment, February 2011
42
43
45
48
50
51
52
52
52
53
53
53
53
53
2
Services sector change over time
Wholesale and retail trade
Hotels and restaurants
Public administration, education and health
Transport and communications
Financial intermediation
54
55
55
55
56
56
Creative and digital
ICT and telecommunications
Sports and leisure
Retail trade
Construction
Tourism
Knowledge economy
Employment in Knowledge Intensive (KI) industries
Occupation of workers in KI industries
Higher level skills
Business structure
District overview
Third (voluntary) sector
Business structure over time
Business size
Small business by number of employees
Small business by number of employees 2008
Business births and deaths
Births and deaths percentage of enterprise stock
Entrepreneurialism
NI 177 business registration and closure per 10,000 adult population
NI 172 Small business showing employment growth
Business survival rates
57
57
58
58
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
73
74
74
76
77
Chapter 4 – Communities and connections
Employment centres
Land use
Commercial property
Empty units
Empty unit trends
Expenditure retail centres in the North West
Travel to work
Where do residents work
Where do workers live
In and outflow
Map 1 travel out of Blackburn with Darwen
Map 2 travel to Blackburn with Darwen
Distances travelled to work
Gender and distance travelled to work
Car ownership in Lancashire
Mode of transport used to travel to work
NI 176 Working age population with access to employment by public transport
NI 177 Local bus and light rail journeys
Pennine Lancashire & Blackburn with Darwen Economic Assessment, February 2011
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79
82
83
84
85
86
86
86
86
87
88
90
91
92
95
95
3
Chapter 5 Housing
Dwelling type
Household tenure
House prices and housing costs
House prices and sales volume
House prices and earnings
Median house prices to median earnings
House price trends
Dwelling stock by tenure
Number of affordable homes delivered
Vacant dwellings by district
Council tax
96
97
98
99
101
102
103
104
106
107
108
Chapter 6 Environment
NI 191 Residual household waste per household
NI 192 Percentage of household waste sent for recycling
NI 193 percentage of municipal waste sent to landfill
Energy consumption
Estimates of local carbon dioxide emissions
Greenhouse gas emissions
110
111
112
113
115
117
Chapter 7 Inclusion, crime and health
Deprivation
Income deprivation affecting children
Benefit claimants
Disability rate
Infant mortality
All age all cause, circulatory disease & cancer mortality
Crime
Pennine Lancashire & Blackburn with Darwen Economic Assessment, February 2011
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123
124
126
127
127
128
4
Chapter One : Population
This chapter looks at the overall population in the sub-region between given time frames to
identify trends, and implications of changes in population.
The study of population is important since its size and composition can exert a powerful
influence on an area’s development. Population size, composition, and distribution influence
the range of industries an area can support, the pool of talent that can be called on, the
potential of communities, and the demand for and supply of services. Similarly, the effect
people have on the social, economic and physical environments depends on the composition,
expectations and distribution of the population.
1.1 Population 2009
Blackburn with Darwen’s population in 2009 (the latest available estimate) was of 139,900
people.
As figure one shows, the population of Blackburn with Darwen has, over recent years, begun to
steadily decline. The mid –year estimate in 2009 put the population of the borough at 139,900,
lower than the 2008 figure of 140,700. Between 2001 and 2005 Blackburn with Darwen
experienced a continuous increase in its population, which peaked at 141,200 in 2006. The total
Pennine Lancashire population also shows a similar trend, peaking at 526,000 in 2006, before
going into decline.
Fig 1: Blackburn with Darwen population by year
Blackburn with Darwen Population
1999-2009
141.5
141.0
141.2 141.2
140.5
140.8
140.9
140.0
140.0
139.5
139.0
140.7
139.9
139.3
138.5
138.0
137.5
138.2 138.2
138.5
137.0
136.5
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Source: ONS mid year population estimates
Pennine Lancashire & Blackburn with Darwen Economic Assessment, February 2011
5
Table 1: Population change (000s) in Blackburn with Darwen and Pennine
Lancashire Districts, 1991-2009
Area
Population
Population in
% change
in 2001
2009
2001-2009
Blackburn with Darwen
138,500
139,900
+1.0%
Burnley
89,500
85,600
-4.4%
Hyndburn
81,500
81,100
-0.5%
Pendle
89,300
89,300
Ribble Valley
54,100
57,600
+6.5%
Rossendale
65,600
67,100
+2.3%
Pennine Lancashire
North West
England and Wales
518,500
6,773,000
52,360,000
520,600
6,897,900
54,809,100
+0.4%
+1.8%
+4.7%
Source: Office for National Statistics
The above table shows population change between 2001 and 2009 for Pennine Lancashire
districts. The table shows the population of Hyndburn and Burnley decreasing, all other districts
have experienced increases in their population.
Overall, Ribble Valley has seen a 6.5% increase in its population over this period, and
Rossendale a 2.3% increase. During the same period Burnley’s population declined by 4.4% and
Hyndburn’s by 0.5%.
From an economic viewpoint, population numbers have two main areas of significance, firstly
growing numbers of people generate increased demands for goods and services and,
therefore, for the employment which delivers goods and services. Secondly, growing numbers
of people form the basis for a growing workforce.
The working age population is defined as 16 to 59 years for females and 16 to 64 for males,
which is a key determinant of the size of the workforce; however there are limitations:
 There is no guarantee that these people are working
 People not in this age group could be working
 People in this age group could be working outside the Pennine Lancashire area
Table 1.1 and figures 1.1 and 1.2 shows the mid 2009 population for Pennine Lancashire districts
by three broad age bands. Blackburn with Darwen has the largest number of people in all age
groups.
Pennine Lancashire & Blackburn with Darwen Economic Assessment, February 2011
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Fig 1.1 Total population by district (N)
Fig 1.2 % population by district
160,000
Pensionable age
140,000
Working age
120,000
Children
100,000
80,000
60,000
40,000
20,000
0
B'burn
Burnley
Hyndburn
Pendle
Ribble
Darwen
Rossendale
valley
Children
100.0%
90.0%
80.0%
70.0%
60.0%
50.0%
40.0%
30.0%
20.0%
10.0%
0.0%
15.4%
Working age
Pensionable age
19.4%
18.6%
19.0%
23.1%
18.0%
60.2%
59.9%
60.5%
58.5%
61.7%
24.3%
20.4%
21.5%
20.5%
18.4%
20.3%
B'burn
Burnley
Hyndburn
Pendle
Ribble
Rossendale
60.3%
valley
Darwen
Table 1.1: Broad age groups by district
Age group
BwD
Burnley
Hyndburn
Pendle
0-15
24.3%
20.4%
21.5%
16-59/64
60.3%
60.2%
60/65+
15.4%
139,900
Total
Rossendale
20.5%
Ribble
Valley
18.4%
20.3%
Pennine
Lancashire
21.4%
North
West
18.8%
England &
Wales
18.7%
59.9%
60.5%
58.5%
61.7%
60.2%
61.5%
61.8%
19.4%
18.6%
19.0%
23.1%
18.0%
18.4%
19.7%
19.5%
85,600
81,100
89,300
57,600
67,100
520,600
6,897,900
54,809,100
Source: ONS, Mid-year population estimates, population estimates analysis tool
A quarter of Blackburn with Darwen’s population is under the age of 15 compared to
approximately a fifth for Pennine Lancashire and Pennine Lancashire districts. It is also evident
from the statistics that there are a smaller proportion of people of retirement age in the borough
with 15.4% being of pensionable age, Ribble Valley has the highest proportion of people of
retirement age with 23.1% and the lowest proportion of people of working age.
The following table shows the change in the broad age distribution of Blackburn with Darwen’s
population between 2001 and 2009:
Table 1.2: Changing age balance of Blackburn with Darwen’s population
2001
2009
2001-2009
No.
%
No.
%
% change
Aged 0-15
34,600
25.0
34,000
25.0
-1.7%
Working age
82,600
59.6
84,300
59.8
+2.1%
Retirement age
21,300
15.4
21,600
15.2
+1.4%
Total
138,500
100.0
139,900
100.0
+1.0%
Source: ONS, Mid-year population estimates
This data shows that the number of older people in the borough has increased by 300, while the
number of young people has fallen by twice the amount. But, critically in a period of rising
employment/unemployment, the number of people of working age – that is, in principle,
available to work, has risen by around 1,700 people or 2.1%.
Pennine Lancashire & Blackburn with Darwen Economic Assessment, February 2011
7
The following table presents population change by broad age groups between 2001 and 2009.
Table 1.3: Population Change by Broad Age Grouping (2001-2009)
BwD
Burnley
Hyndburn
Pendle
Ribble
Valley
Rossendale
Pennine
Lancashire
North
West
England
0-15
-1.7
-13.8
-6.5
-9.4
-
-6.8
-6.3
-7.0
-2.3
16-59/64
2.1
-3.7
0.2
1.3
3.7
3.2
1.0
3.0
5.1
60/65+
1.4
5.7
4.9
7.6
22.0
11.0
7.5
8.0
10.7
Total
1.0
-4.4
-0.5
-
6.5
2.3
0.4
1.8
4.7
Source: ONS, Mid-year population estimates
Between 2001 and 2009 Blackburn with Darwen has experienced a 1% decrease in its
population. The population of children has decreased by -1.7%, while the working age
population has increased by 2.1%, those of pensionable age have also increased by 1.4%.
Burnley (-13.8%) and Pendle (-9.4%) have experienced a decrease in children aged 0-15 higher
than the Pennine Lancashire rate (-6.3%), Blackburn with Darwen has experienced the smallest
decrease with -1.7.
Ribble Valley (22.0%), Pendle (7.6%) and Rossendale (11.0%) all saw an increase in residents of
pensionable age with rates higher than Pennine Lancashire.
1.2 Ethnicity
Ethnicity estimates are produced by the Office for national Statistics. The latest available
estimates are for 2007. In 2007, three quarters (77%) of Blackburn with Darwen’s population was
of white ethnicity and just under a quarter were from black and minority ethnic (BME)
backgrounds, this included a fifth with an asian background.
The percentage of ethnic population within Pennine Lancashire sub-region is approximately
13%, after Blackburn with Darwen, Pendle has the largest percentage of ethnic minority people
living in its district (16%), followed by Burnley and Hyndburn with 10% and as detailed in table
1.4, these are mostly of asian origin.
Pennine Lancashire & Blackburn with Darwen Economic Assessment, February 2011
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Table 1.4: Ethnicity by district
Total
White
Mixed
Asian
Black
BME
Other
Blackburn with Darwen
140,900
77.0%
1.3%
20.4%
0.8%
22.5%
0.6%
Burnley
87,500
89.4%
0.9%
8.7%
0.5%
10.1%
0.5%
Hyndburn
82,000
89.6%
1.0%
8.8%
0.4%
10.1%
0.4%
Pendle
90,000
83.9%
1.1%
14.3%
0.3%
15.8%
0.4%
Ribble Valley
58,300
95.4%
0.7%
2.7%
0.3%
3.8%
0.7%
Rossendale
67,000
94.3%
0.9%
4.0%
0.3%
5.2%
0.4%
Pennine Lancashire
525,700
86.5%
1.0%
11.5%
0.5%
13.1%
0.5%
North West
6,864,300
92.1%
1.2%
4.4%
1.1%
6.8%
1.1%
England
51,092,000
88.2%
1.7%
5.7%
2.8%
10.2%
1.5%
Source: ONS Experimental Statistics
Table 1.5: Districts by broad age groups
Age group
Area
Total
All ages
Pennine Lancashire
525.0
BwD
140.7
North West
6864.1
England
51092.0
White
86.5%
77.0%
92.1%
88.2%
VME
13.5%
23.0%
7.9%
11.8%
0-15
Pennine Lancashire
BwD
North West
England
112.8
34.1
1308.7
9655.8
78.7%
67.4%
88.8%
84.2%
21.3%
32.6%
11.2%
15.8%
16-64/59
Pennine Lancashire
BwD
North West
England
319.5
85.5
4240.1
31791.7
86.4%
76.8%
91.4%
87.1%
13.6%
23.2%
8.6%
12.9%
65/60+
Pennine Lancashire
BwD
North West
England
92.7
21.1
1315.3
9644.5
96.7%
93.4%
97.8%
95.9%
3.3%
6.6%
2.2%
4.1%
Source: ONS, Experimental statistics
A third of Blackburn with Darwen’s minority ethnic population is aged between 0-15 compared
to a fifth for Pennine Lancashire. Both the Blackburn with Darwen and Pennine Lancashire
minority ethnic population is higher than the regional and national average.
A quarter of the working age population in Blackburn with Darwen is of minority ethnic origin,
higher than Pennine Lancashire figure of 14% and also higher than the regional and national
average.
For those of a pensionable age, those with white ethnicity make up the highest percentage in
each area. Approximately 7% of Blackburn with Darwen’s pensionable age population comes
from a minority ethnic background.
Pennine Lancashire & Blackburn with Darwen Economic Assessment, February 2011
9
1.3 Religion
Religion and religious distinctions within ethnic groups can be important to business and service
provision, due to differing customs and culture. Information by ethnicity relating to religion is
found in the 2001 census, shown below
In the 2002 census 1 in 10 Pennine Lancashire residents were muslim and 71% christian. A
response of no religion was given by 10.4% of Pennine Lancashire residents and for a further
7.4% religion was not stated.
The profile of the resident population by religion changes when considered by each Pennine
Lancashire district. Approximately 1 in 5 Blackburn with Darwen residents and 1 in 7 Pendle
residents are muslim. Burnley and Hyndburn also have a muslim presence with approximately
7%, Ribble valley has the lowest.
Table 1.6: Religion by district
All
Christian
People
Blackburn
with
Darwen
Burnley
Hyndburn
Pendle
Ribble
Valley
Rossendale
Pennine
Lancashire
Buddhist/Hindu
/Jewish
Muslim
Sikh
Any other
religion
No
religion
137,470
63.3%
0.4%
19.4%
0.1%
0.1%
8.0%
Religion
not
stated
8.6%
89,542
81,496
89,248
53,960
74.5%
76.3%
65.4%
85.3%
0.4%
0.2%
0.2%
0.1%
6.6%
7.2%
13.4%
0.6%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.2%
0.1%
0.2%
0.1%
11.0%
9.2%
13.1%
8.2%
7.3%
7.0%
7.6%
5.4%
65,652
51,7368
75.7%
71.5%
0.1%
0.1%
2.9%
10.2%
0.0%
0.0%
0.2%
0.2%
13.9%
10.4%
7.0%
7.4%
Source: ONS 2001 census
Pennine Lancashire & Blackburn with Darwen Economic Assessment, February 2011
10
1.4 Projection of future population and households
Population projections are based on what has happened in the past and assumptions about
what is going to happen in the future. The following should be borne in mind when assessing
any change in population.
Population projections vary in their reliability and level of certainty. Projected trends in the past
have varied in their reliability due to the assumptions made and generally, the level of
uncertainty increases the further in time projections are made
Table 1.7 Forecast population change in Pennine Lancashire, 2008 to 2030
TOTAL
TOTAL POPULATION
POPULATION 2008
2030
Blackburn with Darwen
139.4
145.9
Burnley
86.0
83.8
Hyndburn
81.2
82.6
Pendle
89.1
94.1
Ribble Valley
57.8
63.4
Rossendale
66.7
72.0
Pennine Lancashire
North West
England
520.2
6874.1
51,464.6
541.8
7413.1
59,738.3
% CHANGE
4.7%
-2.6%
1.7%
5.6%
9.7%
7.9%
4.2%
7.8%
16.1%
Source: Sub-national population projections, Office for national Statistics, based on 2008 population.
Blackburn with Darwen in common with many other areas is expected to see growth in its
population into the future. Most recent government population projections suggest that by 2030
Blackburn with Darwen’s population will be 145,900, a 4.7% increase on the 2008 population.
All districts in Pennine Lancashire with the exception of Burnley are expected to see increases in
their populations. Ribble Valley and Rossendale are forecast to increase their populations by
9.7% and 7.9% respectively.
Burnley’s population of 85,400 is expected to decrease by -2.6% or 2,200 by 2030.
These long term changes are not immediately critical to the local economy, what is more
relevant is the change in age distribution of the population which accompanies the changes in
total numbers.
Pennine Lancashire & Blackburn with Darwen Economic Assessment, February 2011
11
Table 1.8 Forecast change in population age distribution in Blackburn with Darwen and Pennine
Lancashire districts, 2009 to 2030
2009 MYE’s
20301
N
%
%
%
N
%
%
%
children Working retired
children Working retired
age
age
Blackburn
with
139.9
24.3
60.3
15.4
145.9
23.6
56.1
20.3
Darwen
Burnley
85.6
20.4
60.2
19.4
83.8
20.3
52.4
27.2
Hyndburn
81.1
21.5
59.9
18.6
82.6
19.9
55.0
25.2
Pendle
89.3
20.5
60.5
19.0
94.1
19.7
53.8
26.7
Ribble
57.7
18.4
58.4
23.1
63.4
16.2
50.0
33.8
Valley
Rossendale
67.1
20.3
61.7
18.0
72.0
19.2
55.1
25.8
Pennine
Lancashire
North West
England
520.7
21.4
60.2
18.4
541.8
20.4
54.1
25.5
6,897.9
51,809.7
18.8
18.7
61.5
61.8
19.7
19.5
7413.1
59,738.3
18.3
18.2
56.0
57.1
25.7
24.7
Source: 2009 MYE’s and 1 Sub-national population projections, Office for national Statistics, based on 2008 population.
Between 2010 and 2030 the proportion of older people in Blackburn with Darwen is set to
increase and the proportion of younger people is set to decrease, the proportion of the working
age population is also set to decrease. These changes will have significance for education,
health and social care services.
Underpinning the absolute growth in population highlighted above, the broad demographic
structure of Pennine Lancashire districts is changing. With the future predicting a far greater
proportion of people in the older and very old age groups than at present. Between 2010 and
2030 the number of over 65 year olds is due to increase by 8,300 or 46%, while the over 85 year
olds are expected to number 3,800 (a 73% increase on the 2010 base of 2,200).
Whilst the aging population increases, the number of people in population aged between 25
and 49 are expected to decrease in the 2010 to 2030 period. Over the period this age group is
projected to see a decrease of some 1,100 people or a decline of 2.3%.
Such a decrease, is likely to have an impact on the labour force of Blackburn with Darwen, with
a potentially smaller overall labour force, and possible changing structure in the labour force,
with people having to work longer than present, and possibly a shift towards a greater emphasis
on part time work, as population becomes more skewed towards older age groups.
The total 2008-based projected population for the sub-region in 2030 is just over half a million
while that for Blackburn with Darwen it is 145.9. The figures below show population pyramids
based on the 2008 projections by age and sex for Blackburn with Darwen, comparing 2010
projection with the projected 2030 figures.
Pennine Lancashire & Blackburn with Darwen Economic Assessment, February 2011
12
Fig 1.3.
Fig 1.4.
Blackburn with Darwen
Pennine Lancashire
F 2030
90+
M 2030
85-89
F 2008
80-84
M 2030
90+
75-79
65-69
70-74
60-64
65-69
55-59
60-64
55-59
50-54
45-49
50-54
40-44
45-49
35-39
40-44
35-39
30-34
30-34
25-29
25-29
20-24
20-24
15-19
15-19
10-14
10-14
5-9
5-9
0-4
6
4
2
M 2008
80-84
70-74
8
F 2008
85-89
M 2008
75-79
F 2030
0-4
0
2
4
6
25
20
15
10
5
0
5
10
15
20
25
Notable points for Blackburn with Darwen are

There is a projected increase in the 5-9 and 10-14 age groups with a reduction in those
aged 0-4.

For the 15-64 age groups the projections give shifting patterns between the groups. With
the exception of 55-59 and 60-64 age group which is projected to increase.

A projected increase in all age groups over 65 can be seen for 2030, this largely results
from projected increase in life expectancy. In the older age groups women outnumber
men.
One consequence of a declining work force is an increase in dependency ratio
1.5 Dependency ratio
The dependency ratio measures the percentage of dependent people (not of working age) as
a proportion of those who are economically active (i.e. working age population). The
dependency ratio is important because it shows the ratio of economically inactive compared
to economically active population. The economically active population will pay much more
income tax, corporation tax, and, to a lesser extent, more sales and VAT taxes.
The economically inactive (under 16 and over 65) population tend to be bigger recipients of
government spending e.g. education, pensions and health care.
An increase in the dependency ratio can cause fiscal problems for local and national
government, and will lead to increasingly difficult choices to be made.
Many are concerned about an increase in the dependency ratio. However, it is worth bearing
in mind that this rise in dependency ratio is partly offset by rising female participation in the
labour market and a smaller percentage of people under 18. The figures given below are at
district authority level
Pennine Lancashire & Blackburn with Darwen Economic Assessment, February 2011
13
1.6 Under 16 Dependency ratio
NB. Dependency ratios calculated are based on 2008 based population projections.
In 2010, the dependency ratio for Pennine Lancashire for those aged 0-16 was 35.5%,
compared to 30.5% for the North West and 30.2% for England. All districts of Pennine Lancashire
had rates that were higher than the regional and national average, the highest dependency
ratio being 40.4% for Blackburn with Darwen. Hyndburn has the 2nd highest rate with 35.1% and
Ribble Valley the lowest at 31.6%.
1.7 Old age - Dependency ratio
The old age dependency ratio was 32.4% for the North West, higher than the national rate at
31.6%. Ribble valley at 40.4% had the highest old age dependency ratio of any Pennine
Lancashire district, higher also than the regional and national average. Rossendale, Hyndburn
and Blackburn with Darwen have rates lower than the regional and national average, the
lowest being 25.9% for Blackburn with Darwen.
1.8 Dependency ratio over time
Figure 1.5 given below shows old age and under 16 dependency ratio over time for Blackburn
with Darwen as can be seen whilst the dependency ratio is high for those aged less than 16 it is
projected to remain fairly stable over the next 20 years. The old age dependency ratio however
can be seen to increase such that in 2030 the old age dependency ratio in Blackburn with
Darwen is 36.2%, an increase of 10.3% points on the 2010 level
Fig 1.5 Children and older people dependency ratio for Blackburn with Darwen
Children
Older people
45.0%
40.0%
35.0%
40.4%
40.9%
42.4%
20.0%
42.2%
36.2%
30.0%
25.0%
42.4%
33.1%
25.9%
27.8%
30.1%
15.0%
10.0%
5.0%
0.0%
2010
2015
2020
2025
Pennine Lancashire & Blackburn with Darwen Economic Assessment, February 2011
2030
14
1.9 Household projections
In March 2009, the Department of Communities and Local Government (DCLG) published
projections of households down to local authority level.
The data shows that the number of households in England is projected to grow to 27.8 million in
2031, an increase of 6.3 million (29.3%) over the 2006 estimate.
Population growth is the main driver of household growth, but significant percentage increases
in one person and lone parent households are also a factor. The ageing population underpins
the growth in one person households. Married couple households are expected to show a small
decline which is in contrast to the 74% increase in the number of cohabiting couples. All these
changes are expected to result in the average household size declining from 2.32 in 2006 to
2.13 in 2031.
Table 1.9 Household Projections by Household Type, 2006-2031
2006
2016
2026
2031
Married couple
Cohabiting couple
Lone parent
Other multi-person
One person
9,395,000
2,118,800
1,663,000
1,446,000
6,822,000
9,115,000
3,031,000
1,852,000
1,648,000
8,460,000
9,129,000
3,574,000
1,976,000
1,816,000
10,178,000
9,179,000
3,804,000
2,021,000
1,914,000
10,899,000
Percentage change
2006-2031
-2
74
22
32
60
All households
21,515,000
24,107,000
26,674,000
27,818,000
29
Private household
population
49,855,000
53,769,000
57,617,000
59,287,000
19
2.32
2.23
2.16
2.13
—
Average household
size
Source: Department for Communities and Local Government: Household Projections to 2031
The most rapid growth rates in household numbers within Pennine Lancashire districts are the
Ribble Valley (41.7%) far in excess of the regional and national average. In contrast Burnley is
only expected to see a 14% increase in households. The growth rate for other Pennine
Lancashire authorities is projected to grow by a quarter.
Table 1.10: Household Projections, 2006-2031 (thousands)
Blackburn with Darwen
Burnley
Hyndburn
Pendle
Ribble Valley
Rossendale
Pennine Lancashire
North West
England
2006
2011
2016
2021
2026
2031
Percentage change
2006-2031
55
37
34
37
24
28
58
38
35
39
26
30
60
39
37
41
28
31
63
40
39
43
30
33
66
41
40
45
32
34
68
42
42
46
34
35
23.6%
13.5%
23.5%
24.3%
41.7%
25.0%
215
2,931
21,515
226
3,067
22,748
236
3,221
24,107
248
3,367
25,439
258
3,497
26,674
267
3,617
27,818
24.2%
23.4%
29.3%
Source: Department for Communities and Local Government: Household Projections to 2031
Pennine Lancashire & Blackburn with Darwen Economic Assessment, February 2011
15
1.10 International Migration
International migration has always played a role in shaping the demographic profile of
Blackburn with Darwen and other Pennine Lancashire districts, migration in the early and late
60’s saw people from the Indian subcontinent arrive to take up employment in cotton mills in
the area, more recently with the opening up of borders many migrants from EU accession states
have come to the country
Worker registration scheme figures provide information for local authorities on applications to
work in the UK by those from the eight EU accession countries. Workers from these countries
have to register for each job they take until they have worked a total of 12 out of 13 months.
1.11 Origin of Foreign nationals in Lancashire
In 2008/09 Poland remains the source of most (2,080) registrations in Lancashire. Registrations
from Poland account for 27% of the total. The percentage of registrations coming from Poland
has dropped considerably as in 2007/08 they accounted for 46% of all registrations.
India and Pakistan are the second and third main contributor countries to Lancashire migration
with 930 and 600 from each country respectively. China is the fourth main origin of migrants
(with 300).
A total of 3,020 of the registrations in Lancashire in 2008/09 were by people from the eight
Eastern European accession countries (not shown in Table 1 are Slovenia and Estonia. There
were no registrations in Lancashire from these countries). In addition to these registrations from
Eastern Europe, there were 150 and 110 registrations from Bulgaria and Romania. These
countries joined the European Union in January 2007.
Table 1.11 Origins of Foreign Nationals Registering in Lancashire
Poland India Pakistan China
Slovak
Hungary
Republic
2008/09
2007/08
2006/07
2005/06
2004/05
2003/04
2002/03
2,080
4,420
4,660
3,770
1,130
80
30
930
920
860
890
760
680
640
600
780
810
640
630
610
720
300
370
300
240
280
230
190
Change
+2,050
+290
-120
+110
2002/032008/09
Source: Department for Work and Pensions
Lithuania
Bulgaria
Latvia
Czech
Republic
Bangladesh
Romania
270
250
300
300
130
0
0
240
190
170
120
20
0
0
150
170
230
430
160
0
0
150
140
10
40
60
20
0
140
180
250
320
130
0
0
140
130
140
170
50
0
0
120
100
100
100
80
70
80
110
40
20
80
10
0
0
+270
+240
+150
+150
+140
+140
+40
+110
Migration from Eastern Europe was minimal from Poland prior to 2004/05 and almost nonexistent from the other countries. Migration from Poland and other Eastern European countries
began to rise in 2004/05. However the greatest increases were between 2004/05 and 2005/06.
Between 2006/07 and 2007/08 numbers from most of the eastern Europe accession countries
started to drop and have dropped more significantly between 2007/08 and 2008/09 (by 2,320,
which is 22%). Between 2006/07 and 2007/08 they continued to rise a little from Hungary and
have continued to do so (by another 50) into 2008/09. In January 2007 Bulgaria and Romania
joined the European Union. Registrations from Bulgaria in 2007/08 were much higher than in
Pennine Lancashire & Blackburn with Darwen Economic Assessment, February 2011
16
previous years at 150. Registrations from Romania have varied but definitely rose between
2007/08 and 2008/09 from 40 to 110.
India and Pakistan remain as the second and third main contributor countries of migrants to
Lancashire. Registrations from Indian nationals increased by approximately 300 between
2002/03 and 2008/09. Conversely the number from Pakistan fell by 120. There were also 120
registrations from Bangladesh in 2008/09, 40 higher than in 2002/03.
1.12 Worker registrations by District
Registrations were by far the highest in Preston in 2008/09 (1,710). Blackburn with Darwen had
high a numbers of registrations in 2008/09 at 930. Summing the district data for 2008/09 shows
that there were around 7,550 registrations in Lancashire and 5,840 in the Lancashire County
Council area. These figures are approximate as the district figures are rounded to the nearest
ten.
Between 2007/08 and 2008/09 registrations fell in all but two local authority areas in Lancashire.
They fell by the greatest number in Blackburn with Darwen (by 500), Blackpool (480) and Preston
(340). Registrations rose slightly in West Lancashire (60) and Rossendale (30).
Table 1.12 Lancashire District Rankings in Great Britain
Rankings
Blackburn with Darwen
Burnley
Hyndburn
Pendle
Ribble Valley
Rossendale
Source: Department for Work and Pensions
2008/09
=142
=336
=373
=170
=286
=239
2007/08
106
=304
263
=219
=348
=400
Difference
↓
↓
↓
↑
↑
↑
Out of 408 districts or unitary councils in Great Britain, only Blackpool in Lancashire is in the
quarter of councils with the highest numbers of national insurance number registrations by
foreign nationals in 2008/09.
Table 1.13 District Registrations as a Percentage of Total Working Age Population
Working
population 2008
NI number registrations
2004/09
Total
% of working
number
population
4,600
5.40
1,300
2.44
1,770
3.60
2,530
4.62
680
1.95
590
1.41
NI number registrations
2008/09
Total
% of working
number
population
930
1.09
280
0.53
330
0.67
510
0.93
130
0.37
130
0.31
Blackburn with Darwen
Burnley
Hyndburn
Pendle
Ribble Valley
Rossendale
85,240
53,200
49,120
54,720
34,880
41,720
Broader 14-authority
Lancashire area
880,400
34,120
3.88
7,550
0.86
36,942,520
3,165,800
8.57
686,110
1.86
Great Britain
Source: Department for Work and Pensions
Pennine Lancashire & Blackburn with Darwen Economic Assessment, February 2011
17
In Lancashire cumulative registrations between 2004 and 2009 accounted for almost 4% of the
total working population of 2008. The rate was much the same in the county. In both cases the
rate is less than half the rate across Great Britain. Cumulative registrations accounted for the
highest proportion of the working population in Preston – at over 8%. Blackpool, Blackburn with
Darwen and Lancaster had the next highest rates at over 5% respectively.
Cumulative figures do not represent the actual number of foreign migrants in an area at any
one time as some will have left. The 7,550 registrations in Lancashire in 2008/09 accounted for
less than one percent of the 2008 working age population.
1.13 Origin of foreign nationals by district
By country of origin, Poland ranked in first position in ten Lancashire authority areas in 2008/09.
The dominance of Poland has reduced a little since 2007/08 when it was the main contributor
country to twelve districts (except Burnley and Wyre). In 2008/09 India was the main country of
origin (170 registrations) to Wyre whilst in Burnley and Pendle it was Pakistan (90 and 190
registrations respectively). In Rossendale there were 30 registrations from Bangladesh, the main
contributor country.
Table 1.14 Registrations in Lancashire Districts by Country of Origin
Total
2008/09
1st highest
2nd highest
Total
Blackburn with
Darwen
Burnley
930
Poland (270)
Pakistan (190)
1,430
280
Pakistan (90)
Poland (30)
340
Hyndburn
330
Poland (160)
510
Pendle
510
Pakistan (190)
No others with
10+
Poland (160)
Ribble Valley
130
Poland (30)
220
Rossendale
130
Bangladesh
(30)
Slovak
Republic (20)
No others with
10+
7,550
Poland (2,080)
India (930)
9,680
Broader Lancashire
area
Source:
660
100
2007/08
1st highest
2nd highest
Poland
(650)
Pakistan
(90)
Poland
(320)
Poland
(240)
Poland
(120)
Poland (20)
India and Pakistan
(220)
Poland (80)
Poland
(4,420)
India (920)
Pakistan (100)
Pakistan (240)
Slovak Republic
(20)
Czech
Republic(20)
Looking at second main contributor countries in 2008/09 other nationalities appear, including
the Slovakians (particularly in West Lancashire with 110 registrations), Hungarians in Chorley and
South Ribble and Bulgarians in Wyre. There were also 70 registrations by Hungarians in Lancaster
where it was the third contributor.
Pennine Lancashire & Blackburn with Darwen Economic Assessment, February 2011
18
Chapter Two : Employment and skills
This chapter profiles Blackburn with Darwen and Pennine Lancashire partners in terms of
employment and skills. It considers the overall picture of adult skills and employment in the subregion in terms of the qualification levels, earnings and training. Indicators include:
 Educational attainment
 Adult skills: level 2, 3 and 4 and no qualifications
 Average earnings
2.1 GCSE and equivalent results
As an authority, Blackburn with Darwen performs above the England and North West average
for 2009 in GCSE achievement. The trend in GCSE attainment levels in Blackburn with Darwen
have been positive, increasing from 46.8% in 2005 to 72.6% in 2009.
Other authorities within the Pennine Lancashire area have also seen increases in the
percentage of pupils achieving 5+A*-C although the rate of increase has varied, Burnley and
the Ribble Valley district have seen modest increases, Burnley by +6% points and Ribble Valley
by 7% points, from 71% to 78%, although it must be noted that attainment levels in this district
was already high. Three of the Pennine Lancashire areas perform higher than the average for
the North West and England.
Key stage 4 relates to results at GCSE level, prior to transitions in FE, training or employment.
Table 2: GCSE and equivalent results, percentage of pupils gaining - achieving 5+ A*-C
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Rank
Blackburn with Darwen LA
46.8
51.5
59.9
66.5
72.6
113
% Point
change
25.8
Burnley
45.6
44.5
41.1
46.9
51.1
326
5.5
Hyndburn
52.1
55.7
59.5
67.1
69.6
172
17.5
Rossendale
59.8
60.4
66.9
68.9
76.3
92
16.5
Pendle
46.1
45
44.3
53.5
61
282
14.9
Ribble Valley
71.1
71.2
75.5
76
78
12
6.9
North West
53.9
56.6
60.3
65.4
70.9
-
17
England
56.3
59.2
62
65.3
70
-
13.7
Source: DCSF Referenced by location of pupil residence
The results for 2009are given in more detail below
Pennine Lancashire & Blackburn with Darwen Economic Assessment, February 2011
19
Table 2. 1 GCSE and Equivalent Results by Location of Pupil Residence, 2008/09
Blackburn
with Darwen
Burnley
Hyndburn
Pendle
Ribble Valley
Rossendale
North West
England
Pupils at the end of Key Stage 4
Local
Percentage
Percentage
authority
achieving 5+
achieving 2+
ranking
GCSEs or
GCSEs or
(326)
equivalent at
equivalent at
grades A*-C
grades A*-C in
including
science
English and
subjects
maths
Number
of
pupils
Percentage of
pupils
achieving 5+
GCSEs or
equivalent at
grades A*-C
Average
capped
GCSE and
equivalent
point score
per pupil at
the end of
KS4[2]
1,873
72.6
113
44.2
55.7
318.4
1,103
1,075
54.3
69.9
326
172
39.1
49.1
38.9
43.3
290.8
315.9
1,123
674
900
63.9
80.7
73.3
282
12
92
44.9
71.2
57.2
66.4
69.0
68.0
308.2
351.7
330.1
82,863
578,631
71
69.8
—
—
49.9
50.7
56.8
54
318.6
318.4
[1] Ranking out of 326 Local Authorities in England.
Source: Office for National Statistics - Neighbourhood Statistics - Referenced by Location of Pupil Residence
The percentage of pupils who achieved five or more GCSE A*-C grade passes, or equivalent,
was higher than the England average of 69.8% in four of the six Pennine Lancashire authorities.
Within the Ribble Valley, 80.7% of pupils achieved five or more GCSE A*-C grade passes or
equivalent - and was ranked in 12th position within England. Only 17 local authorities had 80% or
more of their pupils achieving five or more GCSE A*-C grade passes or equivalent. Rossendale,
Blackburn with Darwen, and Hyndburn also achieved percentages above the England
average of 69.8%.
At the other extreme, four authorities within the Lancashire sub-region, Pendle and Burnley,
were all ranked in the bottom 100, in 282nd and 326th position, respectively. Unfortunately for
Burnley, the 54.3% pass rate of five a more A*-C grades was the worst percentage out of the
326 authorities in England. Only 15 local authorities within England recorded percentages of
pupils achieving five or more GCSE A*-C grade passes or equivalent below 60%. The two
authorities with the lowest rates also experience problems of deprivation.
Pennine Lancashire & Blackburn with Darwen Economic Assessment, February 2011
20
2.2 Adults - Qualifications
However, whilst education is significant to long term skills supply, a more immediate issue is that
of skills and qualification levels in the current workforce.
Different types of qualifications are grouped into levels of NVQ (National Vocational
Qualification). There are four levels of qualifications, as shown in table 3.39. Data for
qualifications comes from the Annual Population Survey (APS), which also includes data for
those with no qualifications and other qualifications.
A first analysis compares qualification profiles of Pennine Lancashire districts working age
population with that of national and regional workforce and looks at changes in recent years.
Data on educational attainment for adults is available through two key sources, the 2001
Census and the Office for National Statistics Annual Population Survey. The Annual Population
Survey data will be more current.
Table 2.2: Qualification levels of the working age population
Level 4 or higher
Level 3 or higher
Level 2 or higher
2001
2008
Diff
2001
2008
Diff
2001
2008
Diff
Per cent
Per cent
Per cent
Per cent
Per cent
17.4
22.6
35.5
42.0
%
point
6.5
Per cent
Blackburn
with Darwen
Burnley
%
point
5.2
57.7
60.9
%
point
3.2
13.2
23.2
10.0
29.5
39.4
9.9
53.9
57.3
3.4
Hyndburn
17.8
18.9
1.1
35.3
38.5
3.2
58.7
60.1
1.4
Pendle
14.8
20.6
5.8
31.6
43.2
11.6
51.7
59.9
8.2
Ribble Valley
33.5
39.7
6.2
54.3
62.6
8.3
77.5
80.7
3.2
Rossendale
21.6
26.0
4.4
40.9
45.2
4.3
61.6
67.1
5.5
North West
22.5
27.4
4.9
41.9
47.1
5.2
62.3
68.1
5.8
England
25.0
30.5
5.5
43.6
49.5
5.9
63.9
69.4
5.5
Note: Diff is the differences between 2001 and 2008 measured in percentage
points (p.p)
Source: Derived by the Department for Business, Innovation & Skills (BIS) from the Annual Population Survey, Office for National
Statistics (ONS)
The date shows that within the workforce at level 4, there is a move towards a more qualified
workforce, Burnley has seen a 10% point increase in the number qualified to level 4 while
Hyndburn has seen a 1.1% point increase.
Pendle has seen the greatest percentage point increase in those qualified to level 3 or higher
12% point increase on 2001 levels while for qualifications at level 2 or higher the increase is 8.2%
points.
Hyndburn district seems to be the worse performing of any of the Pennine Lancashire district in
terms of improvements in qualifications experiencing between a 1% and 3% point increase in
those qualified at any one level.
Pennine Lancashire & Blackburn with Darwen Economic Assessment, February 2011
21
2.3 Qualifications – 2008
Table 2.3 shows the percentage of working age population with qualifications in 2008, a
summary of which is given below.
Table 2.3 Summary of Qualifications in Blackburn with Darwen and Pennine Lancashire districts
Level 4 (%)
(%) Level 3
(%) Level 2
No qualifications (%)
Blackburn with Darwen
22.6
42.0
60.9
18.7
Burnley
23.2
39.4
57.3
25.7
Hyndburn
18.9
38.5
60.1
19.1
Pendle
20.6
43.2
59.9
25.7
Ribble Valley
39.7
62.6
80.7
5.8
Rossendale
26.0
45.2
67.1
20.3
North West
England
Source:
27.4
30.5
47.1
49.5
68.1
69.4
14.7
12.3
Level 4
Ribble Valley is far ahead of regional and national averages in terms of the number of residents
with a Level 4 qualification. Ribble Valley at 39.7% and Rossendale with 26.0% have the highest
percentage holding qualifications at NVQ4+. All other Pennine Lancashire districts perform
below regional and national levels, with the lowest rates in Hyndburn (18.9%) and Blackburn
with Darwen (17.4%)
Level 3
At level 3 Ribble Valley again performs better than the regional and national average, all other
Pennine Lancashire districts lag behind with Burnley and Hyndburn the worst performing. Burnley
and Hyndburn occupy the lowest position within Pennine Lancashire at this level.
No qualifications
Burnley and Pendle have a quarter of the working age population having no qualifications.
With the exception of Ribble Valley which has the lowest percentage of the working age
population with no qualifications all the other Pennine Lancashire districts have higher
percentage of unqualified people than the regional or national average.
In summary Ribble Valley and Rossendale are the best performing at each qualification level,
Ribble Valley has the highest percentage of higher qualified and lowest percentage of
unqualified people. Rossendale however has 20.3% of its working age population with no
qualifications.
Pennine Lancashire & Blackburn with Darwen Economic Assessment, February 2011
22
Table 2.4 % working age population in Pennine Lancashire with no
qualifications
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Blackburn with Darwen
20.3
20.0
19.3
20.0
18.2
Burnley
19.3
16.1
16.8
25.7
17.0
Hyndburn
18.4
15.4
17.5
20.1
14.7
Pendle
9.9
14.8
17.1
20.5
9.3
Ribble Valley
12.3
7.4
8.4
8.5
3.9
Rossendale
12.8
14.1
12.1
19.1
11.9
Pennine Lancashire
16.2
15.6
16.1
19.6
13.5
North West
Great Britain
17.1
14.3
16.0
13.9
15.1
13.3
15.9
13.5
13.8
12.3
Source – Annual Population Survey (ONS Crown copyright)
The graphs above show the percentage of people with no qualifications by district within the
Pennine Lancashire area, it can be seen that Burnley, Hyndburn and Pendle are showing an
increase in the percentage of residents with no qualifications each year. The exception to this is
Ribble Valley where the percentage with no qualifications has been falling year on year, and is
below the regional average. Blackburn with Darwen has remained steady, although at a higher
level than the regional average.
Pennine Lancashire & Blackburn with Darwen Economic Assessment, February 2011
23
2.4 Employment rate
The employment rate is a key indicator for tracking how the economy is performing. The
employment rate gives the percentage of working age population (females 16-59 years and
males 16-64 years) in employment (full-time, part time and self-employed) in any one year. The
data is obtained from the Annual Population Survey with the financial year 04-05 being the first
year of data.
Table 2.5 shows the employment rate of Pennine Lancashire districts. Blackburn with Darwen, in
general, has a low employment rate, 64% for Jan-Dec 2009, compared to the North West (70%)
and nationally (73%). Two of Blackburn with Darwen’s Pennine Lancashire neighbours have
similar low levels of employment, Burnley and Rossendale both with approximately 66%,
although it is important to note that of all Pennine Lancashire districts the employment rate is
lowest in Blackburn with Darwen.
In contrast the employment rate in Ribble Valley (78%) is higher than both the regional and
national average.
Table 2.5 : Employment rate for working age population
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
% point
difference
Blackburn with
Darwen
Burnley
68.7
66.7
67.5
67.8
63.5
-5.2
70.9
71.8
66.2
65.8
65.7
-5.2
Hyndburn
69.4
71.0
65.7
64.7
71.3
1.9
Pendle
70.7
70.9
68.4
67.7
71.0
0.3
Ribble Valley
82.8
84.0
86.6
83.1
77.7
-5.1
Rossendale
76.8
76.2
66.5
68.8
66.1
-10.7
Pennine Lancashire
72.0
72.0
69.1
68.8
68.3
-3.7
North West
72.8
72.5
72.0
72.1
70.3
-2.5
England
74.7
74.2
74.4
74.5
73.0
-1.7
Source: - Annual Population Survey – ONS crown copyright
Over the years four Pennine Lancashire districts have experienced a decrease in employment
rates, the largest being a -10.7% point decrease in the employment rate in Rossendale.
Blackburn with Darwen, Burnley and the Ribble valley have all experienced approximately a 5%
point decrease in employment rates over the same period. Hyndburn and Pendle both
increased their employment rate, Hyndburn by 1.9% points and Pendle by 0.3% points.
Looking at differences in the employment rate between males and females, nationally males
have a higher employment rate. This is also the case for Blackburn with Darwen: in 2008-09 the
employment rate for males was 68% compared to 59% for females. The gap between
male/female employment rate seems to be decreasing in Blackburn with Darwen. In 2004-05,
the male employment rate was 15 percentage points higher than the female rate, by 2008-09
this gap had decreased to 8 percentage points.
Pennine Lancashire & Blackburn with Darwen Economic Assessment, February 2011
24
2.5 Economic activity rate
The economic activity rate measures the proportion of the population who are active or
potentially active members of the labour market. A high economic activity rate means that a
high proportion of people are working or available for work or training. Economically active
includes people who are:
 Employed (full time, part-time and self-employed)
 Unemployed but actively seeking work
 On a government supported employment or training programme
There are two sources of information for economic activity: the Annual Population Survey and
the Census. In spite of the Census only providing information every 10 years it gives a more
detailed breakdown of economic activity for North West districts.
Table 2.6: Economic activity rate
All 16-74 year olds
Total economically active
Economically
Part-time
active
Full-time
Self-employment
Unemployed
Full-time student
Economically
Retired
inactive
Student
Looking
after
home/family
Permanently
sick/disabled
Other
Blackburn with
Darwen
94,327
61.3%
11.8%
36.8%
6.5%
4.1%
2.1%
12.4%
4.5%
8.7%
Pennine
Lancashire
361,838
64.3%
11.8%
39.4
7.7
3.3
2.1
13.6
3.8
6.7
North West
England
4,839,670
63.9%
11.9%
38.8%
7.1%
3.6%
2.5%
14.3%
4.6%
6.1%
35,532,091
67%
12%
41%
8%
3%
3%
14%
5%
7%
8.4%
8.0
7.7%
5%
4.6%
3.6
3.8%
3%
Source: 2001 Census, ONS – Crown copyright
The main differences are
 Blackburn with Darwen has a lower proportion of full time workers (37%) than Pennine
Lancashire (39%), North West (39%) and England (41%)
 Lower proportion of self employed (7%) than Pennine Lancashire and England both (8%)
 No significant different in the number of part-time workers between Blackburn with
Darwen, Pennine Lancashire and Regional and national average.
 A higher proportion unemployed (4%) than Pennine Lancashire and regional and
national averages.
 A higher proportion looking after home/family than Pennine Lancashire, regional and
national average.
Pennine Lancashire & Blackburn with Darwen Economic Assessment, February 2011
25
Table 2.7: Economic activity rate by district
Pennine
Lancashire
All 16-74 year olds
361,838
Total economically active
64.3%
Economically Part-time
11.8%
active
Full-time
39.4%
Self7.7%
employment
Unemployed
3.3%
Full-time student
2.1%
Economically Retired
13.6%
inactive
Student
3.8%
Looking
after
6.7%
home/family
Permanently
8.0%
sick/disabled
Other
3.6%
Blackburn
with Darwen
94,327
61.3%
11.8%
36.8%
6.5%
Burnley
Hyndburn
Pendle
RV
Rossendale
62,600
64.3%
12.3%
40.5%
6.2%
56,939
64.5%
11.4%
41.2%
6.6%
62,327
63.3%
11.5%
38.1%
8.2%
39,000
69.5%
12.8%
40.0%
12.8%
46,645
67.1%
11.5%
42.3%
8.6%
4.1%
2.1%
12.4%
4.5%
8.7%
3.1%
2.1%
13.7%
3.4%
6.2%
3.2%
2.1%
13.6%
3.4%
5.8%
3.6%
2.1%
13.8%
3.8%
7.4%
1.6%
2.3%
16.5%
3.3%
4.3%
2.8%
1.9%
13.0%
3.5%
5.7%
8.4%
8.9%
9.0%
7.8%
4.5%
7.9%
4.6%
3.5%
3.6%
3.9%
1.9%
2.8%
Source: 2001 Census, ONS – Crown copyright
The main differences are
 Blackburn with Darwen has the lowest proportion of full time workers (37%) of any
Pennine Lancashire districts
 Blackburn with Darwen (9%) and Pendle (7%) have the highest proportion looking after
the home/family, this is possibly an indicator of large minority ethnic populations with
young families and/or households with single earners
 Blackburn with Darwen has the lowest proportion of self employed (7%) than the
Pennine Lancashire and England average both (8%)
 Ribble valley has the highest proportion of retired persons (17%), and lowest proportion
permanently sick/disabled.
Pennine Lancashire & Blackburn with Darwen Economic Assessment, February 2011
26
2.6 Economic activity
The economically active population in Pennine Lancashire (those of working age currently in or
actively seeking employment, or full time students) stands at 234,200, giving an economic
activity rate of 74%. This compares unfavourably with that to the region (76.8%) and nationally
(79.0%). Within Pennine Lancashire districts the rates vary, with Rossendale having the lowest
economic activity rate at 68.9%, to Ribble valley with the highest at 82.1%
Table 2.8 : Economic activity (2008)
Economically active
population
Blackburn with Darwen
59,700
Burnley
38,800
Hyndburn
37,000
Pendle
41,900
Ribble Valley
28,200
Rossendale
28,600
Pennine Lancashire
234,200
70.6
73.5
75.8
76.7
82.1
68.9
74.0
North West
England
76.8
79.0
3,234,200
25,092,800
%
Source: Annual Population survey (APS), (ONS Crown copyright)
The Annual Population survey measures the economic activity rate of the working age
population (16-59 for females and 16-64 for males).
The annual population survey (APS) for 2008-09 shows Blackburn with Darwen to have an
economic activity rate of 71%. This is lower than regional (75%) and national (77%) averages
Pennine Lancashire & Blackburn with Darwen Economic Assessment, February 2011
27
2.7 Economic inactivity
The Annual population survey also collects data on the causes of economic inactivity. The vast
majority of inactivity in Blackburn with Darwen is due to people not wanting a job (82%), this is
high in comparison to England (76.3%) and the North West (76.5%).
Blackburn with Darwen and Ribble Valley have the highest percentage of economically
inactive who did not want a job, at approximately 84% each, Burnley had the lowest
percentage of economically inactive population who said they did not want a job (66.1%).
Those who did want a job but were not looking (18%) in Blackburn with Darwen were not doing
so for a number of reasons e.g. long term sick, looking after family or student. Data for these
categories is presented below. For some areas estimate and confidence interval are not
available since the group sample size is zero or disclosive (0-2).
Table 2.9: Causes of economic inactivity
Long term
sick
Looking after
family
Student
Blackburn with Darwen
7.8
4.8
2.0
Burnley
8.5
8.2
-
Hyndburn
8.6
7.3
-
Pendle
6.4
-
-
-
-
-
Ribble Valley
Rossendale
7.9
Pennine Lancashire
7.1
3.6
0.5
North West
7.8
5.2
3.6
England
6.6
5.8
3.6
Source: Annual Population survey – ONS crown copyright
Pennine Lancashire & Blackburn with Darwen Economic Assessment, February 2011
28
2.8 Jobs density
This measure gives an indication of the density of jobs in an area relative to the size of the
working age population. The data used here is from the Annual Business Inquiry (ABI) and
shows the number of jobs per resident aged 16-64 in an area. The total number of jobs is a
workplace-based measure and comprises employee jobs, self-employed, governmentsupported trainees and HM Forces.
Table 2.10 : Job density by district
2008 Jobs
Density 2000
Density 2008
Change
Blackburn with Darwen
72,000
0.83
0.84
+
Burnley
38,000
0.76
0.72
-
Hyndburn
34,000
0.66
0.70
+
Pendle
37,000
0.69
0.68
-
Ribble Valley
30,000
0.83
0.87
+
Rossendale
25,000
0.69
0.61
-
North West
3,393,000
0.75
0.76
+
Great Britain
30,689,000
0.70
0.79
+
Source: ONS jobs density, (ONS Crown copyright)
The number of jobs in an area divided by the resident population aged 16-64 in that area, a
job density of 1.0 would mean that there is one job for every resident aged 16-64.
In 2008, Blackburn with Darwen had approximately 0.84 jobs for every resident aged 16-64. Jobs
density varies by district, being highest in the Ribble Valley and lowest in Rossendale. Blackburn
with Darwen and the Ribble Valley both have a higher job density than the regional or national
average. Job density has increased over a period of time in the Ribble valley, Hyndburn and
Blackburn with Darwen, the larges point difference being in Hyndburn and the Ribble Valley.
Pennine Lancashire & Blackburn with Darwen Economic Assessment, February 2011
29
2.9 Self employment
Self employment can be used as a measure of levels of entrepreneurship in a particular area.
According to the 2001 Census, % of Blackburn with Darwen’s working age population (males 1665 years and females 16-59 years were self employed compared to % in the North West region
and % in England. The Annual population Survey, whilst not as robust as the 2001 census,
produces more timely data on self employment.
Within the Pennine Lancashire area, rates of self employment vary considerably, Ribble valley
has the highest percentage of its population who are self employed 17.1% and Blackburn with
Darwen has the lowest at 11.6%. Hyndburn and Pendle have experienced the largest
percentage point increase in self employment rates over a 5 year period, up 7.5% points on
2005 levels.
Between 2005 and 2009 five of the six Pennine Lancashire districts saw self employment rates
increase (percentage point) by greater amounts than regional and national rates. Blackburn
with Darwen being the exception, self-employment rates in the borough increased by 0.2%
points,
Table 2.11: Trend in self employment
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
% point
difference
Blackburn with Darwen
11.4
9.7
11.6
10.5
11.6
+0.2
Burnley
10.5
7.8
7.5
9.1
17.1
+6.6
Hyndburn
10.5
10.0
8.7
15.2
18.0
+7.5
Pendle
10.2
8.7
9.9
13.9
17.6
+7.4
Ribble Valley
14.7
19.6
15.9
14.2
19.4
+4.7
Rossendale
17.0
13.9
8.5
6.2
14.9
-2.1
North West
11.2
11.3
11.3
11.4
11.7
+0.5
England
12.9
13.1
13.2
13.4
13.0
+0.7
Source: Annual population survey, Nomis, (ONS Crown copyright)
Pennine Lancashire & Blackburn with Darwen Economic Assessment, February 2011
30
2.10 Unemployment
The number of people claiming Job Seekers Allowance (JSA) gives us an indication of the level
of unemployment in Pennine Lancashire and other comparator areas. Job Seekers Allowance
(JSA) replaced Unemployment Benefit and Income Support for unemployed people on 7
October 1996. It is payable to people under pensionable age who are capable of, available
for, and actively seeking work (usually be available to work at least 40 hours a week).
Changes to the economy in the later part of 2008 have had a considerable impact nationally
on the number of unemployed and therefore the claimant count. These changes have also
been felt in Blackburn with Darwen and the Pennine Lancashire sub-region.
Fig 2 : Blackburn with Darwen JSA claimant trend (N)
Blackburn with Darwen
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
Nov-08
Feb-09
May-09
Aug-09
Nov-09
Feb-10
May-10
Nov-08
Feb-09
May-09
Aug-09
Nov-09
Feb-10
May-10
Aug-08
May-08
Feb-08
Nov-07
Aug-07
May-07
Feb-07
Nov-06
Aug-06
0
May-06
Number of unemployed
5,000
Fig 2.1 : Pennine Lancashire JSA claimant trend (N)
Pennine Lancashire
14,000
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
Aug-08
May-08
Feb-08
Nov-07
Aug-07
May-07
Feb-07
Nov-06
Aug-06
0
May-06
Number of unemployed
16,000
Pennine Lancashire & Blackburn with Darwen Economic Assessment, February 2011
31
Between May 2008 and May 2009, the claimant count for both Blackburn with Darwen and
Pennine Lancashire increased at a fast rate, with the count in May 2009 being 4,363 in
Blackburn with Darwen and 13,809 in Pennine Lancashire, an 83.8% increase in Blackburn with
Darwen on May 2008 levels and 98.6% in Pennine Lancashire for the same period.
Table 2.12: Percentage change in JSA claimants May 2008 to May 2009
Area
% change
% change
Blackburn with Darwen
83.8%
Rossendale
149.9%
Burnley
86.3%
Pennine Lancashire
98.6%
Hyndburn
104.1%
North West
76.8%
Pendle
102.3%
UK
88.1%
Source: Nomis (ONS Crown copyright)
Ribble Valley
117.9%
The claimant count reached a peak around August 2009 and since early 2010 the trend in
claimant count has been decreasing when compared to the same month the previous year,
such that by May 2010 many of the Pennine Lancashire districts had large decreases in their
claimant counts.
Table 2.13: Percentage change in JSA claimants May 2009 to May 2010
Area
% change
% change
Blackburn with Darwen
-12.2%
Rossendale
-26.3%
Burnley
-11.2%
Pennine Lancashire
-15.0%
Hyndburn
-16.1%
North West
-6.3%
Pendle
-14.6%
UK
-4.0%
Source: Nomis (ONS Crown copyright)
Ribble Valley
-15.4%
At the time of writing, May 2010, the highest proportion of JSA claimants as a proportion of all
Pennine Lancashire claimants is for Blackburn with Darwen with a third.
Burnley accounts for one in five and the districts of Pendle and Hyndburn for one in six,
Rossendale one in ten and Ribble valley for one in twenty of all claimants.
Between May 2009 and May 2010, JSA claimant numbers decreased from 13,809 to 11,736 In
Pennine Lancashire and from 4,363 to 3,831 in Blackburn with Darwen.
The claimant figures highlight falling levels of JSA claimants in Pennine Lancashire (-15.0%) when
compared to May 2009, the monthly change shows a -4.7% decrease. The largest percentage
change in the number of claimants has been for Rossendale down -26.3%. Blackburn with
Darwen and Burnley both have the lowest percentage decrease, down -12.2% and -11.2%
respectively.
The May claimant count proportion was 3.9% for the UK, 4.3% in the North West region within
Pennine Lancashire proportions range from 1.4% in Ribble valley to 4.5% in Blackburn with
Darwen
Claimant count proportions are higher for males than for females in each Pennine Lancashire
district, the highest being 6.4% in Blackburn with Darwen, higher than the regional and national
average. Pendle, Rossendale and Hyndburn have rates of 5.2% or less. Ribble valley has the
lowest male and female claimant proportions.
Pennine Lancashire & Blackburn with Darwen Economic Assessment, February 2011
32
The claimant count reached a peak around August 2009 and since early 2010 the trend in
claimant count has been decreasing when compared to the same month the previous year,
such that by May 2010 many of the Pennine Lancashire districts had large decreases in their
claimant counts.
2.11 Age and duration
In May 2009, claimants in Blackburn with Darwen aged 25-49 accounted for the greatest
proportion of claimants, 61% (2155 claimants). Those under 25 accounted for a third of all
claimants and the over 50s 7%. At the end of may 2009 It was the 50+ age group that had seen
the largest increase in percentage terms in claimant since May 2008 (94.9%) compared to
88.0% for the 25-49 year olds and 76.5% for the under 25s.
Table 2.14: Percentage change in JSA claimants May 2008 to May 2009 by age
Area
18-24
25-49
50+
Blackburn with Darwen
76.5%
88.0%
94.9%
Pennine Lancashire
88.0%
105.8%
107.5%
NW
69.8%
80.6%
84.9%
UK
81.8%
91.9%
92.6%
Source: Nomis (ONS Crown copyright)
However by the end of May 2010 the 50+ age group has the largest decrease in claimants
compared to May 2009 (56.5%) compared to a 5.3% decrease for 25-49 year olds and a 23.7%
decrease for those aged 18-24.
Table 2.15: Percentage change in JSA claimants May 2009 to May 2010
Area
18-24
25-49
50+
Blackburn with Darwen
-23.7%
-5.3%
-56.5%
Pennine Lancashire
-22.1%
-10.1%
-58.8%
NW
-11.3%
-2.9%
-56.6%
UK
-8.1%
-1.4%
-54.6%
Source: Nomis (ONS Crown copyright)
Unsurprisingly it was those claiming for less than six months that accounted for the greatest
proportion of claimants (%) of the increase since July 2009.
Pennine Lancashire & Blackburn with Darwen Economic Assessment, February 2011
33
2.12 Claimants of key out of work benefits
This indicator measures the ‘percentage of working age population who are claiming out of
work benefits’ and includes the main out of work categories:




Unemployed people on Jobseekers Allowance
Lone parents on income support
Incapacity Benefits customers
Others on income related benefits (Income Support claimants not included in one of the
three groups above).
On average, 19,740 people within Blackburn with Darwen were claiming out of work benefits, at
the end of November 2009, which is 22.5% of the working age population, this is the highest
claimant rate of any Pennine Lancashire district. Ribble valley had the lowest percentage
(8.6%) claiming out of work benefits. The rates for all other districts varied between these two
rates, Hyndburn and Pendle being at the higher end whilst Rossendale rate was 16.9 roughly
midway between the two extremes.
Table 2.16: Out of work claimant rate
Area
Rate
Blackburn with Darwen
22.5
Burnley
22.3
Hyndburn
20.3
Pendle
18.2
Ribble Valley
8.6
Rossendale
16.9
NW
UK
18.3
15.0
Source: Nomis (ONS Crown copyright)
Fig 2.2: Out of work claimant rate
Benefit Claimant rate
25.0
20.0
22.5
22.3
20.3
NW
18.2
15.0
16.9
GB
10.0
8.6
5.0
0.0
Blackburn with
Burnley
Hyndburn
Pendle
Rossendale
Ribble Valley
Darwen
Source: Nomis (ONS Crown copyright)
Pennine Lancashire & Blackburn with Darwen Economic Assessment, February 2011
34
2.13 Annual Survey of Hours & Earnings (ASHE) -Earnings
Information on wage levels can be used to evaluate the living standards of the residents and
the ability of residents to afford housing.
The Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (ASHE) provides information about the levels,
distribution and make-up of earnings and hours worked for employees in all industries and
occupations in the United Kingdom.
The Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings is based on a sample of employee jobs taken from HM
Revenue & Customs PAYE records. The survey for 2009, is based on 177,000 returns (146,000 in
2008).
When analysing the level of earnings of Pennine Lancashire residents it is important to note the
difference between incomes derived by residents who may or may not be commuting out to
work (i.e. Residents Pay) and earnings derived from work within the county boundary alone (i.e.
Local Workplace Pay). These two alternative data sets, of Median Weekly Pay, from the Annual
Survey of Hours and Earnings (ASHE), are shown side by side in Table x.
The ASHE results do not cover the self-employed, nor do they cover employees not paid during
the reference period. For the ASHE results the median (middle value) is used in this article as the
headline statistic. The median is the value below which 50% of employees are allocated and is
more reflective of the 'typical' wage or income. It is preferred over the mean (average) for
earnings data as it is influenced less by extreme values and because of the skewed distribution
of earnings data.
ASHE data shows the median resident based earnings for Blackburn with Darwen in 2008 was
£429.3, while workplace based earnings was £438.2.
One consequence of the overall lower level of competitiveness, and historically a high
concentration of employment in traditional sectors, is that earnings of people working in
Pennine Lancashire districts tend to be below those of the North West region as a whole and
the UK average. This is highlighted by chart given below. it is important to note the differences
between workplace based median earnings resident based earnings.
Table 2.17: Resident and Workplace based earning for Pennine Lancashire districts
Resident based
Workplace
Difference £
%
earnings
based earnings
(workplace/resident)
Blackburn with
429.3
438.2
-8.9
2.1%
Darwen
Burnley
413.5
387.9
25.6
-6.2%
Hyndburn
405.2
394.6
10.6
-2.6%
Pendle
408.6
382.7
25.9
-6.3%
Ribble Valley
486.5
417.3
69.2
-14.2%
Rossendale
477.6
387.7
89.9
-18.8%
North West
England
460.2
496.0
460.0
495.2
0.2
0.8
0.0%
-0.2%
Source: Annual Survey Hours & Earnings, through Nomis, ONS
Pennine Lancashire & Blackburn with Darwen Economic Assessment, February 2011
35

No significant difference between residents based earnings in Pennine Lancashire
districts and north west
The 2009 result reveals that the average median weekly earnings for residents (full time
employees) in the Blackburn with Darwen area was £429.3, 12.6% lower than the national
average of £491.0.
Figure 2.3: Workplace and resident Median weekly earnings for Pennine Lancashire districts
Rossendale
Workplace
Resident
Ribble Valley
Pendle
Hyndburn
Burnley
Blackburn with Darwen
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
The gap between male and female wage rates remains substantial. The median male weekly
earnings figure for Blackburn with Darwen residents of £443.2 is considerably higher than the
female result of £398.1 (i.e. the median wage for female residents is 10.2% below that of male
residents). Similarly the median male weekly earnings for those for whom Blackburn with Darwen
is a place of work show female earnings to be £419.3 compared to an average of £443.3 for
males, females earning in this case are 5.4% lower than that for males.
In general terms, not taking into account the gender of wage earners, resident based earning
are lower (2.0%) than for workplace earnings.
Pennine Lancashire & Blackburn with Darwen Economic Assessment, February 2011
36
2.14 Residence and Workplace by gender and FT/PT
Table 2.18: Full time Resident and workplace earnings for males by district
Male full-time
Resident
Workplace
Difference
%
based
based
(£)
(workplace/resident)
earnings
earnings
Blackburn with Darwen
443.2
443.3
0.1
Burnley
413.5
400.9
-12.6
-3.0%
Hyndburn
411.3
429.6
18.3
4.4%
Pendle
454.1
419.2
-34.9
-7.7%
Ribble Valley
607.1
429.0
-178.1
-29.3%
Rossendale
509.3
445.7
-63.6
-12.5%
North West
498.3
497.7
-0.6
UK
531.1
531.1
0
England
538.5
538.2
-0.3
Source: Annual Survey Hours & Earnings, through Nomis, ONS


-0.1%
-0.1%
Median earnings for full-time males in Blackburn with Darwen (by residence or place of
work) show no difference in average weekly earnings.
The Ribble Valley shows the biggest difference (29.3%) between resident and workplace
earnings, workplace earnings are £178 less than resident based earnings.
Table 2.19: Full time Resident and workplace earnings for females by district
Female full-time
Resident Workplace Difference (£)
%
based
based
(workplace/resident)
earnings
earnings
Blackburn with
398.1
419.3
Darwen
21.2
5.3%
Burnley
392.6
377.1
-15.5
-3.9%
Hyndburn
393.5
Pendle
366.9
315.8
-51.1
-13.9%
Ribble Valley
412.5
397.4
-15.1
-3.7%
Rossendale
389.8
319.7
-70.1
-18.0%
North West
408.3
407.5
-0.8
UK
426.4
426.4
England
431.4
431.2
-0.2
Source: Annual Survey Hours & Earnings, through Nomis, ONS


-0.2%
-
In Blackburn with Darwen the difference in earnings for females between resident and
workplace based show that female residents median wage is £398.1, 5.3% lower than
workplace based female earnings of £419.3.
The largest wage differential between workplace and resident-based earnings amongst
female full-time employees is (£70.1) in Rossendale.
Pennine Lancashire & Blackburn with Darwen Economic Assessment, February 2011
37
2.15 Earnings – Gender pay gap
Table 2.20: Resident earnings for full time workers
Resident based
Male FT
Female FT
earnings
Difference £
Blackburn with Darwen
443.2
398.1
-45.1
Burnley
413.5
392.6
-20.9
Hyndburn
411.3
393.5
-17.8
Pendle
454.1
366.9
-87.2
Ribble Valley
607.1
412.5
-194.6
Rossendale
509.3
389.8
-119.5
%
(workplace/resident)
-10.2%
-5.1%
-4.3%
-19.2%
-32.1%
-23.5%
North West
498.3
408.3
-90.0
-18.1%
UK
531.1
426.4
-104.7
-19.7%
England
538.5
431.4
-107.1
-19.9%
Source: Annual Survey Hours & Earnings, through Nomis, ONS Crown copyright
Table 2.21: Workplace earnings for full time workers
Workplace based
Male
Female FT
Difference (£)
earnings
FT
Blackburn with Darwen
443.3
419.3
-24.0
Burnley
400.9
377.1
-23.8
Hyndburn
429.6
Pendle
419.2
315.8
-103.4
Ribble Valley
429
397.4
-31.6
Rossendale
445.7
319.7
-126.0
%
(workplace/resident)
-5.4%
-5.9%
-24.7%
-7.4%
-28.3%
North West
497.7
407.5
-90.2
-18.1%
UK
531.1
426.4
-104.7
-19.7%
England
538.2
431.2
-107.0
-19.9%
Source: Annual Survey Hours & Earnings, through Nomis, ONS Crown copyright
The above tables show workplace place and resident earnings for full time male and female
workers.

The figures show that in Blackburn with Darwen by place of work female earnings are
5.4% lower than that for males, while for resident based earnings for females are 10.1%
lower than that for males.

Ribble Valley shows the largest difference in resident based earning for males and
females, with female earnings a third less than that of males. In Rossendale female
earnings are a 24% lower than that for males, while in Pendle, females earn a fifth less
than males.
Caution should be exercised when looking at gender pay gaps as they well in part be due to
the types of work that males and females tend to do and the different level of pay associated
with a particular occupation or industry
Pennine Lancashire & Blackburn with Darwen Economic Assessment, February 2011
38
2.16 Median Gross Annual Earnings
As well as providing data on average gross weekly earnings, the ASHE also provides information
on average gross annual earnings. The figures are available down to the district level.
The median earnings figures highlight the middle value for each area, therefore are not
influenced by the very large salaries earned by a relatively small number of high fliers at the top
of their professions.
Table 2.22: Median Gross Annual Earnings for full time Employees by Place of Residence, April 2009
Full time
males
£
Full time
females
£
Full time employees
£
GB=100
Blackburn with Darwen
Burnley
Hyndburn
Pendle
Ribble Valley
Rossendale
24,711
21,596
21,933
23,021
31,462
26,886
20,100
18,281
x
18,004
21,366
18,493
23,101
20,765
x
21,635
24,645
23,408
89.1%
80.1%
83.4%
95.0%
90.3%
% change 20082009
10.9
-6.0
-0.8
-4.3
-1.7
Lancashire (12 districts)
Residence
Lancashire (12 districts)
Place of work
26,000
20,408
23,816
91.8%
-0.7
90.2%
-0.7
25,385
19,624
23,395
92.6%
100.0%
0.6
2.5
North West
26,346
20,744
24,000
Great Britain
28,415
22,180
25,931
Source: Annual Survey Hours & Earnings, through Nomis, ONS
Median earnings for all employees by place of residence in GB for April 2009 stood at £25,931.
For the Lancashire County Council area, the residence-based figure for all employees was
£23,816, 8.1% lower than the national average. Blackburn with Darwen’s resident-based figure
of £23,101 is 10.9% lower than the national average and 3.1% lower than the Lancashire County
council (12 district average).
The gender split reveals that for the Blackburn with Darwen, gross annual median earnings for
female residents are 18.6% lower than gross annual median earnings for males, this equates to
£4,611 less for females than males.
In general terms the results for 14 local authorities broadly reflect what would be expected.
Fylde district manages to top the list with an average of £28,211. Lancaster, South Ribble, Ribble
valley, Chorley and Preston all recorded figures of £24k or more. Districts recording figures of less
than this include many of the districts in the east of the county. Burnley and Pendle recorded
median wage levels around £21,600 or lower. Blackburn with Darwen and Rossendale recorded
median wage levels higher than £21,600 but lower than £24K earned in other parts of the
county.
Pennine Lancashire & Blackburn with Darwen Economic Assessment, February 2011
39
2.17 Gross disposable household income (GDHI)
Gross disposable household income is the amount of money that individuals – the household
sector have available for spending or saving. This is money left after expenditure associated with
income, for example, taxes and social contributions, property ownership and provision for future
pension income. It is calculated gross of any deductions for capital consumption. GDHI data
comes from the regional accounts and makes up the household section of the input-output
model.



Total GDHI in the North West was £92.0bn, up 4.2 per cent from £88.4bn in 2007. The
North West annual increase is below that of the UK (4.6 per cent).
Among the five ‘NUTS2’ sub-regions, Greater Manchester had the largest GDHI (£33.5bn
or over one third of the North West total) and Cumbria the smallest (£6.9bn).
Lancashire’s share of the North West total is £18.6bn or one fifth).

Blackburn with Darwen’s share of the North West total is 1.7% or £1.5bn, its share of the
Lancashire total is 8.2% while Blackpool’s share is 8.9%.

Of the thirteen ‘NUTS 3’ areas in the region, Blackpool is the only region to experience a
higher annual increase (5.2 per cent) in GDHI since 2007 than the UK.

Out of 133 ‘NUTS 3’ areas in the UK, Blackburn with Darwen is ranked 125th (in the bottom
ten), and Blackpool 122nd. with respect to GDHI
2.18 Sub regional GDHI per head, 2008

GDHI per head for Blackburn with Darwen in 2008 is £10,880, Blackpool £11,362 and
Lancashire County Council £13,230.

GDHI per head relative to the UK (where the UK=100) for Blackburn with Darwen in 2008
is 73.1, Blackpool 78.2 and Lancashire County Council 89.0.

Blackburn with Darwen has consistently lower levels of GDHI per head than either
Blackpool UA, Lancashire County Council.

Blackburn with Darwen is ranked 131st (in the bottom five), no change from the previous
years ranking. Blackpool is ranked 128th and Lancashire County Council 75 th with respect
to GDHI per head
Pennine Lancashire & Blackburn with Darwen Economic Assessment, February 2011
40
Table 2.23: Regional Gross Disposable Household Income (GDHI) 2008
Total GDHI
Increase
GDHI
Increase
£ million
on 2007
per
on 2007
per cent
head
per cent
UK
913,964
4.6
14,872
3.9
North West
92,041
4.2
13,386
4.0
Blackburn w Darwen
Blackpool
Lancashire County
Council
Lancashire
Per head index
(UK=100)
100
90.0
1,531
1,651
15,466
4.5
5.2
4.5
10,880
11,632
13,230
4.6
5.6
4.4
73.2
78.2
89.0
18,648
4.5
12,846
4.5
86.4
Source: Gross Disposable Household income
Table 2.24 : Sub-regional GDHI per head for NUTS 3 sub-regions
Blackburn with
(UK=100)
Blackpool
(UK=100)
Darwen
2002
8,907
73.0
10,243
83.9
2003
9,288
72.8
10,436
81.8
2004
9,515
72.9
10,427
79.8
2005
9,907
73.1
10,616
78.3
2006
10,209
73.3
10,862
77.9
2007
10,402
72.7
11,011
76.9
2008
10,880
73.1
11,632
78.2
Lancashire County
Council
10,889
11,363
11,608
12,059
12,401
12,676
13,230
(UK=100)
89.2
89.1
88.9
89.0
89.0
88.5
89.0
Source: Gross Disposable Household income
Pennine Lancashire & Blackburn with Darwen Economic Assessment, February 2011
41
Chapter Three : Business and Enterprise
This chapter profiles Blackburn with Darwen’s and the Pennine Lancashire in terms of its
economic size, structure and business climate.
3.1 Output and productivity
In its simplest form, Gross Value Added (GVA) is a key measure of the value of goods and
services that an area produces. GVA, and particularly GVA growth, is an important indicator of
the overall health of a local economy and is used to monitor the competitiveness and
productivity of the economy. It is calculated by summing the incomes generated in the
production process.
In 2007, Blackburn with Darwen produced £2.1bn. This constitutes 2% of the total North
West GVA and 9% of the total Lancashire GVA
Table 3: Gross Value Added In Blackburn with Darwen
Total GVA
GVA per
(£)
head (£)
Blackburn with Darwen
2,085m
14,800
Lancashire County Council*
18,620m
15,940
Lancashire
22,470m
15,481
North West
116,466m
16,967
United Kingdom
1,245,735m
20,430
Average annual GVA
growth rate 1997-2007
3.2%
4.4%
4.1%
4.6%
5.4%
Source: Local GVA, 2007


Growth rates year on year for Blackburn with Darwen have been consistently lower than
the regional and UK average.
Blackburn with Darwen’s growth rate is also consistently lower than the growth rates of
Lancashire and Lancashire County Council 12 districts.
Pennine Lancashire & Blackburn with Darwen Economic Assessment, February 2011
42
Figure 3 GVA Growth rates (year-on-year) 1996-2007
8.0%
UNITED KINGDOM
7.0%
7.0%
6.0%
6.0%
GVA Growth rate (%)
GVA Growth rate (%)
8.0%
5.0%
4.0%
3.0%
2.0%
5.0%
4.0%
3.0%
2.0%
1.0%
1.0%
0.0%
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
996 997 998 999 000 001 002 003 004 005 006 007
0.0%
1 996 1 997 1 998 1 999 2 000 2 001 2 002 2 003 2 004 2 005 2 006 2 007
8.0%
North West
Blackburn with Darwen
GVA Growth rate (%)
7.0%
6.0%
5.0%
4.0%
3.0%
2.0%
1.0%
0.0%
1 996 1 997 1 998 1 999 2 000 2 001 2 002 2 003 2 004 2 005 2 006
Over the 10 years between 1997 and 2007, average annual growth rates for Blackburn with
Darwen was 3.2%, Blackpool 2.9%, and Lancashire County Council 4.4%, all are much lower
compared to the UK average of 5.4%.
Blackburn with Darwen and Blackpool both have lower growth rates than the Lancashire
Average of 4.1%.
GVA can be broken down by broad industry sector. Table 3.1 shows GVA by broad
industry sector for Blackburn with Darwen
Table 3.1 : Gross Value Added In Blackburn with Darwen by sector
Agriculture, forestry and fishing
Production
Construction
Distribution, transport and communication
Business services and finance
Public administration, education, health
and other services
All sectors
Source:
1995
2007
0.3%
44.8%
4.8%
18.0%
11.8%
0.2%
27.1%
5.1%
20.6%
17.1%
% change
1995-2007
-75.0%
-34.6%
103.9%
40.9%
52.4%
20.3%
-
30.0%
-
72.5%
42.2%
Chart 3.1 shows GVA by year as a proportion of total GVA for Blackburn with Darwen. In
1995 production accounted for 44.8% of total GVA, since then its share as a proportion of
total GVA has steadily declined such that in 2006 it accounted for 27.1% of total GVA, a
decrease of 34.6%.
Pennine Lancashire & Blackburn with Darwen Economic Assessment, February 2011
43
Figure 3.1 Production and Public sector GVA as proportion of total GVA by year
50.0%
45.0%
44.8%
Production
43.4%
42.1%
40.3%
40.0%
Public admin, Education, Health
38.4%
36.6%
35.0%
34.6%
32.6%
30.4%
30.0%
28.7%
25.0%
28.4%
20.0%
20.3%
21.1%
21.6%
1 995
1 996
1 997
22.7%
23.7%
24.6%
22.0%
1 998
1 999
2 000
2 001
25.9%
27.2%
27.7%
29.6%
30.0%
27.1%
30.1%
26.3%
2 006
2 007
15.0%
10.0%
5.0%
0.0%
2 002
2 003
2 004
2 005
The proportion of GVA accounted for by Public administration, education and health has in
the same period grown from 20% of total GVA in 1995 to 30% of total GVA in 2006, an
increase of 72.5%.
3.2 Productivity and GVA per head
Productivity is defined as the ratio between outputs and inputs in an economy. GVA per head is
the most frequently used measure of productivity, it measures the value of goods and services
that a local area produces as a proportion of the number of residents who live there.
Table 3.2 shows that GVA per head is lowest for Blackburn with Darwen (£14,800/per head) and
is lower than the regional and national average.
Table 3.2: Gross Value Added per head in Blackburn with Darwen
Total
GVA per
% change
GVA (£)
head (£)
1995-2007
Blackburn with Darwen
2,085m
14,800
42.8%
Lancashire County
18,620m
15,940
60.3%
Council*
Lancashire
22,470m
15,481
57.8%
North West
116,466m
16,967
70.3%
United Kingdom
1,245,735m
20,430
81.3%
Source:
Average annual GVA per
head growth rate 1997-2007
3.0%
4.0%
3.9%
4.5%
5.0%
Average growth rates for GVA per head is lowest for Blackburn with Darwen compared to local,
regional and national levels. Since 1995 Blackburn with Darwen GVA per head has increased
42.8% from £10,363 in 1995 to £14,800 in 2007.
Pennine Lancashire & Blackburn with Darwen Economic Assessment, February 2011
44
Fig 3.2 Average GVA per head growth rate
UNITED KINGDOM
7.0%
6.0%
5.0%
GVA per head (%)
5.0%
GVA per head (%)
Lancashire
Blackburn with Darwen
Blackpool
6.0%
North W est
4.0%
3.0%
2.0%
4.0%
3.0%
2.0%
1.0%
1.0%
0.0%
1 996 1 997 1 998 1 999 2 000 2 001 2 002 2 003 2 004 2 005 2 006 2 007
0.0%
1 996 1 997 1 998 1 999 2 000 2 001 2 002 2 003 2 004 2 005 2 006 2 007
Figure 3.2 shows GVA per head growth rates (year on year), from 1996 to 2000, GVA per head
growth rates in Blackburn with Darwen lagged behind those of Blackpool, Lancashire and
Lancashire County Council 12 district rates. However, since this date average growth rates per
head have varied but have been higher than Blackpool but still lag behind those of Lancashire
and Lancashire county council 12 district rates.
3.3 Economic Structure
The economic structure of an area shapes and influences many of the issues that affect an
area. In Pennine Lancashire manufacturing represents a just over a fifth of total employment in
the sub-region. Pendle and Ribble valley have the largest share of manufacturing as a
proportion of the total when compared to the other districts. Hyndburn has the smallest share at
17.6%. Public administration, education and health also appear to represent a large share of
total employment in all districts.
NB Figures are rounded up or down, Percentages based on actual numbers
Table 3.3: Blackburn with Darwen Employment Structure
Male
Total
Female
N
%
Part time
N
%
Full time
N
%
N
%
Industry
N
%
Agriculture and fishing
30
43.0%
40
57.0%
30
34.2%
50
67.1%
80
0.1%
Energy and water
20
92.0%
5
8.0%
5
8.0%
20
92.0%
25
0.0%
Manufacturing
9,500
73.7%
3,350
26.3%
900
7.1%
11,800
92.9%
12,700
20.3%
Construction
Distribution, hotels and
restaurants
Transport and
communications
Banking, finance and
insurance
Public administration,
education & health
Other services
1,750
82.6%
360
17.4%
150
7.4%
1,950
92.6%
2,100
3.4%
6,300
50.8%
6,100
49.2%
5,400
43.0%
7,100
57.0%
12,400
19.9%
2,200
72.2%
850
27.7%
450
15.1%
2,600
84.9%
3,000
4.8%
5,000
52.5%
4,500
47.5%
2,100
21.8%
7,400
78.2%
9,500
15.2%
4,600
24.4%
14,250
75.6%
6,400
34.0%
12,400
66.0%
18,850
30.1%
2,300
59.1%
1,600
40.9%
1,750
46.0%
2,100
54.0%
3,800
6.1%
Total
31,500
50.4%
31,000
49.6%
17,200
27.4%
45,400
72.6%
62,600
100.0%
Source: Nomis Annual Business Inquiry 2008 ONS Crown copyright 2008
Pennine Lancashire & Blackburn with Darwen Economic Assessment, February 2011
45
Table 3.3 shows that nearly three quarters (72.6%) of Blackburn with Darwen workforce is in full
time employment. There is, however considerable variation in full time employment between
sectors, a large majority is employed full time in manufacturing (92.9%) to just over a half (54%)
in other services.
Just under a half of the workforce is female 49.6%, of these around 45.9% or 14,254 are
employed in public service organisations. Again there is considerable variation of female
employment by sector, ranging from 75.6% of employment in the Public sector to 8% in Energy
and Water and 17.4% in construction. It is apparent that sectors that are female dominated
Public services (75.6%), Distribution, hotels and restaurants (49.2%) and banking fiancé and
insurance (47.5%). These sectors also have a high proportion of jobs which are of a part time
nature, two fifths of jobs in distribution is part-time compared to a third in Public administration,
education and health and a fifth in Distribution, hotels and restaurants.
Male dominated sectors



Construction
Manufacturing
Transport and
communications
Female dominated sectors



Public Services
Distribution, hotels and
restaurants
Banking finance and
insurance
Sectors with high proportion part time
working

Distribution, hotels and restaurants

Other services

Public administration education
and health

Agriculture and fishing
Only 70.6% of the Pennine Lancashire workforce is in full time employment. The highest
percentage of full time jobs in Pennine Lancashire (excluding Agriculture and fishing, Energy
and water) is in Manufacturing with 93.7% and construction 90.8%. These are based on total jobs
of 41,000 in manufacturing and 8,300 for construction. Distribution, hotels and restaurants
employ 27,000 people only 58% of this is full-time. Public administration education and health
employs 34,000 59% of this is full-time.
Pennine Lancashire & Blackburn with Darwen Economic Assessment, February 2011
46
Economic structure has a significant impact on the performance of local economies and
influences their growth potential. The graph below shows the distribution of employment by
sector for each Pennine Lancashire district.
Fig 3.3: Distribution of sectors by district
100.0%
90.0%
30.1%
80.0%
28.3%
29.9%
13.4%
10.6%
26.4%
27.7%
24.7%
10.0%
8.6%
11.9%
21.7%
24.2%
7.1%
4.3%
26.9%
26.2%
Pendle
Ribble Valley
28.4%
70.0%
60.0%
15.2%
50.0%
40.0%
30.0%
20.0%
19.9%
25.3%
3.4%
3.7%
27.3%
4.7%
20.3%
18.7%
17.6%
Blackburn with
Burnley
Hyndburn
10.0%
23.6%
12.3%
23.0%
6.0%
4.6%
22.7%
21.7%
Rossendale
Pennine Lancs
0.0%
Darwen
Agriculture and fishing
Manufacturing
Distribution, hotels and restaurants
Banking, finance and insurance
Other services
Energy and water
Construction
Transport and communications
Public administration,education & health
Three sectors Manufacturing, Distribution, hotels and restaurants and Public administration,
education and health play a prominent role in terms of employment within these areas.
Table 3.4: Distribution of sectors by district
BwD
Burnley
Hyndburn
Pendle
Rossendale
30,400
Ribble
Valley
25,200
21,300
Pennine
Lancashire
200,800
63,000
32,600
28,700
Agriculture and fishing
0.1%
0.4%
0.9%
0.6%
2.0%
0.6%
0.6%
Energy and water
0.0%
0.1%
1.0%
0.1%
0.4%
0.1%
0.2%
20.3%
18.7%
17.6%
26.9%
26.2%
22.7%
21.7%
3.4%
3.7%
4.7%
7.1%
4.3%
6.0%
4.6%
19.9%
25.3%
27.3%
21.7%
24.2%
23.6%
23.0%
Transport and communications
4.8%
4.5%
4.0%
2.0%
2.7%
5.7%
4.1%
Banking, finance and insurance
15.2%
13.4%
10.6%
10.0%
8.6%
11.9%
12.3%
Public administration, education
& health
30.1%
28.3%
29.9%
26.4%
27.7%
24.7%
28.4%
6.1%
5.7%
4.0%
5.1%
4.1%
4.9%
5.2%
Industry
Manufacturing
Construction
Distribution, hotels and
restaurants
Other services
Source: Nomis Annual Business Inquiry 2008
Pennine Lancashire & Blackburn with Darwen Economic Assessment, February 2011
47
The same data given above is charted for each Pennine Lancashire district, to enable a better visual comparison to be made.
Each bar presents the number of jobs in a sector expressed as a percentage of all jobs at that geography. A summary for each
area is provided on the following page.
30.1%
Public administration, education and health
Manufacturing
Distribution, hotels and restaurants
Banking, finance and Insurance
Other services
Distribution, hotels and restaurants
19.9%
Manufacturing
15.2%
28.4%
Public administration, education & health
20.3%
Other
6.1%
Banking, finance and Insurance
21.7%
Distribution, hotels and restaurants
12.3%
Banking, finance and insurance
4.6%
Transport and communications
4.1%
Transport and coomunications
Construction
Public administration, education and health
23.0%
Distribution, hotels and restaurants
22.7%
Banking, finance and Insurance
28.2%
23.5%
6.6%
Transport and coomunications
5.8%
Construction
5.2%
Other services
4.9%
5.6%
4.8%
Construction
3.4%
Agriculture and fishing
0.1%
Agriculture and fishing 0.6%
Energy and water 0.2%
Agriculture and fishing 0.7%
Energy and water
0.0%
Energy and water 0.2%
Agriculture and fishing 0.2%
Energy and water 0.3%
Blackburn with Darwen
Other services
Pennine Lancashire
4.8%
Greater Manchester
26.4%
23.5%
Banking, finance and Insurance
11.6%
Transport and coomunications
Public administration, education and health
Distribution, hotels and restaurants
19.7%
Manufacturing
10.3%
Manufacturing
5.2%
Construction
26.6%
Public administration, education and health
23.0%
22.7%
Manufacturing
10.1%
6.0%
Transport and coomunications
Other services
North West
Construction
5.3%
4.6%
England & Wales
Agricult ure and fishing 0.9%
Energy and water 0.5%
29.9%
Public administration
Distribution, hotels and restaurants
27.3%
17.6%
Manufacturing
Banking, finance and Insurance
Construction
27.7%
Manufacturing
26.2%
Distribution, hotels and restaurants
24.2%
Banking, finance and Insurance
10.6%
4.7%
Other services 4.0%
Transport and coomunications 4.0%
Public administration
Hyndburn
8.6%
Public administration
Distribution, hotels and restaurants
25.3%
Manufacturing
18.7%
Banking, finance and Insurance
Construction
4.3%
Other services
Other services
4.1%
Transport and coomunications
Transport and coomunications 2.7%
28.3%
Ribble Valley
Construction
26.9%
Public administration
26.4%
Distribution, hotels and restaurants
13.4%
21.7%
Banking, finance and Insurance
5.7%
10.0%
Construction
4.5%
3.7%
Manufacturing
Other services
Burnley
24.7%
Distribution, hotels and restaurants
23.6%
Manufacturing
22.7%
Banking, finance and Insurance
7.1%
5.1%
Transport and coomunications 2.0%
Public administration
Pendle
11.9%
Construction
6.0%
Transport and coomunications
5.7%
Other services
4.9%
Energy and water 1.0%
Agriculture and fishing 2.0%
Agriculture and fishing 0.4%
Agriculture and fishing 0.6%
Agriculture and fishing 0.6%
Agriculture and fishing 0.9%
Energy and water 0.4%
Energy and water 0.1%
Energy and water 0.1%
Energy and water 0.1%
Pennine Lancashire & Blackburn with Darwen Economic Assessment, February 2011
48
Rossendale
3.4 District overview - employees
Blackburn with Darwen
In all, around 31.2% of Pennine Lancashire employment is with organisations based in Blackburn
with Darwen. Manufacturing accounts for a fifth of employment in Blackburn with Darwen
compared to 11.6% in the North West. Distribution hotels and restaurants account for a further
fifth compared to a quarter for the North West. Public services accounts for the highest
proportion of employment in Blackburn with Darwen with 30.1%. Banking, finance and
Insurance accounts for 19.7% in the North West compared to 15.2% in Blackburn with Darwen.
Burnley
Around 16.2% of Pennine Lancashire employment is with organisations based in Burnley, like
other districts Public services is the biggest employer in Burnley, (3 rd highest in Pennine
Lancashire after Blackburn with Darwen and Hyndburn) with 28.3% of all employment,.
Distribution hotels and restaurants account for a quarter and manufacturing for 17.6%. Burnley
has the second highest employment in Banking, finance and Insurance.
Hyndburn
Has the fourth highest proportion of employee jobs (14.3%) in Pennine Lancashire, whilst
employment is strongly skewed in Public services (29.9%), distribution, hotels and restaurants
accounts for (27.3%) and manufacturing (17.6%) of all employment. Within Pennine Lancashire
the Agricultural sector is the 2nd largest in Hyndburn after Ribble Valley. Of all Pennine
Lancashire districts Energy and water sector is the largest in Hyndburn account for 60% of all
Pennine Lancashire jobs in this sector.
Ribble Valley
The Ribble Valley is a large and rural district accounting for the 2 nd lowest proportion of
employee jobs (12.6%) in Pennine Lancashire after Rossendale. Over a quarter of all jobs are in
concentrated in two main sectors, manufacturing accounts for 26.2% of all Ribble Valley
employment and Public services for 27.7%. Ribble Valley is Pennine Lancashire’s main
Agriculture and fishing centre accounting for 39.4% of all Pennine Lancashire employment in
the district. Construction employment is lowest in Ribble Valley as is Banking, finance and
insurance services employment.
Pendle
Pendle provides the 3rd highest employment of all Pennine Lancashire districts with 15.1% of all
employment. As with the other districts, Public services is the largest employer accounting for
28.4% of all Pendle employment. Distribution, Hotels and Restaurants accounts for a quarter of
employment and manufacturing a further fifth.
Rossendale
Rossendale accounts for the lowest share of all Pennine Lancashire employment, providing just
over 10%, as with other districts Public services (28.4%), distribution hotels and restaurants (21.7%)
and manufacturing (23.0%) are the three largest sectors.
Pennine Lancashire & Blackburn with Darwen Economic Assessment, February 2011
49
Table 3.5 below shows the new SIC 2007 codes breakdown of employment for Blackburn with
Darwen and Pennine Lancashire, regional and national comparators are also provided. The
table highlights the relative importance of manufacturing, wholesale and retail and health and
social work sectors to both the Blackburn with Darwen economy and the Pennine Lancashire
sub-region.
It is important ant to note that if public administration, education and health are combined
then the three sectors account for 30.1% of total employment in Blackburn with Darwen and
28.3% in Pennine Lancashire and 28.2% in the North West. (NB, figures vary slightly to previous table, 3.14
due to rounding)
Table 3.5: Employment by sector using SIC 2007
Industry
Blackburn with
Pennine
Darwen
Lancashire
N
%
N
%
Agriculture, forestry
100
0.1%
880
0.4%
and fishing
Mining and quarrying
0
0.0%
100
0.0%
Manufacturing
12,300 19.7%
42500
21.2%
Electricity, gas, steam
and air conditioning
100
0.0%
100
0.0%
supply
Water supply
300
0.5%
1300
0.7%
Construction
2,200
3.5%
9600
4.8%
Wholesale and retail
10,000 16.0%
35300
17.6%
trade
Transportation and
2,100
3.3%
5900
3.0%
storage
Accommodation and
2,500
3.9%
10700
5.3%
food service activities
Information and
2,100
3.3%
4000
2.0%
communication
Financial and
850
1.3%
3000
1.5%
insurance activities
Real estate activities
600
1.0%
2300
1.2%
Professional, scientific
and technical
2,800
4.4%
7500
3.8%
activities
Administrative and
support service
4,600
7.3%
11100
5.5%
activities
Public administration
3,600
5.7%
8200
4.0%
and defence
Education
6,000
9.7%
21600
10.8%
Human health and
9,200
14.7%
27100
13.5%
social work activities
Arts, entertainment
2,300
3.6%
5400
2.7%
and recreation
Other service
1,300
2.0%
4300
2.1%
activities
Total
63,000 100.0% 200,900 100.0%
Greater
Manchester
N
%
North West
England
N
%
N
%
0.1%
1,200
17,300
0.6%
172,700
0.7%
0.0%
9.8%
300
144,200
2,000
333,700
0.1%
11.1%
26,200
2,175,900
0.1%
9.4%
0.1%
800
4,750
0.2%
63,400
0.3%
0.6%
5.9%
6,500
68,330
18,400
165,200
0.6%
5.5%
127,200
1,136,500
0.6%
4.9%
16.7%
194,100
500,600
16.7%
3843,400
16.7%
5.4%
62,100
141,500
4.7%
1,107,300
4.8%
5.8%
67,300
202,750
6.7%
1,544,00
6.7%
2.9%
33,100
80,050
2.7%
914,600
4.0%
4.3%
50,100
108,000
3.6%
945,400
4.1%
1.5%
17,100
40,500
1.3%
326,650
1.4%
7.2%
83,300
179,400
6.0%
1,638,500
7.1%
9.1%
105,200
234,100
7.8%
1,931,200
8.4%
5.2%
60,100
167,800
5.6%
1,202,000
5.2%
9.3%
107,400
288,800
9.6%
2,181,700
9.5%
12.1%
141,100
390,000
13.0%
2,689,000
11.7%
2.0%
23,500
65,900
2.2%
5,54700
2.4%
2.2%
25,400
64,300
2.1%
4,93950
2.1%
3,005,100
100.0%
21,530,300
100.0%
100.0% 1191130
Source: Annual Business Inquiry, 2008
NB Figures are rounded up or down, Percentages based on actual numbers
Pennine Lancashire & Blackburn with Darwen Economic Assessment, February 2011
50
3.5 Sectors – Change over time
The following section provides a more detailed commentary on changes in sector employment
over the last decade using SIC 2003 codes since they provide a long term picture of
employment by sector in each of the Pennine Lancashire areas and enables changes over a 10
year period to be calculated.
3.5.1 Manufacturing sub-sectors
Figures 3.5 and 3.6 show employment by manufacturing sub-sector as a proportion of all jobs in
manufacturing.
Fig 3.5: Blackburn with Darwen
1998
Fig 3.6: Pennine Lancashire
1998
2008
Non metallic mineral products
2008
Non metallic mineral products
Transport equipment
Transport equipment
Machinery and equipment
Machinery and equipment
Food, drink and tobacco
Food, drink and tobacco
Optical and electrical equipment
Optical and electrical equipment
Chemicals & man-made fibres
Chemicals & man-made fibres
Tex tiles/products,leather/products
Tex tiles/products,leather/products
Pulp,paper/products;
Pulp,paper/products;
Timber,rubber,plastic
Timber,rubber,plastic
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0
Pennine Lancashire & Blackburn with Darwen Economic Assessment, February 2011
5
10
15
20
25
51
3.5.2 Textiles
Between 1998 and 2008, the textiles industry experienced significant change, textiles went from
accounting 21% of jobs in the sub-region in 1998 to 10% of all jobs in the sector in 2008.
Blackburn with Darwens share of textile jobs as a proportion of all jobs fell by 4.3% points
between 1998 and 2008. Blackburn’s share of textiles as a proportion of all jobs was 16.8% in
1998 by 2008 this had fallen to 12.6%. By far the largest decrease in textiles jobs as a proportion
of all jobs has been in Burnley which has seen a 90% fall in employment in this sector over 10
years, textile employment now accounts for 4.3% of all manufacturing compared to 20.8% in
1998.
Compared to other districts in Pennine Lancashire Blackburn’s with Darwen has the smallest
decrease.
Table 3.6: Number employed in textiles as a proportion of all manufacturing
Textiles
Number
Proportion of all
% change
employed
manufacturing jobs
1998-2008
1998
2008
1998
2008
Blackburn with Darwen
3,328
1600
16.8
12.6
-51.9%
Burnley
2,733
259
20.4
4.3
-90.5%
Hyndburn
2,181
609
23.4
12.0
-72.1%
Pendle
2,656
906
20.6
11.1
-65.9%
Ribble Valley
476
105
6.3
1.6
-77.9%
Rossendale
3,394
782
38.5
16.2
-77.0%
Pennine Lancashire
14,768
4,261
20.6
9.8
-71.1%
Source: Annual Business Inquiry, 2008 ONS crown copyright
3.5.3 Food, drink and tobacco
Food and manufacturing has over time increased its share of all manufacturing jobs, in 1998 this
sector accounted for 6.8% of all manufacturing jobs in the Pennine Lancashire sub region by
2008 its share had increased to 8.2%.
The food and drinks sector in Blackburn with Darwen accounts for over a quarter of all Pennine
Lancashire manufacturing jobs, Pendle and Ribble Valley both account for a fifth. Between
1998 and 2008 food and drinks went from accounting 5.8% of all manufacturing jobs in Ribble
Valley to 11.0% of all jobs in 2008 and in Burnley its share went up from 3.2% to 6.9%.
3.5.4 Optical and Electrical Equipment
As a sector, the manufacture of optical and electrical equipment has decreased, this sector
accounted for 7.3% of all manufacturing jobs in the Pennine Lancashire sub-region in 1998 its
share has fallen to 5.9% in 2008. Blackburn with Darwen and Rossendale hold the highest share
of manufacturing jobs in this sector with Blackburn accounting for 39% and Rossendale a fifth of
all jobs in Pennine Lancashire.
Pennine Lancashire & Blackburn with Darwen Economic Assessment, February 2011
52
3.5.5 Pulp, paper/products: printing
Printing constitutes 9.3% of manufacturing jobs in the Pennine sub-region, at 49.1% Blackburn
with Darwen holds the highest share of manufacturing jobs in this sector, Hyndburn share is
19.4% and Burnley’s is 13.2% between them these three areas account for four fifths of all
printing jobs in Pennine Lancashire sub-region.
3.5.6 Machinery and Equipment
Manufacturing of machinery and equipment represents 7.3% of the sub-regions manufacturing
jobs in 2008, since 1998 it has increased its share by 0.5 of a percentage point, with the
exception of Ribble Valley each district in the sub-region accounts for between a sixth and a
quarter of all manufacturing jobs in this sector, Blackburn with Darwen has the highest share of
manufacturing jobs in this sector with 23%, closely followed by Pendle with 21.1% and Hyndburn
with 18.8%. Ribble valley’s share of manufacturing jobs in the machinery and equipment sector
is 2.9% of all sub-regional jobs in this sector.
3.5.7 Transport and Equipment
The manufacture of transport and equipment accounts for 15.9% of all manufacturing jobs in
the sub-region, the lion’s share of jobs in this sector is in Ribble Valley which accounts for 52.9%,
Pendle and Burnley account for 19.5% and 17.7% respectively. Blackburn with Darwen’s share is
4.6% and Rossendale and Hyndburn have approximately 3%.
With the exception of Blackburn with Darwen and Pendle all other districts in the sub-region
increased their share over the period, some by a modest amount and other by a large amount.
Blackburn’s share decreased by half a percentage point from 3% to 2.5% while Pendle’s
decreased by 2 percentage points. Between 1998 and 2008 Burnley has increased its share by
11.2% points, up from 9.0% in 1998 to 20.2% in 2008, Ribble Valley’s share increased by 9.2%
points over the same period.
3.5.8 Chemicals and man-made fibres
Employment in chemicals and man-made fibres manufacturing has remained relatively stable,
accounting for 6.2% of all manufacturing jobs in Pennine Lancashire in 1998 and 7% in 2008.
Blackburn with Darwen has the highest proportion (44.7%) of the sub-regions jobs in this sector
and Pendle the lowest (2.9%)/
3.5.9 Non-metallic minerals
The manufacture of non-metallic minerals accounted for 2.4% of all manufacturing jobs in the
sub-region in 2008. Ribble Valley manufactures a high proportion of non-metallic mineral
products (46.9% of all the sub-region’s non-metallic minerals manufacturing), Blackburn with
Darwen produces a fifth and Pendle approximately 15%, together these three areas account
for 80% of manufacturing in this sector. In 1998 the sector accounted for 9.3% of all jobs in Ribble
Valley, by 2008 this had decreased to 7.3%.
Pennine Lancashire & Blackburn with Darwen Economic Assessment, February 2011
53
3.6 Services sector
Blackburn with Darwen and Pennine Lancashire service sector employment has increased over
the 10 year period between 1998 and 2008. In Blackburn with Darwen the service sector
accounted for two thirds and manufacturing a third of employment in 1998, by 2008 Blackburn
with Darwen saw its share (proportion) of service employment increase to 73% at the same time
the manufacturing sector reduced its share to 27%. The graph below trends the share of the two
broad sectors over the period in Blackburn with Darwen. The trend for Pennine Lancashire is
similar to that shown for Blackburn with Darwen.
Fig 3.7: Employment in manufacturing and service sector as a proportion of total
Blackburn with Darwen
80.0%
manufacturing & serv ice sector employment
70.0%
60.0%
50.0%
Serv ice
40.0%
30.0%
20.0%
Manufacturing
10.0%
0.0%
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Source: Annual Business Inquiry - ONS, crown copyright reserved
NB: Service sector: Wholesale & Retail, Hotels and restaurants, transport storage and communications, Financial
intermediation, Public administration education and health.
Pennine Lancashire & Blackburn with Darwen Economic Assessment, February 2011
54
3.6.1 Wholesale & retail distribution:repair
The wholesale and retail trade sub-sector (SIC 50, 51, 52) accounts for 17.7% of jobs in the Pennine
Lancashire sub-region and 16% in Blackburn with Darwen and between 1998 and 2008 the
subsector grew by 1.6% points in the Pennine Lancashire sub-region and decreased by -2.2%
points in Blackburn with Darwen.
Ribble valley experienced much growth in the sector over the 10 year period increasing by
18.8%, there was modest growth in other districts of between 2-4%. Hyndburn has decreased its
share of wholesale and retail trade employment by 3.0%, shedding some 200 jobs in the 10 year
period.
3.6.2 Visitor economy: Hotels and restaurants
The hotels and restaurants sub-sector (SIC 55) accounts for 5.3% of all jobs in Pennine Lancashire,
over the 10 year period employment in this sector has decreased by 8.8%. The subsector is most
prominent in Ribble Valley where it accounts for 9.6% of all jobs in that district. Ribble Valley’s
share of jobs in this sector as a proportion of all Hotel and restaurants jobs in Pennine Lancashire
sub-region is 22.4%. Blackburn with Darwen’s share is 22.6%. Over the 10 year period Hyndburn
has experienced a 52.3% decrease in the number of people employed in this sector while
Ribble valley has experienced a 25.4% increase.
3.6.3 Public administration, Education and health
The Pennine Lancashire sub-region has a high proportion of employment in the public sector, in
2008 this sector accounted for 28.4% of all employment. The public sector component is made
up of public administration & defence, education, health and social work. While public
administration has decreased by 25.6% over the 10 years in Pennine Lancashire, education and
health have increased by 44.1% and 24.3% respectively. In 2008 56,943 persons were employed
in this sector compared to 47,812 in 1998, an increase of 19.1%
Within Blackburn with Darwen Public sector employment is 30.1%, as a proportion of all Public
sector jobs in the Pennine Lancashire sub-region Blackburn with Darwen’s share of public
administration and defence component is 44.2%. The share for other districts is given below
In many towns within the Pennine Lancashire sub-region, the public sector is a major employer,
this employment has in some cases propped up the local economy when private sector has
been in decline. Table below shows Public administration as a share of Public sector jobs and
Pennine Lancashire jobs.
Table 3.7: Public sector employment
Public admin & % of all jobs in
Public
defence
Pennine Lancs. Sector*
Blackburn with
3,589
44.2%
18,852
Darwen
Burnley
981
12.1%
9,229
Hyndburn
1,091
13.4%
8,594
Pendle
1,311
16.1%
8,028
Ribble Valley
781
9.7%
6,993
Rossendale
357
4.4%
5,247
Pennine Lancashire
8,118
100%
56,943
Source: Annual Business Inquiry - ONS, crown copyright reserved
% of all jobs in
Pennine Lancs.*
33.1%
% of all jobs in
district*
30.1%
% change
1998-2008*
9.2%
16.2%
15.1%
14.1%
12.3%
9.2%
100%
28.3%
29.9%
26.4%
27.7%
24.7%
28.4%
-3.2%
34.1%
30.5%
50.5%
38.0%
19.1%
*Amalgamation of public administration, education and health
Pennine Lancashire & Blackburn with Darwen Economic Assessment, February 2011
55
3.6.4 Transport, storage and communications
Transport and communications makes up 4.1% of all employment in the sub-region, in Blackburn
with Darwen its share of all jobs is 4.8%. Blackburn with Darwen accounts for 37.2% of all
transport and communications jobs in Pennine Lancashire, Burnley (18.0%), Hyndburn (14.0%),
Rossendale (14.0%), Pendle (7.5%) and Ribble Valley (8.4%). In real terms this sector lost 30.1% of
jobs between 1998 and 2008 in Pennine Lancashire. Rossendale experienced the largest
decrease of -72.3% over 10 years, employing 4,338 persons in 1998 to 1,216 in 2008. Ribble valley
experienced a decrease of -30.1%
3.6.5 Financial Intermediation
Burnley and Hyndburn have all experienced significant growth in financial intermediation
employment (SIC 65, 66, 67) between 1998 and 2008. Hyndburn has seen the largest percentage
increase up 54.0% on 1998 levels while Burnley saw a 14% increase. Blackburn with Darwen
experienced the largest decrease of any Pennine Lancashire authority, just under a third (31%)
over the period. Pendle saw its employment in this sector decrease by 27.9% and Ribble Valley
by 18.5%. Between them Blackburn with Darwen and Burnley account for 54.7% of all financial
intermediation employment in the sub-region, Hyndburn accounts for 17.9% and Pendle 13.2%.
Between 1998 and 2008 there was a 8.9% decrease in financial intermediation employment in
the Pennine Lancashire sub-region.
Pennine Lancashire & Blackburn with Darwen Economic Assessment, February 2011
56
3.6 Creative and digital
The North West is home to the largest cluster of Creative and digital industries outside London.
The Northwest regional development Agency (NWDA) estimates that over 140,000 people
across the North West are employed in the creative and media industries. The region has long
enjoyed a well-earned reputation for outstanding creativity and artistic innovation. Its creative
success has historically been based around music but today it is increasingly focused on film,
digital media, computer games and television-related activities. This sector has been identified
as a priority growth sector.
The following are the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) 2003 codes for Creative and digital
industry sector:




74.4 Advertising;
74.81 Photographic;
72.2 Software consultancy and supply;
92.1-2,4 Film and video, radio and TV, news agency
The Pennine Lancashire sub-region has 1800 jobs in the Creative and digital media sector in
2008, employment grew by 56% between 1998 and 2008 and business units by four fifths over
the same period, the increase in employment in Pennine Lancashire is higher than the regional
but lower than the national average. Creative and digital sector employment grew by half
both nationally and in the region. Within Blackburn with Darwen employment in this sector
increased or grew by 86% and number of business units increased by 90%.
In 2008 Blackburn with Darwen accounted for 38% of employment in this sector and Pendle a
quarter (23%), employment in this sector was lowest in the Ribble Valley and Rossendale (both
of whom accounted for 9% of jobs). Hyndburn and Burnley each account for approximately
12% of jobs
3.7 ICT and telecommunications
The following are the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) 2003 codes for ICT and
Telecommunications sector:


64 Post and telecommunications
72 Computer and Related (Excluding 72.2)
The Pennine Lancashire sub-region has over 3600 jobs in the ICT and telecommunications sector
in 2008, employment grew by a quarter between 1998 and 2008 and business units by % over
the same period, the increase in employment in this sector in Pennine Lancashire is higher than
the regional and national average. Regionally jobs in this sector grew by 8% while nationally
they decreased by less than 1%.
Blackburn with Darwen saw employment in this sector increase by 40% over the 10 year period.
In 1998 post and telecomm accounted for over 94% of employment, other computer related
activity 3%, maintenance of machinery 2%, over time the proportion of employment for each of
these sub sectors has changed such that by 2008 post and telecomms share of employment fell
to 70% while that for other computer related activity has increased to 7%. Over the same period
data processing has increased its share from 0% to 23% in 2008.
Pennine Lancashire & Blackburn with Darwen Economic Assessment, February 2011
57
3.8 Sports and Leisure
The sports and leisure sector is a relatively large sector in terms of employment in Pennine
Lancashire, employing a total of 6,000 employees in 2008. Blackburn with Darwen accounts for
the lion’s share of employment in this sector employing 38% of the total. Hyndburn, Ribble
Valley and Rossendale account for between 9% and 11% of jobs.
Over the period Hyndburn, Pendle, Ribble valley and Rossendale have seen employment in this
sector increase two and three fold.
3.9 Retail trade
Like the sports and leisure sector, the retail trade employs over 20,000 persons within the Pennine
Lancashire area, over the period between 1998 and 2008 Blackburn with Darwen has seen
employment in this sector decrease by 16% and Burnley by 4%. Rossendale on the other hand
has seen employment in its retail sector increase by a fifth and Hyndburn by 12%. By far the
largest share of retail sector employment in the Pennine Lancashire districts is held by Blackburn
with Darwen district which accounted for 27%, Hyndburn accounts for a fifth of all employment
in this sector. The Ribble Valley has the smallest share with 9%.
3.10 Construction
Within Pennine Lancashire construction has seen its share of jobs increase from 7,000 to just over
9000 jobs, an increase of 30.7%. Construction accounts for 4.9% of all jobs in Pennine Lancashire.
Blackburn with Darwen and Pendle account for just under a half of all Pennine Lancashire
construction employment with approximately 23% each. Over the 10 year period between 1998
and 2008 the construction sector grew by between 10% and 85%. In Pendle construction grew
by 85%, in contrast, the Hyndburn construction sector grew by 10%. In Pennine Lancashire as a
whole the construction sector grew by 31%.
Pennine Lancashire & Blackburn with Darwen Economic Assessment, February 2011
58
3.11 Tourism
The following are the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) 2003 codes for the tourism industry:

Tourism-related includes the following sectors:
551 Hotels
552 Camping sites etc
553 Restaurants
554 Bars
633 Activities of travel agencies etc
925 Library, archives, museums etc
926 Sporting activities
927 Other recreational activities
In 2008 Blackburn with Darwen accounted for 26.6% or a quarter of all tourism related
employment in the Pennine Lancashire sub-region, Burnley and Ribble Valley have the second
largest share with 17.5% each. Compared to 1998 levels Ribble Valley has seen the largest
percentage increase in tourism related employment with 35% more jobs in existence in 2008.
Hyndburn has also experience an increase of tourism related employment of 31.3%. Blackburn
with Darwen has seen a modest increase of 2.5% over the same period. Rossendale has been
the biggest loser in terms of tourism related employment and has experienced the largest
decrease with -65.1% fewer jobs in tourism in 2008 compared to 1998, a reduction of 2800 jobs.
Overall the Pennine Lancashire sub-region has seen a reduction in tourism related employment
of approximately 6% over the period.
Table 3.8 Tourism related Jobs in Pennine Lancashire
Total tourism jobs
2008
Blackburn with Darwen
4,100
Pennine Lancashire
15,400
Greater Manchester
83,800
North West
247,500
Great Britain
2,181,100
% change in tourism jobs
1998-2008
2.5
-6.1
22.5
13.7
20.4
Source: Annual Business Inquiry, 2008 – ONS, Crown copyright
Table 3.9 Tourism related Jobs in Pennine Lancashire districts
Total tourism
As a % of all Tourism
jobs (2008)
jobs in Pennine
Lancashire
Blackburn with Darwen
4,100
26.6
Burnley
2,700
17.5
Hyndburn
2,100
13.6
Pendle
2,300
14.9
Ribble Valley
2,700
17.5
Rossendale
1,500
9.7
% change in
tourism jobs
1998-2008
2.5
8.0
31.3
15.0
35.0
-65.1
Source: Annual Business Inquiry, 2008 – ONS, Crown copyright
Rossendale has the lowest share of tourism related jobs and employment in this district has fallen
by two-thirds in this sector.
Pennine Lancashire & Blackburn with Darwen Economic Assessment, February 2011
59
3.12 The Knowledge Economy
Over the years there has been an increasing realisation that businesses that are able to quickly
harness changes in technology, better understand the markets they operate in and are able to
exploit new market opportunities tend to be very successful. The term used to describe such
businesses is the ‘Knowledge Economy’ this covers activities which rely on the creation,
evaluation and trading of knowledge. This sector has been growing fast in recent years, the
presence of such business is important as a means of generating wealth and improving
competitiveness.
The knowledge economy may be described as the part of the economy where organisations
generate wealth by utilising a knowledge specialism in their workforce. This may include the
knowledge to use a certain technology. "Economic success is increasingly based upon the
effective utilisation of intangible assets such as knowledge, skills and innovative potential as the
key resource for competitive advantage. The term 'knowledge economy' is used to describe
this emerging economic structure".
There is no single way of defining what the ‘knowledge economy’ is, rather a number of
separate definitions, in terms of particular types of businesses and occupations associated with
higher knowledge requirements and levels of skills exist. Two definitions are available both of
which are given below. The first is the Eurostat definition which is a broad measure while the
second is a much narrower definition. Both use 2003 SIC codes.
Unless otherwise stated we have used the Eurostat definition of knowledge intensive services
which includes the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) 2003 codes:

61 Water transport;

62 Air transport;

64 Post and telecommunications;

65 to 67 Financial intermediation;

70 to 74 Real estate, renting and business activities;

80 Education;


85 Health and social work;
92 Recreational, cultural and sporting activities
Table 3.10: Distribution of knowledge intensive service (KIS) units within Pennine Lancashire
Number of KIS
units
Total number of
business unit
% of total units
Blackburn with Darwen
1,925
4,946
38.9%
Burnley
1,016
2,834
35.9%
876
2,682
32.6%
Pendle
1,019
2,906
35.1%
Ribble Valley
1,215
2,926
41.5%
Rossendale
1,101
2,685
41.0%
Pennine Lancashire
7,152
18,979
37.7%
Hyndburn
Source: Annual Business Inquiry, 2008 – ONS, Crown copyright
Note: Figures are rounded to 100 but percentages are calculated on unrounded figures.
Pennine Lancashire & Blackburn with Darwen Economic Assessment, February 2011
60
There exists a degree of variation in terms of the location of knowledge intensive businesses in
Pennine Lancashire. Hyndburn has a third of its business units that are knowledge intensive
industries, while Rossendale and the Ribble Valley have over 40%. Two districts Ribble Valley and
Rossendale have a higher proportion of its business units that are knowledge intensive industries
than the Pennine Lancashire average.
3.12.1 Employment within knowledge intensive (KI) industries
In 2008, 28,354 people were employed in knowledge intensive industries in Blackburn with
Darwen, approximately 45% of employees. This proportion is higher than the Pennine Lancashire
(41%).
Table 3.11 : Number of employees working in knowledge intensive industries
Number employed
in KI industries
% employed in
KI industries as
a % of
employment in
all industries
Blackburn with Darwen
28,354
45.3%
Burnley
14,114
43.3%
Hyndburn
11,195
39.0%
Pendle
10,702
35.2%
Ribble Valley
8,972
35.6%
Rossendale
8,132
38.3%
Pennine Lancashire
81,469
40.6%
Source: Annual Business Inquiry, 2008 – ONS, Crown copyright
Note: Figures are rounded to 100 but percentages are calculated on unrounded figures.
However this is not a particularly good measure of people working within knowledge
intensive jobs as these figures would include everyone working within that industry
including manual or supporting jobs that may not require a high level of knowledge.
Pennine Lancashire & Blackburn with Darwen Economic Assessment, February 2011
61
3.12.2 Occupation of people working within knowledge intensive industries
Probably one of the better ways of measuring how many people are employed in knowledge
intensive jobs is to look at their standard occupational classification. Occupational classification
information is obtained through the annual population survey (APS).
Standard Occupational Classifications (2003) are:

1: managers and senior officials

2: professional occupations

3: associate professional and technical occupations

4: administrative and secretarial occupations

5: skilled trades occupations

6: personal service occupations

7: sales and customer service occupations

8: process, plant and machine operatives

9: elementary occupations
The first three occupations, managers and senior officials, professional occupations and
associate professional and technical occupations are classified as knowledge intensive
occupations.
'The underlying rational for this definition is that these occupational groups include the sorts of
jobs we most readily associate with the knowledge intensive industries. One drawback is that
some categories include large numbers of people who would not typically be regarded as
knowledge workers, for example, managers of small stores and corner shops.'
18
In 2007, over a third or 35.9% of Blackburn with Darwen’s workers (20,600 people) were working
within the top three occupations, managers and senior officials, professional occupations and
associate professional & technical occupations.
This proportion is lower than that for the region as a whole (41.2%) and England (44.6%). The
Pennine Lancashire average was 39.3%
All other Pennine Lancashire districts had a higher percentage of their workers within the top
three occupations, Pendle and Ribble Valley having the highest (44.2% and 44.6% respectively)
similar to the England average. Hyndburn had 36.4% of its workers employed in the top three
occupations slightly higher than Blackburn with Darwen but lower than the regional and
national average and lowest of all Pennine Lancashire districts along with Blackburn with
Darwen.
Pennine Lancashire & Blackburn with Darwen Economic Assessment, February 2011
62
3.12.3 People with higher level skills
Higher level skills are considered to be NVQ Level 4 qualifications or equivalent (e.g. HND,
Degree and Higher Degree level qualifications). In 2008, 17% of Blackburn with Darwen’s
working age population was qualified to NVQ level 4. All of Blackburn with Darwen’s
neighbouring authorities/districts have higher proportions of their population qualified to level 4,
the highest being in the Ribble Valley with 40% followed by Rossendale with 26%.
However, this also is not a very good measure of people working in knowledge intensive jobs, as
these people may not all be working in jobs that require level 4 qualifications.
For more information about qualification levels see the relevant part within the
Employment and Skills section (page 18).
Source: Annual Population Survey, NOMIS, ONS, Crown copyright
Pennine Lancashire & Blackburn with Darwen Economic Assessment, February 2011
63
3.13 Business Structure
The following section considers the size of business stock that underpins the Pennine Lancashire districts economy.
0.0%
0.0%
5.0% 10.0% 15.0% 20.0% 25.0% 30.0%
Wholesale and retail trade
26.3%
Real estate, renting and business activities
Hotels and restaurants
Blackburn with Darwen
4.1%
Transport, storage and communication
0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0% 25.0%
Wholesale and retail trade
30.0%
26.4%
Real estate, renting and business activities
20.6%
Construction
0.0%
Wholesale and retail trade
9.3%
Manufacturing
Other community, social and personal service
7.9%
activities
Hotels and restaurants
26.1%
17.9%
11.1%
Manufacturing
Construction
Health and social work
7.1%
Burnley
Transport, and communication
3.2%
Hotels and restaurants
Health and social work
Transport, and communication
6.9%
Manufacturing
6.4%
0.0%
Real estate, renting and business activities
29.2%
21.2%
Manufacturing
Pennine Lancashire & Blackburn with Darwen Economic Assessment, February 2011
0.0%
Construction
Other community, social and personal service
activities
7.0%
Transport, and communication
4.3%
26.8%
21.1%
11.8%
Manufacturing
7.8%
4.3%
10.0% 15.0% 20.0% 25.0% 30.0%
Wholesale and retail trade
11.5%
Health and social work
5.0%
England and Wales
4.2%
Real estate, renting and business activities
8.1%
activities
5.5%
Transport, storage and communication
5.0% 10.0% 15.0% 20.0% 25.0% 30.0% 35.0%
Pendle
Transport, and communication
4.5%
Wholesale and retail trade
8.3%
Health and social work
6.1%
North West
Other community, social and personal service
5.8%
4.5%
6.7%
Construction
5.8%
Hyndburn
5.2%
Hotels and restaurants
Hotels and restaurants
8.3%
activities
7.3%
7.3%
11.2%
Other community, social and personal service
8.2%
Hotels and restaurants
10.0% 15.0% 20.0% 25.0% 30.0%
10.4%
10.2%
Other community, social and personal service activities
Transport, storage and communication
25.9%
20.0%
Construction
Manchester Metropolitan districts
21.7%
31.5%
Wholesale and retail trade
10.0%
Health and social work
Wholesale and retail trade
10.7%
activities
5.0%
22.1%
Manufacturing
4.5%
Real estate, renting and business activities
7.8%
5.7%
Real estate, renting and business activities
Construction
Other community, social and personal service
6.8%
0.0%
Manufacturing
Hotels and restaurants
7.6%
Health and social work
10.0% 15.0% 20.0% 25.0% 30.0%
Real estate, renting and business activities
11.2%
Health and social work
0.0% 5.0% 10.0% 15.0% 20.0% 25.0% 30.0% 35.0%
Other community, social and personal service activities
6.5%
Transport, storage and communication
5.0%
Wholesale and retail trade
7.2%
Hotels and restaurants
28.7%
Construction
7.6%
Manufacturing
4.4%
Real estate, renting and business activities
9.6%
activities
Pennine Lancashire
0.0% 5.0% 10.0% 15.0% 20.0% 25.0% 30.0% 35.0%
22.3%
Other community, social and personal service
6.3%
Transport, and communication
29.9%
Construction
6.9%
Health and social work
10.0% 15.0% 20.0% 25.0% 30.0% 35.0%
Real estate, renting and business activities
7.6%
Hotels and restaurants
5.0%
Wholesale and retail trade
9.8%
activities
6.3%
0.0%
30.0%
10.2%
Manufacturing
7.3%
25.0%
23.2%
Other community, social and personal service
7.5%
Other community and personal service activities
20.0%
24.7%
Construction
7.8%
Health and social work
15.0%
Real estate, renting and business activities
9.7%
Construction
10.0%
Wholesale and retail trade
22.9%
Manufacturing
5.0%
Health and social work
10.6%
7.2%
5.8%
Hotels and restaurants
5.7%
Transport, and communication
5.4%
Ribble Valley
Rossendale
64
3.14 District overview - Units
In 2008 60% of Blackburn with Darwen’s and Pennine Lancashire business units were concentrated in
three sectors, Wholesale and retail accounted for 26.3% of business units in Blackburn with Darwen and
24.7% in Pennine Lancashire, real estate, renting and business activities account for 23% in each of the
two areas. The third largest sector in Blackburn with Darwen is manufacturing while in Pennine
Lancashire it is construction.
Wholesale and retail units have the greatest share of employment units in Burnley, Hyndburn and
Pendle.
A quarter of all business units in Burnley, Hyndburn and Pendle are in the wholesale and retail trade
sector, while a fifth of all business units (exception of Hyndburn -18%) deal with real estate, renting and
business activities.
Construction and manufacturing compete for 3rd and 4th position in terms of employment units in
Burnley, Hyndburn, Pendle and Rossendale. Construction is the 3 rd largest sector in Burnley, Ribble valley
and Rossendale. Manufacturing is the 3rd largest in Hyndburn and Pendle.
The hotel and Restaurant sector is the 4 th largest sector in the Ribble Valley and the 5 th largest in
Hyndburn, the hotel and restaurant sector accounts for 8% or 1 in 12 of all business units in Hyndburn,
Pendle and the Ribble Valley. Hotel and restaurants sector share in Burnley is 7.6% and for Blackburn
with Darwen it is 6.3%, its share of all other sectors or business units is the lowest in Rossendale with 5.7%.
The transport and communication sector has the smallest percentage share of employment units in all
the six Pennine Lancashire districts, Rossendale and Hyndburn both have 5% of their business units in this
sector, while Pendle, Ribble Valley and Blackburn with Darwen all have approximately 4%. Burnley has
3% of business units in this sector.
Blackburn with Darwen Local Economic Assessment
Page 65 of 130
3.15 Third sector and social enterprise (Voluntary sector)
The third or voluntary sector is another sector which is vitality important to local, regional and national
economies. Under the previous administration the sector was known as the third sector, while under the
current government the term used is the voluntary sector.
Both terms are used to mean the same group of organisations - charities, social enterprises, community
and voluntary organisations.
A thriving voluntary sector is crucial to building stronger communities and delivering good quality
services. Charities, voluntary and community groups and social enterprises need people with the right
skills to be able to make a difference to the people and communities they serve.
The extracts below are based on the Work chapter of the National Council for Voluntary Organisations
(NCVO) UK Civil Society Almanac 2010 and covers key trends and characteristics of the voluntary sector
workforce, employment and volunteering.

The Labour Force Survey (LES) estimates that 668,000 people were employed in the UK voluntary
sector in 2008. The sector employs two out of every hundred people in the UK workforce,
accounting for 2.3% of all UK employees. In comparison the public sector employed just over
seven million employees in 2008 and the private sector employed just under 21 million
employees.1

Between 1999 and 2008 the voluntary sector workforce increased by 124,000 employees. In
comparison, the public and private sectors’ workforces increased by 1.3 million and 1 million
employees respectively. As a percentage, the voluntary sector has experienced a higher rate of
increase (23%) than the private sector (7%) and the public sector (18%).
The growth in the voluntary sector is linked to almost twenty years of public service delivery
being contracted out by central and local government agencies to the sector (Kendall, 2003).

More than two-thirds (68%) of the voluntary sector work-force are women. This compares with
the public sector (65%) but contrasts with the private sector (39%).

The voluntary sector workforce contains a higher proportion of disabled people than the public
and private sectors. Nearly one in five people (19%) working in the voluntary sector has a
disability compared to 14% of the public sector workforce and 12% of the private sector
workforce.

The ethnicity of over nine in ten of the voluntary sector workforce is white (93%). This is slightly
higher than in the public and private sectors (each equating to 91%).

Voluntary sector employees are concentrated in small workplaces with one-third of voluntary
sector workers (32%) employed in workplaces with less than 10 employees.
Blackburn with Darwen Local Economic Assessment
Page 66 of 130
3.16 Business structure over time
Fig 3.9 shows change in proportion of business units as a percentage of total units by broad sector in
Blackburn with Darwen 1998 and 2008
In terms of growth, real estate, renting and business activities, public administration and defence,
construction all increased, while manufacturing, wholesale and retail trade units decreased.
Fig 3.9: Business units change over time (proportion of total)
1998
2008
Other community , social and personal serv ice activ ities
Health and social w ork
Education
Public administration and defence; compulsory social security
Real estate, renting and business activ ities
Financial intermediation
Transport, storage and communication
Hotels and restaurants
Wholesale and retail trade
Construction
Electricity , gas and w ater supply
Manufacturing
Agriculture, hunting and forestry
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Source: Nomis,
Blackburn with Darwen Local Economic Assessment
Page 67 of 130
3.17 Business size
Small businesses are important to the local economy. In 2009, there were 5,005 local units in Blackburn
with Darwen. The employment size band with the highest proportion of local units in Blackburn with
Darwen was the 0 - 4 band (62.2%). This is less than the proportion in the North West region (66.2%) and
less than in England (68.6%).
Data in the table has been aggregated to a size band of 10 or more, seventy-nine per cent of
Blackburn with Darwen businesses employ fewer than 10 people, in the Pennine Lancashire sub-region
the level is higher at 82.4%, This is higher than regional but not the national level.
Table 3.12: Business size in Pennine Lancashire, 2008
Blackburn
Pennine
with Darwen
Lancashire
Total units
5,005
19,755
0-9
10-19
20-49
50-99
100-249
250+
78.5
9.8
7.1
2.5
1.6
0.5
82.4
8.4
5.9
1.9
1.1
0.3
Greater
Manchester
94,600
North
West
263,775
England
2,353,075
80.5
8.8
6.5
2.2
1.3
0.6
81.6
8.7
6.1
2.0
1.1
0.5
83.2
8.1
5.4
1.9
1.0
0.4
Source IDBR, 2009
In Blackburn with Darwen 9.8% of businesses employ 10-19 and 7.1% 20-49 employees, higher than
Pennine Lancashire, regional and national levels.
Ribble valley has the largest percentage of businesses employing 0-9 persons at 88.8% this is higher than
Blackburn with Darwen, Pennine Lancashire and regional and national levels. Ribble valley which is
predominantly rural stands out as having an above average share of micro-businesses.
Table 3.13: Business size in Pennine Lancashire Districts, 2008
Blackburn Burnley
Pendle
Hyndburn
with
Darwen
Total units
0-9
10-19
20-49
50-99
100-249
250+
5,005
78.5
9.8
7.1
2.5
1.6
0.5
2,875
80.0
9.0
7.5
1.9
1.2
0.4
3,030
82.8
8.1
5.8
2.0
0.8
0.5
2,710
80.4
9.0
6.6
2.2
1.3
0.4
Ribble
valley
Rossendale
3,390
88.8
5.8
3.7
1.2
0.3
0.2
2,745
85.2
7.8
4.2
1.6
0.9
0.2
Source IDBR, 2009 UK Business activity, size and location ONS
Blackburn with Darwen Local Economic Assessment
Page 68 of 130
3.18 Small business by number of employees
The majority of employers in the Pennine Lancashire sub region are small businesses; 84.1% employ less
than 10 people, only 3.7% employ 50+, more than the proportion employed as the national average
(3.5%) but lower than that for the North West (3.8%).
Table 3.14:
Sizeband
1-4
5-10
11-24
25-49
50-99
100-299
300+
1-10
11-49
50+
Blackburn with
Darwen
Burnley
Hyndburn
65.8%
15.3%
9.4%
5.1%
2.4%
1.7%
0.3%
81.1%
14.5%
4.4%
66.1%
67.5%
16.1%
15.4%
8.8%
9.1%
5.2%
4.0%
2.2%
2.2%
1.3%
1.6%
0.3%
0.3%
82.2%
82.9%
14.0%
13.0%
3.8%
4.1%
Pendle
Ribble Valley
70.2%
77.6%
14.1%
11.6%
7.8%
6.2%
3.7%
2.2%
2.8%
1.6%
1.1%
0.6%
0.3%
0.2%
84.3%
89.2%
11.5%
8.4%
4.2%
2.4%
Rossendale
74.8%
12.0%
6.8%
3.5%
1.7%
1.1%
0.1%
86.8%
10.3%
2.9%
Pennine Lancashire
69.9%
14.2%
8.1%
4.1%
2.2%
1.3%
0.3%
84.1%
12.2%
3.7%
Great Britain
71.1%
13.9%
7.8%
3.7%
2.0%
1.2%
0.4%
85.0%
11.5%
3.5%
North West
69.1%
14.6%
8.3%
4.2%
2.2%
1.3%
0.4%
83.7%
12.5%
3.8%
Source: ONS Crown copyright
Nearly two thirds of employers in Blackburn with Darwen employ 1-4 persons, the lowest of all Pennine
Lancashire Districts. Ribble valley has the highest percentage of micro industries, employers employing
1-4 persons with 77.6%, closely followed by Rossendale.
Blackburn with Darwen has highest percentage of employers employing 11-49 (14.5%) and 50+ (4.4%)
people, higher than the regional and national average.
Blackburn with Darwen Local Economic Assessment
Page 69 of 130
3.19 Small business by number of employees 2008
Table 3.15:
Size-band
Total
1-4
510
1124
2549
5099
100499
500999
Agriculture and fishing
Energy and water
20
4
16
2
3
0
1
2
Manufacturing
Construction
482
388
219
327
88
28
Distribution, hotels and
restaurants
Transport and
communications
Banking, finance and
insurance
Public administration,
education & health
Other services
1,616
1,115
205
68
20
47
9
27
2
32
2
1
280
137
56
15
12
1
139
29
15
6
11
4
1
1,265
990
136
74
29
22
13
1
603
191
134
122
94
35
23
363
257
58
24
12
8
3,256
756
463
253
120
Total
4,946
Source: ONS Crown copyright
10001999
20004999
2
1
1
3
0
1
0
89
6
2
1
>5000
As already mentioned the majority of employers in Blackburn with Darwen are small businesses, 81%
employ less than 10 people, whilst only 4% employ more than 50 people, this is higher than both the
regional and national average.
In all sectors in Blackburn with Darwen the majority of business enterprises employ less than 10 people.
95% of Agriculture and fishing enterprises and 91.5% of construction enterprises employ less than 1-10
people. In all other sectors around 50-90% of businesses in each sector employ 1-10 people. The only
sectors with any significant proportion of enterprises employing 50+ people are Public administration,
education and health and Manufacturing.
Table 3.16: Percentage of Blackburn with Darwen Enterprises by size band 2008
Size-band
1-4
5-10
11-24
25-49
5099
100499
500999
Agriculture and fishing
4.0%
0.8%
0.3%
Energy and water
Manufacturing
50.0%
45.4%
0.0%
18.3%
Construction
Distribution, hotels and
restaurants
Transport and
communications
Banking, finance and
insurance
Public administration,
education & health
Other services
Total
84.3%
69.0%
10001999
20004999
50.0%
14.1%
9.8%
5.6%
6.6%
0.2%
7.2%
17.3%
5.2%
8.5%
2.3%
3.5%
0.5%
0.9%
0.5%
0.7%
0.1%
67.8%
14.1%
7.3%
2.9%
5.4%
2.0%
0.5%
78.3%
10.8%
5.8%
2.3%
1.7%
1.0%
0.1%
31.7%
22.2%
20.2%
15.6%
5.8%
3.8%
0.3%
0.2%
0.2%
70.8%
65.8%
16.0%
15.3%
6.6%
9.4%
3.3%
5.1%
2.2%
2.4%
0.8%
1.8%
0.0%
0.1%
0.3%
0.0%
>5000
Source: ONS Crown copyright
Blackburn with Darwen Local Economic Assessment
Page 70 of 130
3.20 Business births and deaths
The figures for business births and deaths are taken from the Inter-Departmental Business register
An active enterprise is one that had turnover and/or employment at any time during the given year.
In 2008 there were over 2.3 million active enterprises in Great Britain, of which just over 235,300 were in
the North West. The broader 14-authority Lancashire area accounted for 22.3% of the regional total with
52,550 active enterprises whist the Pennine Lancashire area contained 18,090 active enterprises.
Within the Pennine Lancashire area, only Blackburn with Darwen contained more than 4,000 active
enterprises. This was 8.6% of the Lancashire 14 Authority total but 25% of the Pennine Lancashire total.
Hyndburn district had the smallest total in the Lancashire 14 authority total with just 2,520 active
enterprises.
Figures for the so-called "Births and Deaths" of enterprises are calculated by looking at the number of
active enterprises from year to year. At the national level, births exceeded deaths by a total of over
49,800. Within the broader Lancashire area, the difference revealed a net positive total of 500. Only in
Pendle the change in active enterprise numbers was negative.
Table 3.17: Active Enterprises and Births and Deaths, 2008
% Lancashire
% Pennine
Active
(14 Authorities)
Lancashire
enterprises[1]
8.6%
24.9%
Blackburn with
4,505
Darwen
5.0%
14.4%
Burnley
2,605
Births[2]
Deaths[2]
545
490
300
265
Hyndburn
2,520
4.8%
13.9%
270
235
Pendle
2,800
5.3%
15.5%
265
270
Ribble Valley
2,985
5.7%
16.5%
310
290
Rossendale
2,675
5.1%
14.8%
285
260
Pennine
Lancashire
18,090
34.4%
100.0%
Lancashire (14
authorities)
52,550
100.0%
-
5,845
5,345
North West
235,315
-
-
27,650
23,150
2,325,770
-
-
264,525
214,700
Great Britain
Source: Office for National Statistics: Business Demography: Enterprise Births, Deaths and Survival
Blackburn with Darwen Local Economic Assessment
Page 71 of 130
Table 3.18: Births and deaths of Enterprises by Employment Size Band
Births[2]
Blackburn with
Darwen
Burnley
Deaths[2]
Total
0-4
5-9
10-19
20+
Total
0-4
5-9
10-19
20+
N
%
%
%
%
N
%
%
%
%
545
89.0
7.3
2.8
0.9
490
86.7
7.1
4.1
2
1.7
265
86.8
9.4
3.8
-
300
88.3
6.7
3.3
Hyndburn
270
92.6
5.6
1.9
-
235
91.5
6.4
2.1
-
Pendle
265
310
5.7
6.5
8.8
1.9
1.6
1.8
1.9
1.6
1.8
270
Ribble Valley
Rossendale
90.6
90.3
87.7
87
87.9
84.6
11.1
5.2
9.6
1.9
5.2
3.9
1.7
1.9
90.3
91
6.4
5.9
2.3
2.2
1.0
1.0
87.5
89.1
8.1
7.2
3.1
2.7
1.4
1.1
North West
Great Britain
285
27,650
264,525
290
260
23,150
214,700
Source Office for National Statistics: Business Demography: Enterprise Births, Deaths and Survival
Main points









Blackburn with Darwen had the highest (of any Pennine Lancashire district) enterprise start ups
and enterprise deaths in 2008.
The majority of business birth and deaths in Blackburn with Darwen belonged to employment
size band 0-4.
Start-ups (size 0-4 units) in Hyndburn, Pendle and Ribble Valley were greater than or equal to the
regional and national average.
Highest start up rate was for Hyndburn (92.6%) and lowest for Burnley (88.3%)
All districts exception of Blackburn with Darwen had greater enterprise birth rates in the 20+
group than the regional and national average.
Highest enterprise deaths rate for size 0-4 units was highest for Hyndburn (91.5%) and lowest for
Rossendale (84.6%)
Enterprise deaths (0-4 units) in Hyndburn (91.5%) and Ribble Valley (87.9%) was higher than the
regional average
Pendle had higher enterprise deaths (in 5-9 enterprise band) than the regional and national
average.
Deaths in 20+ enterprise units was higher for Pennine Lancashire districts than regionally and
nationally
Blackburn with Darwen Local Economic Assessment
Page 72 of 130
3.21 Births and deaths as a percentage of Enterprise Stock
The following table shows the number of business births and deaths as a percentage of active
enterprise stock.
Fig 3.10: enterprise births and deaths as a percentage of enterprise stock 2008
Enterprise births and deaths as a percentage of the enterprise stock 2008
15.0
Births % of stock
Deaths % of stock
Net change
NW & England
NW
England
NW & England =11.8
10.0
12.1
11.5
10.7
Births
9.5
10.7
0.7
0.9
-9.7
-9.7
5.0
0.0
Deaths
10.4
-5.0
1.2
1.3
1.4
-0.2
-10.9
-10.2
-9.3
-9.6
-10.0
England
-9.5
North West -9.8
-15.0
Blackburn with
Darwen





Burnley
Hyndburn
Pendle
Ribble Valley
Rossendale
The proportion of business start ups in as a percentage of the active stock enterprises was
highest for Blackburn with Darwen
Blackburn with Darwen proportion of business starts as a % of stock was higher than the regional
and national average
The proportion was lowest in Pendle (9.5%).
The proportion of business deaths in as a percentage of the active stock enterprises was highest
for Blackburn with Darwen
This proportion was higher than the regional and national average
Blackburn with Darwen Local Economic Assessment
Page 73 of 130
3.22 National Indicators and Entrepreneurialism
In 2007, the local Government White Paper, Strong and prosperous Communities introduced a set of
streamlined indicators -198 in total- that reflect national priority outcomes for local authorities. In terms of
business growth and enterprise, there are two key indicators; the business registration rate and the
proportion of small businesses showing employment growth.
3.22.1 NI 171 Business registration and closure rates per 10,000 resident adult population
The business registration rate is calculated by taking the number of Vat and/or PAYE businesses that
have registered for the first time and dividing this by the local population
Table 3.19: Proportion of business registrations and closures per 10,000 resident adult population
2008
Business registration
rate
Business closure rate
(calculated)
Net change
Blackburn with
Darwen
Burnley
51.1
45.8
5.3
43.1
37.9
5.2
Hyndburn
42.1
36.7
5.4
Pendle
37.0
37.5
-0.5
Ribble Valley
66.1
60.4
5.7
Rossendale
53.1
48.1
5.0
North West
49.6
41.5
8.1
England
57.2
46.2
11.0
Source: NI 171 from the Department of Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform (BERR); Business Closure
Rates were calculated using Deaths of Enterprises (2008) from Business Demography and Resident
Population Estimates (2008) from Office for National Statistics
The business registration rate for three Pennine Lancashire districts Blackburn with Darwen’s (51.1%),
Ribble Valley (66.1%) and Rossendale (53.1%) was higher than the regional average, Ribble valley was
the only district with a registration rate that was higher than the national average.
Business registration rate was lowest in Pendle (37%), Burnley and Hyndburn also had registration’s that
was far lower than the regional and national average.
Blackburn with Darwen Local Economic Assessment
Page 74 of 130
Figure 3.11 Business registration and closure rates for Pennine Lancashire districts
Proportion of Business registrations and closures per 10,000 resident adult population
Business closure rate (calculated)
70.0
Business registration rate
66.1
Net change
60.0
60.4
51.1
57.2
53.1
49.6
50.0
43.1
40.0
45.8
48.1
42.1
37.0
37.9
36.7
46.2
41.5
37.5
30.0
20.0
10.0
5.3
5.2
5.4
Blackburn with
Darwen
Burnley
Hyndburn
8.1
5.7
5.0
Ribble Valley
Rossendale
11.0
0.0
Blackburn with Darwen Local Economic Assessment
Pendle
North West
England
Page 75 of 130
3.22.2 NI 172 Small businesses showing employment growth
In order to assess the strength of the small business sector, NI 172 identifies the proportion of small VAT
and /or PAYE registered businesses (<50 employees) showing year-on-year employment growth.
Table 3.20: Percentage of small businesses in the area showing employment growth
2003/04
2004/05
2005/06
2006/07
2007/08
Blackburn with Darwen
per
cent
0.11
per
cent
0.12
per
cent
0.17
per
cent
0.15
per
cent
0.15
Burnley
0.12
0.13
0.15
0.15
0.15
Hyndburn
0.11
0.12
0.17
0.17
0.14
Pendle
0.10
0.11
0.16
0.15
0.15
Ribble Valley
0.10
0.12
0.15
0.14
0.14
Rossendale
0.11
0.11
0.14
0.14
0.14
North West
England
0.11
0.10
0.12
0.11
0.16
0.14
0.15
0.14
0.15
0.14
Source: Business Innovation & Skills (BIS)
Table 3.20 suggests that all Pennine Lancashire districts performed similar or even better than the
regional and national level in 2007/08. Performance between 2003/04 and 2007/08 within and between
districts has varied.





Blackburn with Darwen has regularly performed better or equal to regional and national levels
Ribble valley and Rossendale have regularly performed worse than the regional and national
average
Pendle in the earlier years performed worse but since 2005/06 performance has been in line with
the region and nationally.
Hyndburn initially performed worse than the regional and national average but in 2005/06 and
2006/07 performed better than the regionally and nationally but since 2007/8 performance has
been lower than the regional average.
Burnley’s performance like Pendle’s in the early years was poor, this lasted for a year more than
Pendle’s and in 2007/08 its performance was in line with the regional and national average.
Blackburn with Darwen Local Economic Assessment
Page 76 of 130
3.23 Business survival rates
Business survival within the North West has been affected by the credit crunch and recession. Figure x
shows that real estate and construction, retail and wholesale has been significantly affected with
manufacturing and technology also failing. The chart predicts that business survival rates will improve
from Q1 2010 with normality with rates prior to credit crunch returning in Q3 2012.
Table 3.21: (SIC2003) BROAD
INDUSTRY GROUP by BIRTHS AND
THEIR SURVIVAL for 2003 - 2007
Production
Construction
Motor trades
Wholesale
Retail
Hotels & catering
Transport
Post & telecommunications
Finance
Property & business services
(Excl 7415)
Education
Health
Other services
1 Year
per cent
2 Year
per cent
3 Year
per cent
4 Year
per cent
5 Year
per cent
15,750
91.9
78.0
64.8
55.3
47.8
31,225
7,360
92.9
92.0
79.2
77.4
66.0
63.6
57.4
54.6
50.3
47.5
11,000
26,405
93.6
91.8
77.1
77.5
58.2
62.5
49.1
52.2
41.4
44.4
27,990
7,840
90.6
92.0
71.6
77.5
54.0
62.6
43.0
53.0
34.2
44.5
3,950
2,820
93.2
89.0
76.6
76.2
60.1
63.1
49.2
54.3
41.5
46.8
98,785
93.1
78.9
64.7
55.5
48.0
4,135
6,250
96.0
95.4
87.2
86.3
75.3
77.4
67.8
70.2
60.3
63.0
23,490
93.1
78.6
65.6
56.7
49.2
Births
Source Office for National Statistics: Business Demography: Enterprise Births, Deaths and Survival
Blackburn with Darwen Local Economic Assessment
Page 77 of 130
A business that is active at any time in the year following the year of its birth is defined as having
survived 1 year, and so on for other years. Table 2 lists active enterprise survival rates for 2003, 2005 and
2007 by local authority district.
Table 3.22 Births and survival rates
1 Year
per cent
92.6
2 Year
per cent
78.0
3 Year
per cent
63.6
4 Year
per cent
54.3
5 Year
UNITED KINGDOM
Births
(2003)
266,995
GREAT BRITAIN
ENGLAND
262,580
236,220
92.6
92.6
78.0
77.9
63.5
63.5
54.1
54.1
46.5
46.4
46.6
Source Office for National Statistics: Business Demography: Enterprise Births, Deaths and Survival
Table 3.22 and the district tables below emphasise the fact that even after only five years, more than
half of active enterprises no longer exist. At the Great Britain level, only 46.5% of those born in 2003 were
still active five years later. For the broader 14-authority Lancashire (not shown) area the rate was slightly
higher at 47.9% and 49.1% for the 12-district Lancashire County Council area.
Blackburn with Darwen
Burnley
Year
Births
2003
580
2004
595
2005
605
2006
530
2007
640
Hyndburn
Yr 1
94.8
94.1
93.4
98.1
93.0
Yr 2
75.9
74.8
78.5
78.3
Yr 3
61.2
63.9
62.8
Yr 4
50.9
51.3
Yr 5
44.0
Year
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Pendle
Births
375
375
390
345
280
Yr 1
92.0
94.7
94.9
97.1
98.2
Yr 2
72.0
78.7
79.5
78.3
Yr 3
58.7
66.7
61.5
Yr 4
48.0
52.0
Yr 5
44.0
Year
Births
2003
320
2004
310
2005
330
2006
285
2007
325
Ribble Valley
Yr 1
96.9
91.9
95.9
96.5
92.3
Yr 2
79.7
75.8
80.3
84.2
Yr 3
65.6
64.5
65.2
Yr 4
56.3
53.2
Yr 5
48.4
Year Births
2003
370
2004
365
2005
345
2006
275
2007
330
Rossendale
Yr 1
93.2
91.8
95.7
96.4
92.4
Yr 2
74.3
76.7
82.6
78.2
Yr 3
60.8
65.8
66.7
Yr 4
54.1
52.1
Yr 5
48.6
Yr 1
93.8
95.8
97.1
95.2
97.1
Yr 2
84.0
81.7
79.7
82.5
Yr 3
72.8
73.2
66.7
Yr 4
63.0
63.4
Yr 5
55.6
Yr 1
93.5
92.8
92.4
96.9
95.2
Yr 2
79.0
81.2
81.8
82.8
Yr 3
69.4
65.2
69.7
Yr 4
59.7
56.5
Yr 5
50.0
Year
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Births
405
355
345
315
340
Year
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Births
310
345
330
320
315
The district tables above show the survival of newly born businesses in Blackburn with Darwen, survival
rates after year one is high with nine out of ten newly born businesses surviving, three quarters of all new
business births survived till year two, six out of ten till year three and only a half of all newly born
businesses survived till year four.
The trend is such that by year 5 at the local authority level Blackburn with Darwen and Burnley both
recorded rates of just 44.0. In contrast, the rate for Ribble Valley of 55.6% was well in excess of the
national average, whilst six other Lancashire authorities had five-year rates of 50% or more.
The nature of the local economy has an impact on survival rates. Results for enterprises by various
industrial sectors reveal the large proportion classified to the agriculture forestry and fishing sector in
Ribble Valley. This is a sector that contains many well established and stable businesses. The production
(manufacturing) sector is well represented in both Burnley and Blackburn with Darwen and there have
been significant reductions in manufacturing employment over a number of years.
Blackburn with Darwen Local Economic Assessment
Page 78 of 130
Chapter Four: Communities and connections
The following few pages provides a geographical context for Blackburn with Darwen, the following
paragraphs are taken for Blackburn with Darwen’s ‘Story of Place’ (from the 2008 Blackburn with
Darwen Sustainable Community Strategy)
Blackburn with Darwen, surrounded by some of the most beautiful countryside in Britain, is a key
geographical and cultural gateway to Pennine Lancashire. It is located between the high land on the
Metropolitan boroughs of Bolton and Bury in the South and Mellor ridge to the north. The West Pennine
Moors form a natural barrier to Chorley and to the east a barrier to Rossendale. The borough covers an
area of 13,700 hectares.
The borough is characterised by relatively compact urban areas set within countryside. Within the main
urban areas both Town Centres are surrounded by large areas of high density terraced housing, parts of
which are in poor condition. Both towns have significant areas of “suburban” development, comprising
a mix of larger older properties and more recent development, comprising a mix of larger older
properties and more recent development.
The borough has significant rural fringes containing a number of villages. The landscape in the rural area
has been shaped by farming – sheep on the uplands and dairy cattle on the low-lying areas – and
small-scale mining and quarrying. Residents in rural areas, however, are more likely to seek work in
nearby towns and cities.
4.1 Land use
In response to short-term demands for land use information at the local and neighbourhood level, DCLG
developed the "Generalised Land Use Database (GLUD) for England". Using a simplified nine category
classification this database shows the amount and proportion of land in each category.
Data on the different land types is available is available for 2005. The principal land use in the
Lancashire NUTS-2 area in 2005 was "greenspace" (Tables 4.1 and 4.2). Covering 266,866 hectares this
category accounted for over 82% of the sub-region's total land use (England=88%) in a wide range that
extended from a share as high as 95% in the rural Ribble Valley to 78% in Hyndburn. Other than this clear
urban/rural divide, the land use structure of most districts in Lancashire has close similarities.
Blackburn with Darwen Local Economic Assessment
Page 79 of 130
Table 4.1
Generalised
Land Use
Statistics, 2005
(hectares)
Blackburn
with Darwen
Pennine
Lancashire
North West
England
Domestic
buildings
368.4
1,562.10
20,131.30
150,770.40
Gardens
275.8
1,024.70
12,016.80
86,894.90
Non-domestic
buildings
649.9
3,093.30
40,055.50
294,958.80
Road
48.2
159.2
2,144.40
14,343.60
Rail
31.6
106.1
2,504.60
17,935.00
Path
894.8
3,838.20
61,933.40
564,514.00
10,704.80
108,022.30
1,231,006.50
11,574,162.50
Water
345.9
1,741.20
91,907.80
343,619.90
Other
356.5
1,496.60
23,320.90
185,020.50
Total
13,675.90
121,044.50
1,485,030.70
13,232,372.20
Blackburn
with Darwen
East Lancashire
North West
England
Domestic
buildings
2.7
1.3
1.4
1.1
Gardens
2
0.9
0.8
0.7
4.8
2.6
2.7
2.2
0.4
0.1
0.1
0.1
Rail
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.1
Path
6.5
3.2
4.2
4.3
Greenspace
Water
78.3
89.2
82.9
87.5
2.5
1.4
6.2
2.6
Other
2.6
1.2
1.6
1.4
Total
100
100
100
100
Greenspace
Non-domestic
buildings
Road
Blackburn with Darwen Local Economic Assessment
Page 80 of 130
Table 4.2 Generalised Land Use Statistics, 2005 (hectares)
Domestic
buildings
Gardens
Nondomestic
buildings
Road
Rail
Path
Green
space
Water
Other
Total
Blackburn
with Darwen
368.4
275.8
649.9
48.2
31.6
894.8
10,704.80
345.9
356.5
13,675.90
Burnley
255.4
164.9
492.4
30.3
21.5
556.8
9,042.60
172.4
206.5
10,942.70
Hyndburn
238.7
143.2
438.5
25
12.7
467.1
5,649.40
116.9
189.7
7,281.50
Pendle
253.6
164.8
511.5
23.3
7.5
623.7
15,111.70
224.9
243.1
17,163.50
Ribble Valley
247.7
161
599.9
13.7
27.4
771.4
55,636.90
715.5
298
58,472.20
Rossendale
198.4
114.9
401.1
18.7
5.3
525
11,876.90
165.6
202.8
13,508.70
Pennine
Lancashire
1,562.10
1,024.70
3,093.30
159.2
106.1
3,838.20
108,022.30
1,741.20
1,496.60
121,044.50
Source ONS: Land Use Statistics
Generalised Land Use Statistics, 2005 (%)
Domestic
buildings
Gardens
Nondomestic
buildings
Road
Rail
Path
Green
space
Water
Other
Total
Blackburn
with Darwen
2.7
2
4.8
0.4
0.2
6.5
78.3
2.5
2.6
100
Burnley
2.3
1.5
4.5
0.3
0.2
5.1
82.6
1.6
1.9
100
Hyndburn
3.3
2
6
0.3
0.2
6.4
77.6
1.6
2.6
100
Pendle
1.5
1
3
0.1
0
3.6
88.1
1.3
1.4
100
Ribble Valley
0.4
0.3
1
0
0.1
1.3
95.2
1.2
0.5
100
Rossendale
1.5
0.9
3
0.1
0
3.9
87.9
1.2
1.5
100
Pennine
Lancashire
1.3
0.9
2.6
0.1
0.1
3.2
89.2
1.4
1.2
100
Blackburn with Darwen Local Economic Assessment
Page 81 of 130
4.2 Commercial property
The rateable value of property is the value at which a property might be expected to be let for one
year. It is based on a range of factors including use, location and age, but a major determinant of
rental value is floor space.
The data set from the Office national statistics provides information of five different types of commercial
and industrial premises (known as hereditaments) in England and Wales. These are broadly known as
bulk classes and include the following
 Retail premises
 Offices
 Factories
 Warehouses and
 Other bulk premises
Those that do not fall into one of the five bulk classes are collectively known as ‘non-bulks’. Looking at
the value of commercial property in Blackburn with Darwen compared to other Pennine Lancashire
areas, shows
The total amount of commercial floor space (bulk classes) in Blackburn with Darwen was 2,371 metres
squared (thousands) in 2008. This floor space was for a total of 4,689 units with a rateable value of
£80,681k. The Pennine Lancashire figure has been arrived at by summing the data for Pennine
Lancashire districts.
Table 4.3: Units, floor space and rateable value
All Bulk Classes;
(2005 Revaluation)
Units
Floor-space
Rateable Value
Count
Pounds Sterling
(thousands)
80681
49741
Blackburn with Darwen
Burnley
4689
2819
Square metres
(m2)(thousands)
2371
1512
Fylde
Hyndburn
2085
2818
639
1338
28184
43061
Pendle
Ribble Valley
2936
1475
1420
517
33743
15834
Rossendale
Blackpool
2120
4544
988
1354
25848
62109
Pennine Lancashire
North West
England
16857
8146
248908
187748
1346547
86050
561777
4276619
37026183
Source: Communities and local government via Neighbourhood statistics (ONSCrown copyright)
Blackburn with Darwen Local Economic Assessment
Page 82 of 130
Table 4.4: Rateable Value Statistics per metre squared for all ‘bulk classes’, 2008
(2005 Revaluation)
All Bulk
Retail
Offices Commercial 'Other'
Classes;
Premises
Offices
Offices
Blackburn with
34
90
58
62
44
Darwen
Burnley
33
82
54
57
46
Factories
Warehouses
Other Bulk
Premises
25
25
25
19
23
17
29
25
24
24
27
21
31
40
29
32
Ribble Valley
Rossendale
32
24
31
26
72
57
66
71
59
46
49
44
63
49
54
47
53
40
42
38
21
18
21
16
22
18
North West
England
50
66
114
130
82
121
87
128
60
84
24
29
Hyndburn
Pendle
Source: Communities and local government via Neighbourhood statistics (ONS-Crown copyright)
Looking at the value of commercial property in Pennine Lancashire districts, all districts have lower
values for all bulk classes than the regional and national average. Within Pennine Lancashire Blackburn
with Darwen has the highest value for all bulk classes, £34 m 2 and Pendle the lowest with £24 m2.
The rateable value for ‘Office’ space is highest in Hyndburn, while rateable value of warehousing is
highest in Blackburn with Darwen, Burnley and Hyndburn.
4.3 Commercial property – empty units
The following considers vacancy rates for commercial and industrial properties using the latest results
from statistics released by the Department for Communities and Local Government (DCLG).
The statistics show estimated vacancy rates for commercial and industrial properties that are derived
from the amount of relief given on business rates for empty properties in each local authority. Vacancy
information is reported to the DCLG by the annual National Non Domestic Rates 3 (NNDR3) return. The
returns are used to estimate the value of empty property as a proportion of the total value of property.
The data are used as an indicator for local authorities to measure levels of business activity in their area,
and also monitor the potential for new development. Since these are estimated vacancy rates they
should be viewed with caution as they may not reflect actual vacancy rates.
Data on the number of empty properties is also available for Pennine Lancashire districts, in 2008 11% of
Properties were vacant in Blackburn with Darwen compared to 3% in Ribble Valley. Hyndburn and
Rossendale have the highest percentage of empty properties with between 15-17%.
Table 4.5: Total and percent empty units (2008)
(2005 Revaluation)
Blackburn with
Darwen
Burnley
All Bulk Classes;
4689
% empty
11%
2819
10%
Hyndburn
Pendle
2818
2936
17%
7%
Ribble Valley
Rossendale
1475
2120
3%
15%
Source: Communities and local government via Neighbourhood statistics (ONS-Crown copyright)
Blackburn with Darwen Local Economic Assessment
Page 83 of 130
4.4 Empty units trends
Within Pennine Lancashire vacancy rates at the district level vary between and with each other, the
trend reveals that Rossendale has a consistently high vacancy rates and recorded the joint 10th highest
rate in the country, as mentioned above it is now Hyndburn that has the highest vacancy rate in the
County, up four percentage points in one year. Blackburn with Darwen and Burnley also recorded
double-figure vacancy rates both increasing/decreasing by 2% points on the previous year.
Ribble Valley, with a vacancy rate of 3% recorded the joint thirteenth lowest rate in the Country.
In general terms, the Lancashire district rates reveal low levels in affluent areas (Ribble Valley) and high
rates in three neighbouring East Lancashire districts that are not amongst the most economically
affluent parts of the County. A high level of old manufacturing units perhaps unsuitable for modern
needs may be a contributing factor to the high levels in the East Lancashire districts.
Table 4.6: Vacancy Rates in Lancashire Districts, 1998/99 to 2004/05 (percentage)
1998/99 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04
Blackburn with Darwen
6
6
7
8
9
9
Burnley
9
8
9
10
10
12
Hyndburn
7
10
6
9
12
13
Pendle
10
6
6
7
7
7
Ribble Valley
2
2
2
2
2
2
Rossendale
10
9
10
11
12
14
2004/05
11
10
17
7
3
15
North West
7
8
7
10
10
10
10
England
7
7
7
8
8
9
9
Source: Department for Communities and Local Government, Office for National Statistics
Blackburn with Darwen Local Economic Assessment
Page 84 of 130
4.5 Expenditure at retail centres in the North West
Every year the private research firm CACI produces a rank of retail areas in Great Britain by their
financial importance. For 2010, London's West End was in pole position with an estimated expenditure
figure of £3,170 million. Manchester was ranked in fourth place (£2,320m) with Liverpool fifth (£1,960m),
the Trafford Centre was in 18th position (£990m).
The latest results give values of £530m, for Preston, £370m for Blackpool, and £330m for Lancaster.
Across Great Britain as a whole, Preston was ranked in 47th position and was the fourth largest shopping
area by value in the North West. The regional competitive pressure on medium-sized shopping centres in
Lancashire is intense. Developments such as Liverpool One and the Trafford Centre provide some very
stiff competition. The Middlebrook retail park is just outside the county, and has grown to become a well
established shopping and leisure destination (2010 expenditure figure of £140m).
The graphic below shows shopping destinations within the North West and estimated expenditure figure
for each location shown.
Blackburn with Darwen Local Economic Assessment
Page 85 of 130
4.6 Travel to work - Where Blackburn with Darwen's residents work and where Blackburn
with Darwen's workers live
The data used here is from the 2001 Census which gives details about where people reside and where
they work. This information enables an assessment of the composition of the workforce in terms of local
residents and people travelling into the area to work. The lowest level of geography that the data is
available for is ward level. For this analysis, district level data is used for commuting patterns.
‘People in employment’ include full time students in employment, people working full time, part time
and self employed people. The census collects data on people’s main job, if they have more than one
source of employment this is not picked up by the census.
The following data provides information on those who live and work in Blackburn with Darwen borough,
those who live in the borough and work elsewhere and on people who travel into the borough to work.
4.6.1 Where do residents of the borough work?
Of all the people in the borough who work, the greatest flow of employed residents is within the
borough itself, as 37,642 people live and work within Blackburn with Darwen. 70.8% of all those in
employment.
Residents of the borough travel to work at a wide range of locations.
After the people who work in the borough, the largest number travel to Hyndburn 3,322 (6.2% of those
employed who live in the borough), followed by Ribble Valley 1,664 (3.1%), Preston 1,569 (2.9%) and
Bolton 1,467 (2.7%).
Map 1 illustrates the flows of residents travelling to work outside of the borough. Numbers are printed by
each local authority, while flows of 50 or more are plotted on the map. (Mapped data does not show
data for Ireland, Scotland for those who work off shore or outside the UK).
4.6.2 Where do people travel from, to work in Blackburn with Darwen?
Blackburn with Darwen borough also provides employment for people who live outside the borough.
Again, Hyndburn has the largest flow into the borough, with 6,653 people travelling into Blackburn with
Darwen to work. 3,334 people travel in from Ribble Valley, 1,334 from Chorley, 1,288 from Bolton and
1,245 from Burnley.
Map 2 illustrates the flows of people who travel into Blackburn with Darwen to work. Numbers are
printed by each local authority, while flows of 50 or more are plotted on the map.
4.6.3 Flows in and out of the borough


37,642 people live and work within the borough.
20,993 people travel into the borough to work and 15,673 travel out of the borough,
this is a net flow of 5,320.
Blackburn with Darwen Local Economic Assessment
Page 86 of 130
Map One
Blackburn with Darwen Local Economic Assessment
Page 87 of 130
Map Two
Blackburn with Darwen Local Economic Assessment
Page 88 of 130
Table 4.7: Journey to Work, 2001
Employed Resident
residents
and
working
in area
Blackburn
with
53,580
37,940
Darwen
Burnley
38,100
25,140
Hyndburn
34,770
19,350
Pendle
37,040
23,690
Ribble
26,410
14,090
Valley
Rossendale
29,880
15,860
Pennine
219,780
136,070
Lancashire
% resident
and
working in
area
Resident elsewhere
and working in
area (commuters
to area)
Resident in area and
working elsewhere
(commuters from area)
Net
movements
Total
working
in area
70.8
21,010
15,640
5,370
58,950
66.0
55.7
64.0
13,110
12,110
8,920
12,960
15,420
13,350
150
-3,310
-4,430
38,250
31,460
32,610
53.4
10,000
12,320
-2,320
24,090
53.1
7,060
14,020
-6,960
22,920
61.9
72,210
83,710
-11,490
208,290
-27,000
477,930
-21,370
596,220
Lancashire
504,930
406,570
80.5
71,360
98,360
County
Lancashire
617,590
—
—
—
—
NUTS-2
Source ONS 2001 Census of Population, Workplace and Transport to Work Statistics.
The majority of Pennine Lancashire's employed residents continue to both live and work in the same
area (62%). In Blackburn with Darwen this share rises to nearly 71% suggesting a fairly self-contained
local labour market, the proportion falls to just 53% in the Ribble Valley and Rossendale. Many residents
in the Ribble Valley may travel to Preston for work while Rossendale residents may commute to
Manchester. Generally speaking the urban areas of Blackburn with Darwen (71%), Burnley (66%) and
Pendle (64%) tend to be more "self-contained" in terms of employed residents' working trips than districts
elsewhere in the sub-region.
More recent data from the Annual Population Survey (Jan-Dec 2008) shows that in 2008 a large
majority, 69.9% of Blackburn with Darwen residents lived and worked in the borough, not significantly
different from 2001 figure. Bolton is second as a place of work for Blackburn with Darwen residents, 5.2%
worked there in 2008 compared to 3.1% in 2001. Hyndburn and Burnley as places of work for Blackburn
with Darwen residents show significant reduction on 2001 levels.
Table 4.7a: Place of work for Blackburn with Darwen residents: Change over time
2001 flow
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Blackburn with Darwen
Bolton
Preston
Hyndburn
Manchester
Burnley
Ribble Valley
Bury
Rossendale
Aberdeenshire
68.8%
3.1%
3.1%
7.1%
1.8%
3.6%
1.6%
1.5%
0.9%
0.7%
2008 flow
69.9%
5.2%
4.6%
4.6%
1.7%
1.6%
1.5%
0.9%
0.9%
0.8%
Is change significant
at 5% level?
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
Source: Local labour Force survey 2001, Annual population Survey 2008 via ONS Toolkit
Blackburn with Darwen Local Economic Assessment
Page 89 of 130
4.7 Distances travelled to work
Details of distance travelled to work in Lancashire and its constituent areas are shown in Table 4.8
below. In general, work trips across Lancashire are somewhat shorter than those in England and Wales
as a whole. Out of the total "workplace population" in the Lancashire NUTS-2 area of 596,200, 48.5%
travel less than 5km between their usual place of residence and their place of work, compared with a
smaller proportion of 40.2% in England and Wales. Conversely, whilst nationally 12.7% travel more than
20km, only 9% do so in Lancashire. Just 1.3% (though still representing 8,000 people) in Lancashire and
2.7% in England and Wales travel more than 60km to get to work though in many areas, notably in the
south east of England, over 5% of workers travelled more than this distance.
Table 4.8: Distance Travelled to Work in Lancashire, 2001
All people
less than
2 km
2 to 5
km
People aged 16-74 and in employment
People who travel a distance to work of:
5 to 10
10 to 20 20 to 30 30 to 40 40 to 60
km
km
km
km
km
58,944
25.6%
27.1%
17.4%
12.4%
3.4%
1.9%
38,254
31,465
32,601
29.4%
27.9%
31.9%
28.4%
23.0%
22.2%
16.1%
18.5%
17.2%
10.5%
11.4%
9.0%
2.3%
3.6%
3.0%
24,099
23.0%
10.9%
19.1%
19.1%
22,918
26.2%
21.0%
16.3%
Pennine
Lancashire
208,281
27.4%
23.4%
England
and Wales
23,529,051
20.1%
20.1%
Blackburn
with
Darwen
Burnley
Hyndburn
Pendle
Ribble
Valley
Rossendale
more than
60 km
Work mainly
at or from
home
1.1%
1.0%
10.0%
1.4%
1.4%
1.5%
1.1%
1.4%
1.2%
0.7%
1.1%
1.2%
10.1%
11.6%
12.8%
4.8%
2.6%
1.4%
0.9%
18.2%
12.8%
3.0%
1.3%
0.9%
1.6%
16.8%
17.4%
12.2%
3.3%
1.7%
1.2%
1.1%
12.4%
18.3%
15.3%
5.4%
2.4%
2.2%
2.7%
13.6%
Source ONS: 2001 Census of Population
Burnley are notable for the high proportion of work trips (58%) of less than 5km, presumably reflecting in
part the fairly compact physical nature of the towns themselves and the adjacent areas from where a
large proportion of the commuters derive.
Nearly all of the Pennine Lancashire districts have well-above average proportions of people travelling
less than 5km. The exception, being the Ribble Valley, where the proportions travelling less than 5km fall
to 34%. Ribble Valley has a long history as a commuter "dormitory" but also, as well as having a high
proportion of people working at or from home, also have industrial structures that are dominated by
large international companies with large plants in semi-rural locations that attract their workforce from a
large labour catchment area.
Blackburn with Darwen Local Economic Assessment
Page 90 of 130
4.8 Sex and distance travelled to work in Lancashire
In Pennine Lancashire men were more likely to travel over 40 km to work than women. Three percent of
men compared to 1.4% of women travelled over 40km to work. Pattern is similar in Blackburn with
Darwen. Conversely, a third of women worked less than 2 km from home, compared to a quarter of
men in Pennine Lancashire (Table 4.9). In Blackburn with Darwen this changes to 28% of women and
23% of men work less than 2km from home.
Table 4.9: Sex and Distance Travelled to Work in Lancashire, 2001
All
people
Blackburn with
Darwen
M
31,582
F
27,362
Burnley
M
19,555
F
18,699
Hyndburn
M
17,148
F
14,317
Pendle
M
18,932
F
13,669
Ribble Valley
M
14,432
F
9,667
Rossendale
M
12,429
F
10,489
Pennine
Lancashire
M
114,078
F
94,203
Lancashire
NUTS-2
M
319,812
F
276,356
People aged 16-74 and in employment
People who travel a distance to work of:
5 to
10 to
20 to 30 to 40 to
more
10 km 20 km
30
40
60
than 60
km
km
km
km
less
than 2
km
2 to 5
km
Work mainly
at or from
home
23.2%
28.4%
24.9%
34.1%
22.4%
34.5%
27.5%
38.0%
17.5%
31.1%
21.3%
25.2%
29.3%
26.2%
30.6%
21.5%
24.7%
20.7%
24.2%
9.7%
12.8%
18.9%
16.3%
18.7%
16.9%
15.2%
19.5%
17.3%
17.1%
17.2%
19.6%
18.4%
16.4%
13.2%
11.6%
11.2%
9.8%
12.3%
10.4%
10.7%
6.7%
21.8%
15.0%
14.2%
4.1%
2.6%
3.0%
1.6%
4.6%
2.5%
3.7%
2.2%
5.6%
3.6%
3.6%
2.4%
1.3%
1.7%
1.0%
1.7%
0.9%
2.0%
0.7%
3.2%
1.7%
1.7%
1.6%
0.6%
1.5%
0.6%
2.0%
0.8%
1.6%
0.7%
1.6%
1.0%
1.3%
1.4%
0.6%
1.4%
0.4%
1.2%
1.0%
1.5%
0.8%
1.0%
0.8%
1.9%
12.6%
7.0%
13.5%
6.6%
14.7%
8.0%
15.2%
9.4%
19.9%
15.6%
20.8%
32.0%
23.5%
16.3%
11.1%
2.4%
0.8%
0.5%
1.2%
12.0%
23.2%
32.5%
19.7%
30.7%
21.4%
25.8%
20.9%
25.8%
17.5%
17.3%
17.1%
17.6%
13.5%
10.6%
13.6%
10.4%
4.0%
2.4%
5.4%
3.3%
2.2%
1.1%
2.5%
1.4%
1.6%
0.7%
1.8%
0.8%
1.4%
0.7%
1.8%
0.8%
15.3%
8.9%
16.3%
9.1%
Source ONS: 2001 Census of Population
Blackburn with Darwen Local Economic Assessment
Page 91 of 130
4.9 Car ownership in Lancashire – 2001 census
The table below details car and van ownership in Lancashire. For the Lancashire NUTS-2 area, a total of
72.8% of households have at least one car or van, which compares with an England and Wales
average of 73.2%.
At the district level, Burnley has highest percentage of households (34.1%) that have neither type of
vehicle whilst only 14.6% of households in Ribble Valley district are without direct access to a car or van.
Table 4.10: Car and Van Ownership, 2001[1]
All
households
Blackburn with
Darwen
Burnley
Hyndburn
Pendle
Ribble Valley
Rossendale
Pennine Lancashire
Lancashire NUTS-2
North West
England and Wales
Percentage of households with number of cars or
vans:
None
One
Two
Three
Four+
All cars and
vans[2]
53,407
33.5
45.1
17.7
2.9
0.7
49,448
36,796
32,976
35,960
22,210
27,112
34.1
30.4
29.6
14.6
25.4
44.9
46.4
46.3
43.9
44.4
17.7
19.3
19.6
33.0
24.7
2.6
3.1
3.4
6.4
4.2
0.7
0.8
1.0
2.1
1.3
33,556
32,242
36,171
30,807
30,403
208,461
586,215
2,812,789
21,660,475
29.4
27.2
30.2
26.8
45.3
45.3
43.5
43.8
20.8
22.4
21.5
23.5
3.5
4.0
3.7
4.5
1.0
1.1
1.0
1.4
212,627
627,921
2,874,991
23,936,250
[1] Includes any company car or van if available for private use.
[2] "All cars and vans" includes only those cars and vans owned by, or available for use by, households.
Source ONS: 2001 Census of Population
Blackburn with Darwen Local Economic Assessment
Page 92 of 130
4.10 Mode of transport used to travel to work
People of working age (16 to 74) in employment were asked in the 2001 Census about how they travel
to work. The 2001 census recorded people of working age (16 to 74). In total, 66.3% of residents in the
borough, who are in employment, travel to work by car compared to 61% in England and Wales. 8.2%
of people travel to work by public transport (by train or bus) compared to 14.9% nationally. 13% of
people travel to work “on foot” compared to 10% nationally.
Figures from the 2001 census reveal that for travelling to work within the Blackburn with Darwen area,
there is a higher reliance on using a car or van than the national average. A total of 66.3% of
commuters either drive a car or van to work, or are a passenger. In comparison, the England and Wales
average is 61.0%.
The higher level of reliance on private transport in the authority leads to lower levels of public transport
use. Only 1% of people in Blackburn with Darwen usually commute to work by train (4.2% nationally),
whilst the proportion using a bus, mini-bus or coach is only 7.2% against an England and Wales average
of 7.4%.
Only 1.2% Cycle to work, this mode of transport is less popular than the 2.8% average for England whilst,
motorcycles, scooters or mopeds account for 0.9% in Lancashire and 1.1% across England and Wales.
More people usually walk to work in Blackburn with Darwen (13%) than in comparison with the England
and Wales average of 10%.
Table 4.11: Mode of travel to work
Blackburn
with
Darwen
Pennine
Lancashire
North West
England
Working mainly at or from home
8.1%
8.6%
8.4%
9.2%
Underground, metro, light rail, tram
0.1%
0.1%
0.6%
3.2%
Train
0.9%
0.6%
1.9%
4.2%
Bus, mini-bus, coach
7.2%
6.6%
8.6%
7.5%
Motorcycle, scooter, moped
0.9%
0.8%
0.9%
1.1%
Driving a car or van
57.1%
59.6%
58.4%
54.9%
Passenger in a car or van
9.2%
8.8%
7.5%
6.1%
Taxi or minicab
1.7%
0.8%
0.8%
0.5%
Bicycle
1.2%
1.3%
2.3%
2.8%
On foot
13.2%
12.4%
10.3%
10.0%
Other
0.3%
0.4%
0.5%
0.5%
53,566
219,798
2,900,020
22,441,498
All people in employment
Source: 2001 Census
Blackburn with Darwen Local Economic Assessment
Page 93 of 130
Table 4.12: Mode of travel to work by district
Blackburn
Burnley
with
Darwen
Working mainly at or
8.1%
7.4%
from home
Underground, metro,
0.1%
0.0%
light rail, tram
Hyndburn
Pendle
Ribble
Valley
Rossendal
e
Pennine
Lancashire
7.5%
8.1%
13.0%
8.9%
8.6%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.1%
0.1%
Train
0.9%
0.5%
0.6%
0.4%
0.7%
0.3%
0.6%
Bus, mini-bus, coach
7.2%
8.5%
6.7%
6.4%
2.2%
6.9%
6.6%
Motorcycle, scooter,
moped
0.9%
0.8%
1.0%
0.6%
0.9%
0.9%
0.8%
Driving a car or van
57.1%
56.5%
60.7%
58.6%
64.5%
64.0%
59.6%
Passenger in a car or
van
9.2%
10.6%
9.1%
8.8%
5.6%
7.9%
8.8%
Taxi or minicab
1.7%
0.7%
0.6%
0.7%
0.2%
0.4%
0.8%
Bicycle
1.2%
1.1%
1.3%
1.6%
2.0%
0.7%
1.3%
On foot
13.2%
13.6%
12.2%
14.2%
10.5%
9.6%
12.4%
Other
0.3%
0.3%
0.3%
0.4%
0.4%
0.4%
0.4%
53,566
38,108
34,781
37,045
26,403
29,895
219,798
All people in
employment
Source: 2001 Census
Blackburn with Darwen Local Economic Assessment
Page 94 of 130
4.11 NI 176 Working age population with access to employment by public transport
This indicator measures the percentage of people of working age (aged 16 to 74 years) living within the
catchment area of a location with more than 500 jobs by public transport and/or walking. The data
enables year on year comparisons to be made, however, please note that there have been
improvements in data quality and coverage during these years and therefore an in increase in
accessibility may not entirely be attributable to interventions made by local authority.
There have also been methodology changes between 2005 indicators and the revised 2007 and 2008
indicators, therefore comparisons between 2005 and recent years should be made with caution
Table 4.13: Working age population with access to employment by
public transport
% point
2007
2008
2009
difference
(2007-2009)
Blackburn with Darwen
83
84
82
-1
Lancashire County Council
82
82
82
Blackpool UA
Manchester MD
86
85
86
86
85
85
-1
-
North West
83
83
82
-1
Source: Places Analysis Tool
Data for this indicator is available at NUTS3 level, it is therefore not possible to see trends by district within
Lancashire. Data available for the North West suggests that between 82-83% of the working age people
have access to a catchment area with more than 500 jobs by public transport. The figures for Blackpool
and Manchester metropolitan districts show a higher percentage of people having access by public
transport.
4.12 NI 177 Local bus and light rail passenger journeys originating in the authority area
This indicator measures the total number of local bus and light rail passenger journeys originating in the
authority area in a given year.
Local bus services are defined for the purposes of this indicator as those using one or more public
service vehicles for the carriage of passengers by road at separate fares where the stopping places, or
journey length, are less than 15 miles (24 kilometres) apart.
Table 4.13: Working age population with access to employment
by public transport
2008
2009
Blackburn with Darwen
7745390
4952788
Lancashire County Council
67610000
62745230
Blackpool UA
Source: Places Analysis Tool
Blackburn with Darwen Local Economic Assessment
15095501
14457000
Page 95 of 130
Chapter Five : Housing
This chapter presents key statistics about the local housing market and the implications for the local
economy
Table 4 below shows the types of houses (dwellings) in Blackburn with Darwen compared to the North
West region and England at the time of the 2001 Census. Most noticeably Blackburn with Darwen and
Pennine Lancashire both have higher proportions of terraced than regionally or nationally.
Consequently, Blackburn with Darwen has a lower proportion of detached and semi-detached
properties.
Table 5: Percentage of unshared dwellings by type in Blackburn with
Darwen, the North West region and England
House type
BwD
Pennine
North England
Lancashire West
Detached House or Bungalow
13.5%
15.7%
18.0%
22.7%
Semi-detached House or
28.4%
27.4%
37.4%
32.1%
Bungalow
Terraced (including end
47.4%
48.3%
31.3%
25.7%
terraced) House or Bungalow
Flat, maisonette or apartment In a purpose built block of flats
or tenement
Flat, maisonette or apartment Part of a converted or shared
house (includes bedsits)
Flat, maisonette or apartment In a commercial building
Total flats
Caravan or other mobile or
temporary structure
8.5%
6.5%
9.8%
13.7%
1.3%
0.9%
2.3%
4.4%
0.8%
0.9%
0.9%
1.0%
10.6%
8.3%
13.0%
19.1%
0.1%
0.3%
0.3%
0.4%
Source: 2001 Census, ONS, Crown copyright
Blackburn with Darwen Local Economic Assessment
Page 96 of 130
5.1 Household tenure
According to 2001 Census data, Blackburn with Darwen has a higher proportion of households that own
their house (70.5%) either with a mortgage or outright compared with regionally and nationally (68.7%
and 69.3% respectively).
One fifth of the population lived in rented accommodation, this is higher than both the regional and
national average, however the proportion that rent from the council is higher both regionally and
nationally - approximately 13% compared to 9.7% in Blackburn with Darwen while those renting from
other social landlords is higher in Blackburn with Darwen (9.3%) than regionally (6.1%) and nationally
(6.5%). Within Pennine Lancashire as a whole nearly three quarters own their own home (mortgaged or
owned outright) which is higher than the Blackburn with Darwen figure while those renting from council
or other social landlord is lower.
Housing provision has seen major change within Blackburn with Darwen over recent years. In March
2001 council houses in the borough were transferred to Twin Valley Homes Ltd, now the main provider of
social rented properties in the borough.
Although no longer directly responsible for providing rented accommodation, the Council still has a role
in the strategic development of social rented, private rented and privately owned properties in the
borough. An example of this is the Elevate East Lancashire Housing Market Renewal (HMR) project, of
which Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council is a partner. The project aims to develop the housing
market in the area and improve the long term sustainability of areas experiencing low demand.
Within the Pennine Lancashire districts household ownership is highest in the Ribble valley (81.2%) and
Rossendale (71.9%) and lowest in Blackburn with Darwen. Renting from the council is highest in the
Rossendale (15.1%) higher than the national or regional figure and lowest in the Ribble valley (5.4%). In
Hyndburn and Pendle the percentage renting is similar to Blackburn with Darwen levels.
Blackburn with Darwen Local Economic Assessment
Page 97 of 130
5.2 Interaction of housing and the Economy
Housing costs are a major factor in determining how a local economy functions. If they are too high
compared to incomes, it will be difficult to attract people to an area. Within context of the overall UK
housing market, prices in Blackburn with Darwen are relatively low due to large stock of terraced
dwellings; however, they vary considerably within urban areas and throughout the surrounding local
authority areas.
5.3 House prices and Housing costs
In 2006, the median house price for properties in Blackburn with Darwen was £89,950 a 173% increase
from 1996 when the median was £33,000. Although house prices in the borough remain below the
median for the North West, the 2006 median was £127,000, the rate of increase has been on a par with
the region (North West also seeing 173% increase from 1996 to 2006).
A factor contributing to the lower house prices in Blackburn with Darwen is the high proportion of
terraced housing in the borough. Terraced housing generally commands some of the lowest sales prices
of the types of housing available.
Table 5.1: Change in House Prices between 1998 and 2008
Lower Quartile
England
Northwest
Blackburn with
Darwen
Burnley
Hyndburn
Pendle
Ribble Valley
Rossendale
1999
2009
50,000
36,500
123,000
92,000
26,000
67,750
22,188
24,000
20,000
50,000
30,000
50,000
60,000
57,000
127,750
75,000
Median
%
Change
146%
152%
161%
125%
150%
185%
156%
150%
1999
2009
74,000
53,950
170,000
130,000
39,950
98,000
37,000
36,250
34,000
69,000
44,000
75,000
85,000
83,500
165,000
112,000
Mean
%
Change
130%
141%
145%
103%
134%
146%
139%
155%
1999
2009
98,385
66,289
216,493
154,436
47,508
114,200
42,986
42,179
45,439
60,062
87,679
92,238
100,012
108,297
142,262
211,026
%
Change
120%
133%
140%
115%
137%
138%
137%
141%
Source :DCLG Live Tables, House Price data
Table 4.1 above shows that house prices have risen substantially during 10 year period 1999 to 2009. The
percentage change for both Blackburn with Darwen and Rossendale for mean (average) house prices
was +140% between 1998 and 2008 and +120% in England. The mean (average) house price in both
England and the Northwest was higher than in Blackburn with Darwen.
The median house price in Blackburn with Darwen rose by 145% between 1999 and 2009 (compared to
141% in the Northwest and 130% in England).
Lower quartile house prices in Blackburn with Darwen increased at a higher rate (161%) than for the
median (145%) and the mean (140%) during the 10 year period.
The increase for lower quartile house prices was greater than in Blackburn with Darwen +161% compare
to 152% in the Northwest and +146% in England between 1998 and 2008.
Blackburn with Darwen Local Economic Assessment
Page 98 of 130
5.4 House prices and sales volume by housing type
In the 1st quarter of 2010 the average price of a property in Blackburn with Darwen was £108,571 and
£109,170 in Pennine Lancashire compared to £153,126 for the North West
The land registry produces a House price Index (HPI) which is a good measure of how prices have
increased annually. The HPI for Q1 2010 show that house prices have fallen again compared to the
previous quarter (figure 1.2).
Pennine Lancashire (-11%) has experienced a significantly larger reduction than the North West (-3%).
Sales volume (figure 1.3) has also fallen in Pennine Lancashire (-37%) from previous quarter. There has
been a continued downward trend from Q3 2009, whilst nationally anecdotal reports suggest sales
have increased. When analysed by housing types (figure 1.1), it can be seen that all housing types have
declined in value with the exception of flats and maisonettes, although the sales volume in this housing
type is usually low in Pennine Lancashire. Terraced property prices have fallen with significant losses
seen in Hyndburn (-15%), although current prices are higher than those from a year earlier, particularly in
Rossendale (+11%). Prices in other housing types such as semi’s and detached properties have declined
although they also remain higher than a year earlier. This suggests that prices in Pennine Lancashire
remain volatile with hopes of stability still some way off. The numbers in the bracket next to local
authority names in figure 1.1 denote the position placed from the BBC house price ranking out of 379
local authorities in the UK. Burnley (378), Hyndburn (377) and Pendle (373) are within the 7 lowest ranked
local authority house prices within the country and all but Ribble Valley fall in the lowest 10% nationally.
These ranking were previously reported by Regenerate in July 2009 where similar results were shown.
BwD (6%) and Rossendale (4.5%) have had above Pennine Lancashire average (2.6%) proportion of
new build properties sold. BwD has sold many new build flats and maisonettes (40%). It is expected to
see higher new build sales in flats/maisonettes as, prior to the credit crunch, high density living was the
affordable means to enter the housing market. Prices fell as demand for this housing type fell. Since the
recession began, delayed construction sites may now be moving closer to completions on some private
developments and this, more affordable option, may continue to increase.
Blackburn with Darwen Local Economic Assessment
Page 99 of 130
Table 5.2: Q1 2010 House Price Analysis
AREA
Q1 2010
Price AVERAGE
Quarterly
PRICE
Change
(2009 Q4)
Q4 2009 AVERAGE ACROSS ALL TENURES
BwD (360)
£108,571
-5.3%
Burnley (378)
£86,231
-11.3%
Hyndburn (377)
£88,294
-19.3%
Pendle (373)
£95,363
-10.4%
Ribble Valley (184)
£197,987
-8.5%
Rossendale (345)
£121,041
-6.2%
Pennine
£109,170
-11.4%
Lancashire
North West
£153,126
-3.4%
Price Yearly
Change
Q1 2009
Q1 2010
SALES
VOLUME
%
New
Build
Sales Quarterly
Change
(2009 Q4)
Sales -Yearly
Change (Q4
2009)
1.6%
-1.2%
-1.8%
-2.9%
-7.0%
3.6%
0.3%
302
203
169
210
112
111
1,107
6.0%
1.5%
1.2%
0.5%
0.0%
4.5%
2.6%
-34.5%
-31.2%
-35.7%
-33.8%
-46.2%
-49.8%
-37.3%
58.1%
34.4%
27.1%
68.0%
75.0%
23.3%
46.8%
6.3%
11,796
-
-34.3%
32.6%
TERRACED
BwD
Burnley
Hyndburn
Pendle
Ribble Valley
Rossendale
Pennine
Lancashire
£82,851
£65,029
£69,378
£67,390
£139,738
£87,372
£77,670
1.5%
-3.2%
-14.9%
-11.7%
-6.3%
-2.6%
-6.5%
-1.5%
6.5%
1.3%
-10.6%
-5.5%
10.7%
-0.3%
153
136
123
145
46
60
663
1.3%
2.2%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
1.7%
0.9%
-38.3%
-26.9%
-19.1%
-31.9%
-28.1%
-45.0%
-31.8%
45.7%
38.8%
28.1%
72.6%
48.4%
27.7%
43.8%
£127,544
£120,090
£131,615
£130,768
£179,926
£116,956
£132,546
-8.1%
-5.9%
0.4%
-15.0%
4.4%
-8.1%
-6.8%
3.3%
2.2%
2.9%
11.8%
-27.2%
4.1%
1.9%
75
48
26
46
31
25
251
2.7%
0.0%
3.8%
2.2%
0.0%
0.0%
1.6%
-44.9%
-35.1%
-63.9%
-41.8%
-59.2%
-56.1%
-49.2%
87.5%
33.3%
18.2%
100.0%
106.7%
66.7%
66.2%
£201,195
£173,100
£177,635
£250,838
£327,756
£200,250
£227,638
-7.7%
-14.6%
-4.8%
17.0%
-7.9%
-12.8%
-7.5%
9.0%
-8.8%
-1.7%
21.9%
-7.3%
4.2%
6.6%
39
16
13
16
27
19
130
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
5.3%
0.8%
-29.1%
-50.0%
-63.9%
-30.4%
-55.0%
-58.7%
-48.4%
56.0%
6.7%
-7.1%
6.7%
80.0%
-26.9%
18.2%
£77,143
£42,333
£93,857
£75,333
£164,938
£209,214
£103,080
-1.0%
-44.0%
23.5%
-63.4%
29.7%
102.0%
7.0%
-29.1%
-51.1%
-1.5%
-14.4%
38.5%
108.8%
2.9%
35
3
7
3
8
7
63
40.0%
0.0%
14.3%
0.0%
0.0%
42.9%
28.6%
59.1%
0.0%
133.3%
50.0%
0.0%
-22.2%
34.0%
66.7%
50.0%
600.0%
0.0%
166.7%
250.0%
96.9%
SEMI_DETACHED
BwD
Burnley
Hyndburn
Pendle
Ribble Valley
Rossendale
Pennine
Lancashire
DETACHED HOUSES
BwD
Burnley
Hyndburn
Pendle
Ribble Valley
Rossendale
Pennine
Lancashire
FLAT/MAISONETTE
BwD
Burnley
Hyndburn
Pendle
Ribble Valley
Rossendale
Pennine
Lancashire
Source Land Registry
Blackburn with Darwen Local Economic Assessment
Page 100 of 130
5.5 House prices and earnings
Two measures of house price affordability are available, the first is the ratio of lower quartile house price
to lower quartile earnings and the second is ratio of median house prices to median income.
The preferred measure for house price affordability is the ratio of lower quartile house price (cheapest
housing0 to lower quartile earnings (lowest income); these are combined to construct a ratio of lowerquartile price to income ratio. Figures for these ratios are published by the Department of Communities
and Local Government (DCLG). Notes:
For 2009, the ratio for Blackburn with Darwen was 3.96, that is, for those on lower quartile earnings, a
house at the bottom end of the market would cost them nearly 4 times their annual earnings.
Table 4.3 below shows, that in 2009 the Ribble Valley and Rossendale had the worst affordability ratio
out of the Pennine Lancashire authorities ((Unitary, boroughs)
Table 5.3: Ratios of lower quartile house prices to lower quartile
earnings for Pennine Lancashire districts
Authority – ranked in descending
Affordability ratio
order of affordability
2009
Blackburn with Darwen
3.96
Burnley
3.07
Hyndburn
4.18
Pendle
3.87
Ribble valley
7.61
Rossendale
4.90
North west
England
Source:
Blackburn with Darwen Local Economic Assessment
5.02
6.28
Page 101 of 130
5.6 Ratio of median house prices to median earnings
This indicator is the major international measure of housing affordability and cost. When high, it is a sign
that housing markets are not working properly.
Ratio of median house prices to median earnings
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
Blackburn with Darwen
England
North West
1
0
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004R 2005R 2006R 2007R 2008R 2009R
Table 5.4: Ratio of Median House Price to Median Individual Earnings, 1997 to 2009
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Blackburn
2.25
2.22
2.46
2.38
2.17
2.24
2.37
3.15
with Darwen
Burnley
2.01
2.12
2.01
2.06
1.94
1.79
1.85
1.88
Hyndburn
2.35
2.06
2.35
2.44
2.45
1.99
2.07
3.38
Pendle
2.03
2.19
2.24
2.03
2.19
2.09
2.29
2.79
Ribble Valley
3.60
3.66
3.41
4.63
4.33
4.17
6.25
8.68
Rossendale
2.82
3.16
3.36
3.03
3.10
3.07
3.68
4.80
North West
England
3.01
3.54
3.01
3.67
3.04
3.86
3.09
4.21
3.19
4.47
3.43
5.07
3.94
5.83
4.84
6.58
2005
3.90
2006
4.23
2007
4.27
2008
4.39
2009
4.15
2.39
3.68
3.01
7.33
5.59
2.94
4.62
3.76
7.85
5.71
3.75
4.54
4.36
7.58
6.11
3.72
4.67
4.22
7.44
6.64
3.58
4.03
4.01
7.35
5.19
5.38
6.81
5.68
6.97
5.81
7.23
5.54
6.93
5.17
6.27
Source: DCLG Live Tables, House Price Data
The ratio of median house price to median income rose from 2.46 in 1999 (compared to 3.04 in the
Northwest and 3.86 in England) to a ratio of 4.15 in 2009 (compared to 5.17 in the Northwest and 6.27 in
England). This indicates a change making housing less affordable both in Blackburn with Darwen and
elsewhere during this time period.
Blackburn with Darwen Local Economic Assessment
Page 102 of 130
5.7 Wages in Blackburn with Darwen
Wages in Blackburn with Darwen do not compare favourably with the Northwest and the median wage
for Great Britain. The median weekly wage for residents in Blackburn with Darwen working full time for
2008 is £429.3 compared to £460.2 in the Northwest and £496 in England. (Source: ASHE survey 2009,
NOMIS website)
5.8 Trends in house prices and volume of sales
Data from the land registry website shows that between July 2007 and July 2010 house prices in
Blackburn with Darwen had dropped by 16%.
Blackburn with Darwen Local Economic Assessment
Page 103 of 130
5.9 Dwelling stock by tenure
Table 5.5: Dwelling Stock by Tenure, 2009
Blackburn
with Darwen
Burnley
Hyndburn
Pendle
Ribble Valley
Rossendale
Pennine
Lancashire
North West
England
Total
dwelling
stock
57,353
Local authority
Registered social
landlords
No.
%
11,226
19.6
Other public
sector
No.
%
46
0.1
Owner-occupied and
privately rented
No.
%
46,079
80.3
No.
2
%
0.0
40,343
36,114
40,006
25,315
29,891
229,022
0
5
0
4
0
11
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.00
5,836
4,838
4,513
1,741
4,531
32,685
14.5
13.4
11.3
6.9
15.2
14.3
36
0
0
152
0
234
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.6
0.0
0.1
34,471
31,271
35,493
23,418
25,360
196,092
85.4
86.6
88.7
92.5
84.8
85.6
3,092,610
22,564,243
153,604
1,819,696
5.0
8.1
424,537
2,195,195
13.7
9.7
1,934
73,698
0.1
0.3
2,512,535
18,475,654
81.2
81.9
Source Office for National Statistics: Dwelling Stock by Tenure and Condition
Hyndburn and Blackburn with Darwen no longer have Local Authority owned stock, both have been
transferred to Housing Associations (Hyndburn Homes and Twin Valley). There are different levels of
social rented stock with 19.6% in Blackburn with Darwen (above the national average) and 13.4% in
Hyndburn below the regional average of 13.7%.
Table 4.5 shows that out of a total dwelling stock of 57,353 in Blackburn with Darwen, one fifth was run
by registered social landlords, the vast majority 80% was either owner occupied or privately rented, the
stock registered with social landlords was higher the Pennine Lancashire (14%), regional (14%) and
national average (10%).


Ribble valley has the lowest number of stock held by registered social landlords (7%), Blackburn
with Darwen the highest with 20%.
The proportion of owner occupied housing stock is highest in the Ribble valley and lowest in
Blackburn with Darwen
Table 5.6 shows the amount of new private housing that were completed in 2009/10 (new builds
completed). The number of new builds in Blackburn with Darwen local authority area was 310, the
majority of which were private builds (87%).
The number of new builds is much lower in the social rented sector than in the private sector, there are
few – if any – social new build starts in the vast majority of local authority areas within Pennine
Lancashire.
Blackburn with Darwen Local Economic Assessment
Page 104 of 130
Table 5.6: Permanent dwelling completed by tenure and district 2009/10
2004/05 Total build
Blackburn with
Darwen
Burnley
Hyndburn
Pendle
Ribble Valley
Rossendale
North West
England
220
Private enterprise
No.
%
270
87.1
Registered social landlords
No.
%
40
12.9
No.
-
LA
%
-
Total
No
310
80
170
180
160
320
110
20
50
10
80
100
100
100
16.7
66.7
40
40
66.7
33.3
-
-
110
20
50
60
120
17,910
155,890
8.900
88.630
90.0
78.0
900
24,740
9.1
21.8
80
300
0.8
0.3
9,880
113,670
Source Office for National Statistics: Dwelling Stock by Tenure and Condition
Blackburn with Darwen Local Economic Assessment
Page 105 of 130
5.10 Number of affordable homes delivered
This indicator monitors the number of affordable homes built or acquired. These have been included in
Blackburn with Darwen’s Local area agreement 2008-2011, as affordable housing was identified as a
priority. The baseline (55) for this indicator was established in 2005-08 and the target is to increase this to
68 affordable homes deliver in 2008-09, 126 in 2009-10 and 114 in 2010-11.
Table 5.7: Affordable homes delivered
Blackburn with
Darwen
Blackpool
Burnley
2003/04
na
2004/05
na
2005/06
79
2006/07
104
2007/08
188
2008/09
82
26
109
44
94
na
0
na
na
12
0
40
10
Hyndburn
10
10
0
20
0
5
Pendle
na
na
0
0
1
4
Ribble Valley
na
na
0
12
40
49
Rossendale
na
na
0
20
23
2
Lancashire (14
authorities)
na
na
351
399
519*
343
na = not available
* Excludes Blackpool
Source: Lancashire districts and the two unitaries
Spatial Planning in Lancs Monitoring Report 3, Table 12 (page 37) district results 2003/04 to 2008/09
Blackburn with Darwen exceeded the target set for 2008/09 and delivered 82 affordable homes against
a target of 68.
Blackburn with Darwen Local Economic Assessment
Page 106 of 130
5.11 Vacant dwellings by local authority area
Table 5.8: Vacant dwellings by district
2008
2008
2008
2008
All Vacant
Dwellings
(Excluding
Second
Homes)
All Vacant
Dwellings
(Excluding
Second
Homes)
All Vacant
Dwellings
(Including
Second
Homes)
All Vacant
Dwellings
(Including
Second
Homes)
Count
%
Count
%
Blackburn with Darwen
Burnley
Hyndburn
Pendle
Ribble Valley
Rossendale
..
3128
..
..
685
..
..
7.7
..
..
2.8
..
..
3172
..
..
899
..
..
7.8
..
..
3.7
..
North West
79272
4.6
79693
5.1
England
412709
3.6
515643
4.7
Source: Communities and Local Government, via Neighbourhood Statistics, Office for National
Statistics (ONS)
In 2008 in Burnley there were 3128 vacant dwellings (excluding second homes), which is 7.7% of all
homes. This is greater than the proportion of vacant homes in North West. The number of vacant homes
in the Ribble Valley was 685 2.8% of all homes.
The number of vacant dwellings (including second homes) was higher in each of the two districts. No
data is available is for the other Pennine Lancashire districts.
Blackburn with Darwen Local Economic Assessment
Page 107 of 130
5.12 Council Tax
Table 5.10 provides numbers and percentages for each council tax band. The most striking aspect is
that in four authorities in the Pennine Lancashire sub-region have three out of five or 60% of its dwellings
classified in the lowest tax band 'A', (with limited amount of housing stock in Council Tax bandings ‘E+’)
a figure noticeably higher that the average for England and Wales of 24.47%. The indicates a lack of
choice of property type available, with a large proportion being old, in poor condition and no longer
meeting the needs and aspirations of the local population.
The four East Lancashire authorities of Burnley, Hyndburn, Pendle and Blackburn with Darwen all
recorded over 59% of their dwellings classified in the lowest band 'A' category.
Table 5.9: Dwelling Stock by Council Tax Band, 2008
Local authority council tax band
Band C
Band D
Band E
Number of taxed properties
8,056
4,198
2,067
Band F
Band G
Band H
783
549
67
1,265
886
1,720
3,250
1,825
327
270
944
2,026
638
141
169
520
1,858
428
18
15
44
192
38
312,218
3,645,469
181,326
2,303,861
88,333
1,230,844
59,495
845,419
6,153
137,678
13.59
7.08
3.49
1.32
0.93
0.11
15.04
15.36
10.60
19.34
12.57
6.78
7.58
7.50
18.03
10.54
3.13
2.44
4.34
13.23
6.01
0.81
0.74
2.38
8.25
2.10
0.35
0.47
1.31
7.56
1.41
0.04
0.04
0.11
0.78
0.13
North West
42.30
19.43
17.43
10.05
5.83
England & Wales
24.47
19.56
21.70
15.30
9.67
Totals include a tiny number (less than 0.01%) of unallocated property records.
Source Valuation Office Agency: Dwelling Stock by Council Tax Band
2.84
5.17
1.91
3.55
0.20
0.58
Blackburn with
Darwen
Burnley
Hyndburn
Pendle
Ribble Valley
Rossendale
Band A
Band B
35,065
8,513
25,131
21,501
24,812
3,374
15,743
4,733
5,097
4,402
4,689
4,688
6,080
5,569
4,200
4,753
3,818
2,743
2,749
2,970
4,430
3,203
604,001
4,660,373
541,698
5,170,221
14.36
11.70
14.06
11.11
19.08
15.43
North West
1,314,734
England & Wales
5,831,148
Percentage of taxed properties
Blackburn with
59.13
Darwen
Burnley
62.15
Hyndburn
59.30
Pendle
62.64
Ribble Valley
13.73
Rossendale
51.82
The percentage of band 'B' properties vary from 19% in the Ribble Valley to 11% in Pendle. Apart from
the Ribble Valley all other areas council tax banding for band B fall short of the regional and national
average, especially for those towns in the east of the county, viz. Burnley and Pendle both of which only
have 11% of housing stock in band B. From band C onwards the percentages in Pennine Lancashire fall
noticeably below the norm for England and Wales.
An amalgamation of the highest tax bands of 'F' to 'H' accounts for 9.30% of properties in England and
Wales as a whole but over a quarter (28.8%) in the Pennine Lancashire area. In Ribble Valley the
proportions is 16.59%. In contrast, Burnley and Hyndburn recorded less than 1.3% of their dwellings in the
top three bands.
Blackburn with Darwen Local Economic Assessment
Page 108 of 130
Chapter 6: Environment
The European Landfill Directive requires the Country to divert biodegradable waste from landfill sites.
Rotting rubbish in tips creates methane which is a powerful greenhouse gas and contributes to global
warming. Dealing with waste growth and having a balanced waste policy including energy recovery
and recycling helps to contribute to meeting this national requirement
The Government has set the targets that have to be achieved. In order to meet these targets
authorities must aim to reduce the amount of waste produced per household, increase the amount
recycled and reduce the amount of waste going to landfill.
Central government has set a number of measures for local government over the next few years. These
national indicators are listed below



NI 191: Reducing the amount of household waster per household
NI 192: The percentage of household waste sent for reuse, recycling or composting is indicator
NI 193: Percentage of Municipal Waste Sent to Landfill
Blackburn with Darwen Local Economic Assessment
Page 109 of 130
6.1 NI 191: Residual household waste per household
In Blackburn with Darwen, 609 kg of residual waste was recorded per household in 2008/09. This is less
than the waste per household in the North West region (700.6 kg) and England (668.8 kg)
Table 6: Residual household waste per household
Blackburn with Darwen
North West
England
2002/03
2003/04
1060.9
940.6
1162.3
1095
1023.6
962.4
2004/05
2005/06
909.3
873.3
1012.3
950.2
911.5
844.7
2006/07
2007/08
825.4
686
857.2
770
798.5
735.5
2008/09
609
700.6
668.8
Source: Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA). Local Authority data from 2002/03 to 2006/07 was
downloaded from Waste Data Flow. Local Authority data for 2007/08 and 2008/09 was downloaded from Floor Target Interactive.
National and regional figures were collect from the Waste Statistics on DEFRA's website.
From 2007/08 to 2008/09, the amount of residual waste in Blackburn with Darwen reduced by 77 kg per
household compared with a reduction of 69.4 kg for the North West region.
Table 6.1: Local Rates for National Indicator 191, 2007/08 and 2008/09
Residual household waster per
Waste collection
household
% change
authorities
2007/08
2008/09
Blackburn with
Darwen
Burnley
686
609
-11.2%
525
507
-3.4%
Hyndburn
422
423
0.2%
Pendle
573
536
-6.5%
Ribble Valley
659
536
-18.7%
Rossendale
521
496
-4.8%
770
700.6
-9.0%
735.5
668.8
-9.1%
North West
England
Source: Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) – Municipal
Waste Statistics – Local Authority Data
The largest percentage decrease has been in the Ribble Valley (19%) and Blackburn with Darwen (11%).
Hyndburn has experienced a 0.2% increase in its residual household waste per household.
Only two authorities reduced household waste by a greater percentage than the regionally and
nationally.
Blackburn with Darwen Local Economic Assessment
Page 110 of 130
6.2 NI 192: Percentage of household waste sent for reuse, recycling or composting
The National Performance Indicator NI 192, measures the percentage of household waste that have
been sent by a local authority for reuse, recycling, composting or treatment by anaerobic digestion.

In Blackburn with Darwen, 41.1 per cent of household waste was sent for reuse, recycling or
composting in 2008/09.
The percentage of waste sent for reuse, recycling or composting increased in Blackburn with Darwen
between 2007/08 and 2008/09, from 34.3 to 41.1 per cent
At the local authority level within Pennine Lancashire, recycling rates varied with the lowest being
Burnley with 33.4%. Both Blackburn with Darwen and Ribble Valley recorded substantial improvements in
their rates over the past year with Blackburn with Darwen increasing its recycling from 33.8% to 41.1% an
increase of 7.3% points and Ribble Valley by 1.7% points.
Table 6.2: Local Rates for National Indicator 192, 2007/08 and 2008/09
Percentage of household waste sent for reuse,
Waste collection
recycling or composting
authorities
2007/08
2008/09
Blackburn with Darwen
34.3
41.1
Burnley
32.9
33.4
Hyndburn
36.9
36.6
Pendle
33.8
34.8
Ribble Valley
26.2
37.9
Rossendale
34.3
37.6
North West
England
33.4
34.5
36.6
37.6
Source: Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) – Municipal
Waste Statistics – Local Authority Data
Blackburn with Darwen Local Economic Assessment
Page 111 of 130
6.3 NI 193: Percentage of Municipal Waste sent to landfill
In 2008/09 Blackburn with Darwen, sent 59.3 per cent of its municipal waste to landfill. This is greater than
that sent for the North West region (58.6%) and England (50.3%)
Although the percentage sent to landfill is higher than the regional and national average, over time the
percentage of municipal waste sent to landfill in Blackburn with Darwen has decreased by a greater
amount from 86% in 2003 to 59% in 2009, (a decrease of 27% points) while for the North West and
England the percentage sent to landfill during this same period while also decreasing, has decreased
by approximately 25%.
Table 6.3:
North West
England
2002/03
Blackburn with
Darwen
85.8
83
75
2003/04
79.7
80
72
2004/05
76.2
74.7
66.9
2005/06
73.7
70.3
62.2
2006/07
71.3
65.9
57.9
2007/08
65
62.2
54.4
2008/09
59.3
58.6
50.3
Source: Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA). Local Authority data from 2002/03 to 2006/07 was downloaded
from WasteDataFlow. Local Authority data for 2007/08 and 2008/09 was downloaded from Floor Target Interactive. National and regional
figures were collect from the Waste Statistics on DEFRA's website.
100
Percentage of municapal waste sent to landfill
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
Blackburn with Darwen
North West
England
10
0
2002/03
2003/04
2004/05
2005/06
2006/07
2007/08
2008/09
Data for other Lancashire Authorities including Pennine Lancashire districts does not exist.
Blackburn with Darwen Local Economic Assessment
Page 112 of 130
6.4 Energy Consumption
The website for the Department for Energy and Climate Change contains tables that detail energy
consumption down to the local authority level. This data is used to detail local authority energy
consumption figures for the Pennine Lancashire authorities. At the time of writing this article in June 2010,
the latest set of results was for 2007.
The figures are produced to assist local authorities, regional development authorities and other subnational bodies to develop, implement and monitor energy strategies.
There are some limitations to the data and it is important to remember that local authorities are diverse,
with some being heavily industrial whilst others are predominantly rural in nature. It is apparent that in
Lancashire, major industrial users have a dramatic influence on the results for some local authorities.
Table 6.4: Energy consumption of domestic gas and electricity
Energy Consumption
Average consumption
of domestic gas kWh
Average consumption of
ordinary domestic electricity
2005
2006
2007
2005
2006
2007
Blackburn with Darwen
20141
19362
18895
4135
3878
3820
North West
19429
18657
17932
4161
3985
3929
England
18921
18132
17508
4110
4029
3952
Source: Department for Energy and Climate Change (DECC)
Average Consumption of Ordinary Domestic Electricity

In 2007, the average consumption of ordinary domestic electricity for Blackburn with Darwen
was 3820 kWh per meter point, which is lower than the regional average of 3929 kWh.

Since 2005 there has been a reduction in domestic electricity usage of 315 kWh per meter point
in Blackburn with Darwen, which compares to a regional a decrease of 232 kWh.
Average Consumption of Domestic Gas

In 2007, the average consumption of domestic gas for Blackburn with Darwen was 18895 kWh
per meter point, which is higher than the regional average of 17932 kWh.

Since 2005 there has been a reduction in domestic gas usage of 1246 kWh per meter point in
Blackburn with Darwen, which compares to a regional a decrease of 1497 kWh.
Blackburn with Darwen Local Economic Assessment
Page 113 of 130
Table 6.5: Energy consumption by district
Energy Consumption
Average consumption of
domestic gas kWh
Average consumption of
ordinary domestic electricity
2005
2006
2007
2005
2006
2007
Blackburn with Darwen
20141
19362
18895
4135
3878
3820
Burnley
19081
18342
17806
4029
3785
3697
Hyndburn
18997
18315
17842
3968
3759
3717
Pendle
19468
18734
18378
4022
3780
3707
Ribble Valley
22260
21498
20915
4797
4576
4590
Rossendale
21821
20934
20321
4391
4130
4060
Pennine Lancashire
121768
117185
114157
25342
23908
23591
North West
19429
18657
17932
4161
3985
3929
England
18921
18132
17508
4110
4029
3952
Source: Department for Energy and Climate Change (DECC)
Table 6.6: Energy consumption change
Average consumption
of domestic gas kWh
Average consumption of
ordinary domestic electricity
% change (2005-2007)
% change (2005-2007)
Blackburn with Darwen
-6.2%
-7.6%
Burnley
-6.7%
-8.2%
Hyndburn
-6.1%
-6.3%
Pendle
-5.6%
-7.8%
Ribble Valley
-6.0%
-4.3%
Rossendale
-6.9%
-7.5%
North West
-7.7%
-5.6%
England
-7.5%
-3.8%
Energy Consumption
Source: Department for Energy and Climate Change (DECC)
The tables above show average consumption of domestic gas and ordinary domestic electricity, over
the 3 year period from 2005 to 2007 all Pennine Lancashire districts have experienced a reduction in
their domestic energy consumption levels. For domestic gas these are below regional and national
levels. While for domestic electricity all districts had reductions greater than the national average, while
at the regional level Ribble valley had a reduction which was lower than that achieved for the region.
Blackburn with Darwen Local Economic Assessment
Page 114 of 130
6.5 Estimates of local carbon dioxide emissions
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the principal greenhouse gas believed to be contributing to global warming.
The vast majority of man-made CO2 emissions come from the burning of fossil fuels in power generation
and in the transport, domestic and industrial sectors. The level of emissions depends on the fuel mix and
the fuel consumption data.
In 2007, the estimate of carbon dioxide emissions for Blackburn with Darwen was 8.1 tonnes per head.
Since 2005 there has been a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions of 0.2 tonnes per head.
Table 6.7:
Tonnes per head (CO2)
Estimated per capita emissions of CO2
2005
2006
2007
8.3
8.3
8.1
Blackburn with Darwen
Source: Department for Energy and Climate Change (DECC)
Total CO2 emissions in the 14-authority Lancashire sub-region in 2007 were estimated at 11.82 million
tonnes (Table 5.7). This represented 20.6% of the North West total of 57.3 million tonnes and 2.3% of the
UK total. Overall, 41.6% of Lancashire emissions were attributable to industry and commerce sector
sources, 29.6% to the domestic sector, 26.8% to road transport and a minor residual of 2.0% to land use,
land use change and forestry. The small net emissions from land use changes in the broader Lancashire
area (242kt) contrasts with the fact that for the UK as a whole, there was actually a modest net positive
balance from this source with a net removal of CO 2 from the atmosphere.
Total CO2 emissions in the 14-authority Lancashire sub-region in 2007 were estimated at 465 million
tonnes (Table 5.8). This represented 8.1% of the North West total of 57.3 million tonnes and 0.9% of the UK
total. Overall, 52.3% of Pennine Lancashire emissions were attributable to industry and commerce sector
sources, 27.3% to the domestic sector, 19.5% to road transport and a minor residual of 0.5% to land use,
land use change and forestry.
Table 6.8: Local and Regional Estimates of Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 2007
Blackburn with
Darwen
Burnley
Hyndburn
Pendle
Ribble Valley
Rossendale
Lancashire
(14
Authority Area)
Pennine Lancashire
Industry
and
commerce
630
CO2 emission (thousands of tonnes)
Domestic
Road transport
Land use change
Total
Per capita[1] CO2
emission
(tonnes)
325
181
4
1,144
8.1
214
201
257
893
242
210
190
212
155
181
154
187
136
122
130
1
2
3
10
3
579
580
608
1,180
557
6.6
7.1
6.8
20.2
8.3
4,913
3,500
3,165
242
11,823
8.1
2437
1273
910
23
4648
North West
25,354
16,406
14,933
643
United Kingdom
232,945
145,725
136,361
-1,815
[1] Per capita rates are based on the ONS 2007 Mid-year Estimates of Population.
57,336
513,216
8.4
8.4
Source: Department for Energy and Climate Change (DECC)
Blackburn with Darwen Local Economic Assessment
Page 115 of 130
Expressed in terms of per capita (per resident), the total CO2 emissions of 8.1 tonnes per annum in the
14- were marginally lower than the UK average (8.4 tonnes).
At the district authority level, CO2 emissions can exhibit wide variations due to differences in population
numbers, geography and most especially the economy, with differing amounts of industrial and
commercial activity being of particular importance. Across the broader Lancashire area, total CO2
emissions range from a low of 557kt in Rossendale, with slightly higher amounts in neighbouring
Hyndburn and Burnley, to over 1,000kt in Ribble Valley and Blackburn with Darwen.
Viewed in terms of CO2 per head rates, a slightly different pattern is evident with per capita emissions
ranging from a low of just 6.6 in Burnley to 20.2 in the Ribble Valley.
The presence of certain high-energy using industries like refineries, metals production, glass and other
non-metallic mineral sectors, which are concentrated in a few areas, can have a very large local
impact. Within Lancashire the share of emissions attributable to industry and commerce is greatest in
those districts where energy-intensive industrial activities have a disproportionate representation.
These include Blackburn with Darwen, but most especially Ribble Valley. A single major energy user in
the form of a large cement works has a major impact on this outturn. Please note that the company's
website contains details of its environmental performance.
Across Lancashire, total domestic carbon dioxide emissions range from a high of 325kt in Blackburn with
Darwen to just 155kt in Ribble Valley.
Road transport emissions include freight and passenger transport, both private and for business
purposes. The estimates of road transport CO2 are made on the basis of the distribution of traffic,
therefore some of the emissions within an authority represent through traffic, or part of trips into or out of
the area whether by residents or non-residents. In some authorities this can be particularly significant
and may. None of the Pennine Lancashire authority exhibit particularly high figures especially in relation
to authorities of Chorley, Preston and South Ribble which are the three authorities at the heart of the
county's motorway network. Blackburn and Hyndburn have moderately large amounts and this may
relate to the M65 extent that runs past and through these areas.
Land use, land use change and forestry are the final sector considered in the CO2 estimates. This is very
much a minor or residual category. Because it can act as a sink, removing carbon from the
atmosphere, as well as a source of carbon emissions, the measure takes account of both CO 2 emissions
and removals. Within the 14-authority Lancashire area, the sector is responsible for just 242kt of emissions.
Ribble valley is the only Pennine Lancashire authority with a significant figure (10kt) in this category and
is a reflection of the large amount of agricultural land and the resulting farm types. However within
Lancashire there exist other authorities namely West Lancashire and Wyre that have greater emissions.
Blackburn with Darwen Local Economic Assessment
Page 116 of 130
6.6 NI 185 Greenhouse gas emissions
The local authority emissions estimates published by DEFRA do not include GHG emissions (only CO2)
but allow comparisons between areas.
According to Defra’s local authority emissions data, CO2 emissions for Blackburn with Darwen from the
industry and commercial sector was 630 ktCO2 in 2007 (55% of total emissions in Blackburn with Darwen)
compared to approximately 45% in the region and nationally.
Industry and commerce
Great Britain
45.4%
28.4%
Domestic
26.6%
Road transport
Land use change
North West
44.2%
Blackburn with
Darwen
28.6%
26.0%
55.1%
0%
10%
20%
30%
28.4%
40%
50%
60%
70%
15.8%
80%
90% 100%
The total emissions from industry and commerce in Blackburn with Darwen, as a percentage of total
Lancashire emissions is 12.8% and as a percentage of Pennine Lancashire it is 25.9%.
The graph below shows emissions from each of the Pennine Lancashire areas shows emissions from
industry and commerce to be highest in the Ribble Valley (76%) followed by Blackburn with Darwen
(55%).
Emissions from the industry and commerce sector were lowest in Hyndburn (34%) and Burnley (37%). The
domestic sector was the 2nd largest contributor to emissions with the highest being Burnley at 36%
followed by Pendle with 35%. Ribble valley had the lowest domestic sector emissions with 13%.
Rossendale
43.4%
Ribble Valley
32.5%
23.3%
75.7%
Pendle
42.3%
Hyndburn
34.7%
Burnley
37.0%
Blackburn with Darwen
0%
20%
Blackburn with Darwen Local Economic Assessment
13.1%10.3%
34.9%
22.4%
32.8%
Road transport
Land use change
26.6%
28.4%
40%
Domestic
32.2%
36.3%
55.1%
Industry and commerce
60%
80%
15.8%
100%
Page 117 of 130
It is the transport sector that shows the greatest contrast between the six Pennine Lancashire
comparator areas, the rural area of Ribble Valley (10%) has the lowest emissions of the comparator
areas and Hyndburn the highest (32%)
Using data based on emissions per capita shows the Ribble Valley to have the highest emissions rate
with 20.2% despite it having a similar emissions output to Blackburn with Darwen, this may be due to
differences in the size of the population between the two areas, never the less even with a smaller
population the total emissions for the Ribble Valley is high
Table 6.9:
Blackburn with Darwen
Burnley
Hyndburn
Pendle
Ribble valley
Rossendale
North west
United kingdom
Blackburn with Darwen Local Economic Assessment
Total
Emissions
1,144
579
580
608
1,180
557
Per capita[1] CO2
emission (tonnes)
8.1
6.6
7.1
6.8
20.2
8.3
57,336
513,216
8.4
8.4
Page 118 of 130
Chapter Seven –Exclusion
Anyone who deviates in any perceived way from the norm of a population may become subject to
coarse or subtle forms of social exclusion. This is usually the outcome of multiple deprivations that
prevent individuals or groups from participating fully in the economic, social, and political life of the
society in which they live. Social exclusion is evident in deprived communities. This chapter profiles the
Pennine Lancashire districts in terms of deprivation health and crime.
7.1 Deprivation
The following describes the extent, intensity and geography of economic exclusion within Blackburn
with Darwen and Pennine Lancashire districts. The Index of Multiple Deprivation 2007 provides indicators
of deprivation at local authority and lower super output area level (LSOA).
The IMD 2007 replicates the methodology and where possible, the indicators used in the IMD 2004. The
IMD ranks the 354 boroughs in England with 1st being the most deprived and 354th the least deprived.
The IMD 2007 is made up of seven domains:
Domain
 Income deprivation
 Employment deprivation
 Health deprivation and disability
 Education skills and training deprivation
 Barriers to housing and services
 Living environment deprivation
 Crime
Weight
22.5%
22.5%
13.5%
13.5%
9.3%
9.3%
9.3%
Supplementary indices have also been produced, these include:
 Income Deprivation Affecting Children
 Income Deprivation Affecting Older People
Six summaries of the IMD2007 are available at local authority level. These summaries show different
aspects of deprivation. Since local authorities are large in both population and geographical terms, it is
difficult to gauge or generalise too much about the extent of deprivation between areas. It is important
to note that no single summary measure is favoured over another, i.e. there is no single best way of
describing or comparing England’s 354 local authority districts.
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
Local concentration – This shows the severity of deprivation in each authority, measuring
‘hot spots’ of deprivation.
Extent – This measures the proportion of a district’s population that lives in the most
deprived LSOAs in England.
Average scores
Average ranks – Both these measures are ways of depicting the average level of
deprivation across the entire local authority.
Income scale – This measures the number of people experiencing income deprivation.
Employment scale – This measures the number of people experiencing employment
deprivation.
A relatively useful way of representing local authority level deprivation as a whole is the average score
measure, which present population-weighted IMD scores
Blackburn with Darwen Local Economic Assessment
Page 119 of 130
Rank of
Employment
Scale
Blackburn with Darwen
17
27
15
9
Burnley
21
31
27
5
Hyndburn
40
45
43
16
Pendle
44
51
40
29
Rossendale
92
85
104
124
Ribble Valley
302
296
309
332
Ranked where 1 is the most deprived and 354 is the least deprived.
Rank of
Income Scale
Rank of Local
Concentration
Rank of Extent
Rank of
Average Rank
Table 7 : Measures of
deprivation for Pennine
Lancashire districts
Rank of
Average Score
1. Index of Multiple Deprivation 2007 borough level summary ranks for AGMA and Lancashire
authorities.
60
113
130
118
228
349
73
113
135
134
200
323
Compared to the 2004 Index of Deprivation, on five of the six summary measures of deprivation,
Blackburn with Darwen ranks as being relatively more deprived.
In 2004, Blackburn with Darwen was the 5 th most deprived authority within Lancashire and AGMA on the
‘rank of average score’ summary. In 2007, using the same summary measure, the borough now ranks as
the 4th most deprived.
In addition to the summary ranks, scores are also available, table 6.1. Blackburn with Darwen has seen a
drop in its rank on the Employment summary (has become less deprived). The Employment score shows
the number of people in the borough classified as employment deprived. In the IMD 2004 12,662 people
were classed as employment deprived. However, in the IMD 2007, 12,422 people were classified as
employment deprived.
The Income deprivation summary score highlights that in the IMD 2004, 29,810 people were classified as
income deprived, whilst in the IMD 2007 this number had increased to 38,543. However, there have
been changes to the indicators used to calculate these scores between the two years. These
adjustments were necessary due to changes to the structure of benefits and tax credits.
Table 7.1 : Deprivation scores 2007 for income and employment
Measures of deprivation
for Pennine Lancashire
districts
No. of people
experiencing
income
deprivation
% of
population
No. of people
experiencing
employment
deprivation
% of
population
Blackburn with Darwen
Burnley
Hyndburn
Pendle
Rossendale
Ribble Valley
38543
19891
17244
19005
3635
10526
27.3
22.6
21.0
21.2
6.3
15.8
12422
8012
6898
9632
2159
4812
8.8
9.1
8.4
7.7
3.8
7.2
The Extent measure highlights that in 2004, 45% of the population of Blackburn with Darwen lived within
the most deprived areas in England. In the IMD 2007, this had increased to 52%.
Blackburn with Darwen Local Economic Assessment
Page 120 of 130
Scores and Ranks for the six summary measures, for Blackburn with Darwen for IMD 2004 and
IMD 2007.
Table 7.2 : BwD deprivation measures 2004 & 2007
IMD 2004
IMD 2007
Average Score
32.28
35.83
Rank of Average Score
34
17
Average Rank
22273.4
23048.41
Rank of Average Rank
45
27
Extent
0.45
0.521124
Rank of Extent
25
15
Local Concentration
31794.31
32194.02
Rank of Local Concentration
25
9
Income Scale
29810
38543
Rank of Income Scale
71
60
Employment Scale
12661.75
12422.25
Rank of Employment Scale
66
73
Looking at the small area data for Lancashire only, Burnley now has the most
deprived area within the 10 most deprived LSOAs (lower super output areas).
Table 7.3 : The most deprived ten lower super output areas in Lancashire
Ranking of all
LSOAs in
Lancashire
District
Ward the LSOA is located in
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Burnley
Blackburn with Darwen
Burnley
Burnley
Hyndburn
Preston
Blackburn with Darwen
Blackburn with Darwen
Blackburn with Darwen
West Lancashire
Bank Hall
Wensley Fold
Trinity
Daneshouse with Stoneyholme
Central
Ribbleton
Shadsworth with Whitebirk
Queens Park
Mill Hill
Digmoor
IMD Rank
out of 32,482
LSOAs in
England
13
35
48
62
67
87
184
218
220
244
Change in ranking of the ‘rank of average score’ for local authorities in Lancashire and AGMA. (A
positive number indicates an increase in relative deprivation a negative number indicates a decrease
in relative deprivation).
Blackburn with Darwen Local Economic Assessment
Page 121 of 130
Table 7.4 Pennine Lancashire
district deprivation measures
2004 & 2007
Blackburn with Darwen
Burnley
Hyndburn
Pendle
Rossendale
Ribble Valley
IMD 2004
Rank of
average
score
34
37
58
71
92
288
IMD 2007
Rank of
average
score
17
21
40
44
92
302
Difference
17
16
18
27
0
-14
Another measure of deprivation constructed by the social disadvantage research centre at the
University of Oxford as part of the Indices of deprivation 2007 is the Income deprivation affecting
Children index (IDACI). This is given below
Blackburn with Darwen Local Economic Assessment
Page 122 of 130
7.2 Income deprivation affecting children (IDAC)
This index covers children aged 0–15 living in income deprived households.
These are defined as:


either households receiving IS/JSA-IB/PC or
those not in receipt of these benefits but in receipt of WTC/CTC with an equivalised income
below 60 per cent of the national median before housing costs
The IDACI is the proportion of children 0–15 living in these households as a proportion of all children 0–15.
Map of Deciles
2007 • Lancashire • Income Deprivation affecting Children
Decile
(note 6)
Ranks in
England
(note 5)
1
Deprivation
(note 1)
1
to
3,248
The most deprived
10%
2
3
4
5
6 to 10
3,249
6,497
9,746
12,994
16,242
to
to
to
to
to
6,496
9,745
12,993
16,241
32,482
The second most deprived
The third most deprived
The fourth most deprived
The fifth most deprived
The least deprived
10%
10%
10%
10%
50%
Blackburn with Darwen Local Economic Assessment
of LSOAs in England
^
of LSOAs in England
^
increasing
deprivation
^
^
Page 123 of 130
Area
Code
00EX
30UD
30UG
30UJ
30UL
30UM
Number of
LSOAs
1
345
91
13.3
23.1
Percentage of LSOAs in decile number:
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
<< increasing deprivation <<
14.5 11.3 9.3
7.8
9.0
5.5
7.5
7.2
20.9 12.1 5.5
4.4
5.5
3.3
7.7
4.4
60
53
57
40
44
18.3
13.2
10.5
15.0
9.4
19.3
11.7
18.9
10.5
2.3
13.6
755
940
7.0
9.9
4,459
32,482
14.4
10.0
Name
Pennine Lancashire
Blackburn with
Darwen
Burnley
Hyndburn
Pendle
Ribble Valley
Rossendale
Lancashire County
Lancashire NUTS-2
North West
England
2
10
14.5
13.2
11.4
13.3
9.4
10.5
2.5
15.9
15.0
7.5
10.5
5.0
4.5
15.1
10.5
10.0
18.2
3.3
9.4
8.8
7.5
2.3
6.7
1.9
8.8
10.0
11.4
6.7
1.9
3.5
22.5
11.4
10.0
13.2
7.0
42.5
9.1
9.1
10.5
8.5
9.3
10.2
10.0
7.9
8.7
8.1
8.5
11.1
9.8
11.1
9.9
12.8
10.9
14.0
12.6
10.9
10.0
9.5
10.0
8.8
10.0
8.4
10.0
8.5
10.0
8.2
10.0
8.7
10.0
10.3
10.0
12.4
10.0
7.3 Benefit Claimants
In February 2010, there were a total of 19,940 benefit claimants in Blackburn with Darwen. This is
equivalent to 22.7% of the population aged 16-64, this compares to 18.4% for the North West and 14.7%
in England.
After Blackburn with Darwen, of the six Pennine Lancashire districts, Burnley has the second highest
number with 12,100 or 22.3% of the population aged 16-64. Hyndburn has the third highest with 20.5%,
Ribble valley has the lowest percentage of claimants aged 16-64 with 8.8%.
The out of work benefit count is an indicator of worklessness that combines several type of benefit
related with worklessness, In February 2010 16,780 or 19.1% of the population aged 16-64 were claiming
out of work benefits, this is higher than the regional (15.7%) and national rate (12.5%), as with benefit
claimants Blackburn with Darwen (19.1%), Burnley (19.5%) and Hyndburn (17.6%) have high claimant
rates, however in this case Burnley has the highest of the three authorities.
30.0
People aged 16-64 claiming benefit, February 2010
25.0
%
20.0
22.7
22.3
20.5
15.0
18.2
16.9
18.4
15.2
14.7
10.0
8.8
5.0
Blackburn with Darwen Local Economic Assessment
England
North West
Lancashire
Rossendale
Ribble Valley
Pendle
Hyndburn
Burnley
Blackburn
with Darwen
0.0
Page 124 of 130
Disability Living
Allowance
Bereaved
Unknown
Out-of-work
benefits count
4,090
10,070
2,050
1,650
570
1,290
220
0
16,780
12,100
2,430
6,410
1,380
740
340
660
150
0
10,560
Hyndburn
10,480
2,080
5,510
1,090
730
300
630
140
0
8,980
Pendle
10,350
1,970
5,500
920
920
320
580
130
0
8,720
Ribble Valley
Lancashire
North West
Carer
19,940
Burnley
Lone Parent
Incapacity
Benefits
Blackburn with Darwen
Total
Job Seekers
Allowance
Other Income
Related Benefits
Table 7.7: Working Age Client Group (persons), February 2010
3,150
590
1,710
150
240
90
270
90
0
2,550
113,520
23,280
57,190
11,050
8,660
3,460
8,060
1,820
0
94,980
820,310
194,830
392,880
88,640
58,680
23,680
51,330
10,260
0
700,040
4,951,230
1,304,990
2,132,880
600,860
356,300
164,720
321,360
70,120
0
4,203,450
Blackburn with Darwen
22.7
4.7
11.5
2.3
1.9
0.6
1.5
0.2
0.0
19.1
Burnley
22.3
4.5
11.8
2.5
1.4
0.6
1.2
0.3
..
19.5
Hyndburn
20.5
4.1
10.8
2.1
1.4
0.6
1.2
0.3
..
17.6
Pendle
18.2
3.5
9.7
1.6
1.6
0.6
1.0
0.2
..
15.4
Ribble Valley
8.8
1.6
4.8
0.4
0.7
0.3
0.7
0.3
..
7.1
Rossendale
16.9
3.5
8.7
1.5
1.2
0.5
1.2
0.3
..
14.2
Lancashire
15.2
3.1
7.7
1.5
1.2
0.5
1.1
0.2
0.0
12.8
North West
18.4
4.4
8.8
2.0
1.3
0.5
1.2
0.2
0.0
15.7
England
14.7
3.9
6.3
1.8
1.1
0.5
1.0
0.2
0.0
12.5
England
Percentage
Source: Working age client group, Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) through Nomis
Blackburn with Darwen Local Economic Assessment
Page 125 of 130
7.4 Disability rate
The estimated proportion of people aged 16-64 in Blackburn with Darwen who were disabled based on
DDA definition in 2009 was 4.6%, 15.3% were both work-limiting disabled based on the DDA definition.
3.4% were work-limiting disabled in 2009
Table 7.8: Disability amongst people aged 16-64, 2009
disabled
95% CI, +/workbased on
(DDA)
limiting
the DDA
disabled
definition
Blackburn with
Darwen
4.6%
1.2
3.4%
Burnley
4.8%
..
..
95% CI, +/(worklimiting)
both work-limiting
disabled and
disabled based
on DDA definition
Confidence
Interval
1.1
15.3%
2.1
..
18.6%
6.8
Hyndburn
7.9%
4.5
5.0%
0.0
12.0%
5.4
Pendle
7.1%
3.9
6.1%
3.6
9.9%
4.6
Ribble Valley
8.2%
..
2.8%
0.0
9.6%
6.0
Rossendale
10.1%
5.4
2.2%
0.0
15.6%
6.5
Lancashire
5.8
1.0
3.8
0.8
11.5
1.4
North West
5.3
0.3
3.1
0.2
12.3
0.4
England
5.1
0.1
3.1
0.1
10.3
0.2
Source: Annual Population Survey, Office for National Statistics (ONS)
12.0
Disability amongst people aged 16-64, 2009
North West =5.3, England = 5.1
10.0
8.0
8.2
7.9
7.1
6.0
4.0
10.1
4.6
4.8
Blackburn with
Burnley
2.0
0.0
Hyndburn
Pendle
Ribble Valley
Rossendale
Darwen
Blackburn with Darwen Local Economic Assessment
Page 126 of 130
7.5 Infant mortality
Over the period 2003-2005 Blackburn with Darwen had an infant mortality rate of 6.4 deaths per 1,000
live births, the North West rate is 5.7 and the national rate is 5.1.
Pendle has the highest infant mortality rate with 9.9 per 1,000 live births; Hyndburn has the second
highest (7.7) and Burnley the third highest with 7.3. Ribble Valley meanwhile has an infant mortality rate
of 5.3 and Rossendale the lowest with 3.4 per 1,000 live births.
7.6 Mortality All age All cause, circulatory disease and cancers
Table 7.9: 2006-2008
All-age, mortality rate from all
circulatory diseases,
per 100,000 persons (European Standard Population)
Directly
LCL
UCL
Directly
LCL
UCL
Standardised
(95%
(95%
Standardised
(95%
(95%
Rate
level)
level)
Rate
level)
level)
All-age, all cause mortality rate,
All-age, mortality rate from all
cancers,
Directly
Standardised
Rate
LCL
(95%
level)
UCL
(95%
level)
Blackburn with
Darwen
Burnley
749.9
726.3
773.6
257.0
243.3
270.8
198.4
185.6
211.2
723.0
695.7
750.3
229.5
214.5
244.5
195.1
180.2
210.0
Hyndburn
708.4
680.5
736.3
238.6
222.8
254.4
175.1
160.4
189.9
Pendle
618.6
593.6
643.7
200.5
186.8
214.3
178.4
164.3
192.6
Ribble Valley
526.1
499.8
552.4
172.5
158.0
186.9
148.5
133.6
163.4
Rossendale
685.1
654.5
715.7
221.9
204.7
239.1
184.2
167.6
200.9
Lancashire
631.6
624.9
638.3
202.9
199.2
206.5
179.6
175.8
183.3
North West
661.2
658.3
664.1
211.9
210.3
213.5
190.6
189.0
192.3
England
581.9
581.0
582.9
183.7
183.1
184.2
173.9
173.3
174.5
Source: NHS Information Centre for health and Social Care via ONS toolkit
Figures for mortality for all causes and all ages, Circulatory disease and all cancers show that over the
period 2006-08 in Blackburn with Darwen, the all age, all cause mortality rate was 749.9 deaths per
100,000, this is higher than both the regional and national averages. The mortality rate from circulatory
disease was 257 and from cancers 198.4, again both are higher than the regional and national rates.
Comparing Pennine Lancashire district mortality rates for the three causes shows Blackburn with Darwen
to have the highest all age, all cause mortality and Ribble Valley (526.1) the lowest, indeed Blackburn
with Darwen has the highest mortality rates of all Pennine Lancashire districts for all three causes. Ribble
Valley in contrast has the lowest.
Blackburn with Darwen Local Economic Assessment
Page 127 of 130
7.7 Crime
In Blackburn with Darwen, the overall crime rate, using types of crime comparable with the British Crime
Survey in 2009/10, was 48.7 crimes per 1,000 people. The crime rate has decreased over successive
years, in 2007/08 the overall crime rate was 60.5 and in 2008/09 it was 55.3
Table 7.10: Overall crime (BCS comparator), per thousand
persons
Blackburn with Darwen
Burnley
Hyndburn
Pendle
Ribble Valley
Rossendale
Lancashire
North West
England
2007/08
60.5
73.8
53.4
47.8
19.1
44.2
2008/09
55.3
76.4
45.2
46.7
17.9
40.0
2009/10
48.7
58.4
39.8
39.4
15.9
31.8
46.7
58.4
54.0
43.6
53.6
49.7
..
..
..
Source: Recorded Crime, Home Office
The highest crime rate in 2007/08 was for the district of Burnley with 73.8 per thousand persons, of the
Pennine Lancashire districts Burnley has the highest crime rate for each of the three years and Ribble
Valley has the lowest.
The table below shows the types of crime prevalent in 2009/10 for the six Pennine Lancashire districts
Criminal Damage
Including Arson
Burglary in a
Dwelling
Burglary Other
than a Dwelling
Theft of a Motor
Vehicle
Theft from a Motor
Vehicle
414
709
74
109
2,923
434
770
246
869
1,630
1,101
1,253
276
678
55
36
34
4
10
682
510
523
137
334
363
148
224
49
91
420
324
395
71
187
24
29
20
4
18
55
32
40
12
11
1,972
1,430
1,389
392
846
580
246
210
73
208
1,065
398
607
166
294
240
177
162
52
134
711
294
517
132
269
118,611
749,791
37,367
258,500
35,749
256,449
15,626
111,051
43,363
318,656
North West
England
Common Assault
1,103
Harassment
Including Penalty
Notices for
Disorder
88
Other Wounding
Theft from the
Person
Count
Blackburn with
Darwen
Burnley
Hyndburn
Pendle
Ribble Valley
Rossendale
Wounding or
Other Act
Endangering Life
2,480
Violence Against
the Person
Robbery
Table 7.11: Recorded crime, notifiable offences, 2009/10
101,862
3,739
44,463
23,320
22,743
8,757
8,180
810,831 21,851 354,017 184,658 195,311 73,409
81,036
Source: Notifiable offences record by the police, Home Office via ONS toolkit
Table 7.11: Recorded crime, notifiable offences, 2009/10
Blackburn with Darwen Local Economic Assessment
Page 128 of 130
Theft from a Motor
Vehicle
Burglary Other
than a Dwelling
1
1
0
0
0
0
21
23
18
15
7
13
3
7
3
2
1
3
5
12
5
7
3
4
2
3
2
2
1
2
6
8
4
6
2
4
1
2
17
15
5
5
5
5
2
2
6
6
North West
15
1
6
3
3
1
England
16
0
7
4
4
1
Source: Notifiable offences record by the police, Home Office via ONS toolkit
Theft of a Motor
Vehicle
Burglary in a
Dwelling
1
0
0
0
0
0
Criminal Damage
Including Arson
5
5
4
4
1
3
Theft from the
Person
Harassment
Including Penalty
Notices for
Disorder
3
4
2
2
1
1
Robbery
8
8
6
6
2
5
Common Assault
1
1
0
0
0
0
Other Wounding
Wounding or
Other Act
Endangering Life
Violence Against
the Person
Per thousand persons
Blackburn with
Darwen
18
Burnley
19
Hyndburn
13
Pendle
14
Ribble Valley
5
Rossendale
10
As can be seen the most prevalent type of crime for Blackburn with Darwen and other Pennine
Lancashire districts are: Violence against the person and Criminal damage including arson, Blackburn
with Darwen and Burnley have the highest of any Pennine Lancashire district and Ribble valley the
lowest.
Over time 2005/06 to 2009/10 recorded crime levels decreased in Blackburn with Darwen, the largest
decrease has been for robbery (-53.8%) and theft from the person (-53.6%), the lowest decrease has
been for harassment including penalty notices for discharge. Common Assault however increased by
1% from 702 to 709 crimes.
Blackburn with Darwen (Crimes 000s)
Theft from a Motor Vehicle
0-
Theft of a Motor Vehicle
0-
Burglary in a Dw elling
0-
Theft from the Person
0-
109
Robbery
0-
74
Common Assault
0-
Harassment Inc PND
0-
Other Wounding
0-
Wounding or Other Act Endangering
Life
0-
Burglary Other than a Dw elling
0-
Criminal Damage Inc Arson
0-
Violence Against the Person
0-
869
246
1500
413
434
500
815
900
235
300
160
200
414
1103
88
709
800
532
600
1704
1900
120
770
200
1017
2923
1200
4616
2480
2006
Blackburn with Darwen Local Economic Assessment
1332
3306
4800
3500
2010
Page 129 of 130