PESTICIDE SAFETY AND
APPLICATION
PLNT 1150
Alex Latchininsky
Assistant Professor / Extension Entomologist
Dept. of Renewable Resources
January 2006
DISCLAIMER
Trade or brand names used in this
presentation are used only for
educational purposes
The information given herein is
supplied with the understanding that
no discrimination is intended, and no
endorsement information of products
is implied
LICE
Order Phthiraptera, 3 types
1/8”
TREATMENT OF HEAD LICE
• Permethrin or Pyrethrin shampoos
• Malathion shampoos
• Re-treat in 10 days (cannot kill eggs)
• Louse or nit combs
• Pets? No!
Personal hygiene
Do not share caps or combs
Head lice are NOT disease vectors
BODY LICE
• Less common in the U.S.
• Larger than Head Lice – 1/7”
• Hide in clothing seams
• Vectors of epidemic typhus (rickettsiae)
• Vectors of trench fever (World War I:
1.8 million cases in U.S. military)
PUBIC or CRAB LICE
1/16”
Do not transmit disease agents
Found only on humans – not on cats or dogs
FLEAS
Order Siphonaptera
Size: 1/16”
No wings
Cat flea
LIFE CYCLE OF A FLEA
Total: 12-174 d (typical: 3 to 5 wks)
FLEAS: MEDICAL
IMPORTANCE
• Piercing mouthparts – feed exclusively on blood
• Irritation from flea bites
• Primary vector of bubonic plague (Oriental rat flea)
Bacterium Yersinia pestis
Mortality rate 90% - “Black Death”
Middle Ages: killed 1/3 of Europe’s population in a few decades
• Vector of Murine typhus (Rickettsia typhi)
• Intermediate hosts of dog tapeworms – may infect
humans if the flea is inadvertently swallowed
MANAGEMENT OF FLEAS
1. Treat the pet
2. Treat the premises
Pet treatments: Insect Growth Regulators
(methoprene, lufenuron, pyriproxyfen), or
Adulticides (fipronil, imidacloprid)
Premises treatments: Steam clean; IGRs;
Sanitation (vacuum to remove eggs)
Bed Bugs
• Order Hemiptera – True Bugs
• Piercing-sucking beak
• One species – Cimex lectularius
Cairo
Hotel Marriott
October 2005
Bed Bugs
• Female produces up to 500 eggs
• Can survive 1 year without blood meal
• Hides during the day, active by night
• Produces foul smelling substance when
disturbed
• Sanitation!
BLOOD SUCKING FLIES
Order Diptera = “two wings”
wings
halteres
BLACK FLIES
Family Simuliidae
Larva
Pupa
Larvae develop in
flowing water
Adults can be black, gray or yellow
Size: 1/8”
BLACK FLIES LIFE CYCLE
Adult
Emerging adult
in air bubble
Eggs on a submerged
water plant
Pupae
Larvae in feeding
position
BLACK FLIES
• Attracted to dark colors and carbon dioxide
• Vicious biters. Piercing, blade-like mouthparts
• Bites are painful because of venom (saliva)
• Do not attack indoors or at night
• Extremely numerous in early Summer
• May transmit diseases, even encephalitis
• Protection: repellents (DEET)
STABLE FLY
Larva (maggot)
Pupa
Stomoxys calcitrans
adult
STABLE FLY
Bayonet-like mouthparts
Stable fly
House fly
• Both male and female are blood-sucking
• Attracted to dark colors
• Breeding sites: manure, straw
• Control: similar to house flies
• SANITATION!
HOUSE FLY
Sponging mouthparts
A carrier of up to 40 diseases, including:
typhoid fever, cholera, dysentery, and anthrax.
The fly transmits diseases by carrying disease
organisms onto food. It picks up disease organisms on
its leg hairs or eats them and then regurgitates them
onto food (in the process of liquefying solid food)
WYOMING MOSQUITOES
At least 45 species
Main genera: Culex, Aedes, Anopheles,
Culiseta, Wyeomiya, Mansonia
MOSQUITO LIFE CYCLE
adults
pupa
eggs
larva
Aquatic stages
Mosquito pupae
Mosquito larvae
Mosquito wing
Scales
Male mosquito does not bite
MOSQUITOES AS DISEASE
VECTORS
#1 vectors of numerous devastating diseases worldwide
-Encephalitis (5 types)
Western Equine Encephalitis – Culex tarsalis
-West Nile Virus – Culex pipiens (East), C. tarsalis (West)
-Dengue – Aedes aegypti
-Yellow fever – Aedes aegypti
-Malaria – Anopheles spp.
-Filariasis (nematodes) – Culex, Aedes, Anopheles spp.
-Dog heartworm – Culex, Aedes spp.
MOSQUITO LIFE HISTORIES
Four larval habitat types are used
to group the mosquitoes:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Permanent Pool
Container
Floodwater
Transient water
Permanent Pool Habitat
Permanent Pool
Habitat Group
Need shallow water with emergent
plants
Eggs laid singly on water surface for
Anopheles species
Overwinter as adult mated females
Not very important species as
disease vectors or nuisance in
Wyoming
Anopheles species are only
mosquitoes that can vector malaria
Container Group Habitat
Container Habitat Group
Need artificial or natural containers that
hold water long enough to complete
larval development
Eggs laid singly at water line surface for
Aedes species. Culex species
sometimes use this habitat also
Overwinter as eggs, multiple broods per
season
Important species as disease vectors
worldwide, less so in Wyoming
Often the target of urban mosquito control
Floodwater Habitat
Eggs are deposited singly on damp soil which is intermittently flooded
Floodwater Group
Aedes species dominate this habitat
Eggs are laid singly where the mosquito female senses
the area has been submerged in water before
Several hatches per year - Ae. dorsalis, Ae. melanimon &
Ae. vexans, most common species in WY
Overwinter in egg stage
When conditions are correct can rapidly develop - 6 days
Capable of flying long distances
Transient Water Habitat
Roadside ditches, irrigated lands etc.
Transient Water Group
Culex species dominate this habitat, esp. mucky
water. Culex tarsalis life history:
Eggs are laid as rafts on water surface
At 80 F, go from egg to adult in 10 days
Overwinter as adult, fed and mated female
Populations build through summer
Month life span as adult, up to 4 blood meals possible
Capable of flying 0.5 mile per night
Feed at night, will enter buildings
Prefers birds but will switch to horses and humans
Culex tarsalis
2003
WEST NILE VIRUS CASES
2004
2005
Year
WY
CA
2003
2004
2005
375
10
12
3
760
865
Culex tarsalis
MOSQUITO SURVEYS
Adult surveys
-CDC light traps
-Dry ice traps (C. tarsalis)
-Landing and biting collections
-Insect sweep net collections
-Truck trap collections
Larval and pupal surveys
-Dipping
MOSQUITO CONTROL
Source reduction
-Water management
-Sanitation
-Irrigation optimization
-Drainage
Biological control
-Gambusia fish
-Pathogens (Bti, Bs)
MOSQUITO CONTROL
Chemical control
-Larviciding (larval control)
The most efficient control strategy
Minimizes treated areas
Avoids treating populated areas
-Adulticiding (control of adults)
Usually, consists of Ultra-Low Volume
spraying in urban areas
PRODUCTS FOR MOSQUITO
CONTROL
I. LARVICIDES
A.I.
Trade name
Formulation
Pros
Cons
Temephos
Abate
G, EC
Lowest cost
Nontarget
Methoprene
Altosid
G, B, P, LC
Nontarget safe
Cannot be
certain of
efficacy
until too
late to
retreat
Oils
BVA, Golden
Bear
Oil
Acts on pupae
Oil film
Subsurf.
larvae
Monomolecular film
Agnique
Liquid
Acts on pupae
Subsurf.
Larvae
I. LARVICIDES (contd.)
A.I.
Trade name
Formulation
Pros
Cons
Bacillus
thuringiensis
israeliensis
(Bti)
Aquabac
Bactimos
LarvX, Teknar
Dunks
Liquid
WDG, AS,
P, G, B
Nontarget safe
Briquets
control 30+d
Short
window
of trtmt.,
pupae
Bacillus
sphaericus
(Bs)
VectoLex
G, WDG
Nontarget safe
Pupae
AS – Aqueous Suspension; B – Briquets; EC – Emulsifiable Concentrate;
G – granules; LC – Liquid Concentrate; P – Pellets; WDG – Water-Dispersible
Granules
II. ADULTICIDES
A.I.
Trade name
Formulation
Pros
Cons
Malathion
Fyfanon,
Atrapa,
Prentox
ULV,
thermal fog
Tolerances
OP, some
resistance
Naled
Dibrom,
ULV, EC,
Trumpetthermal fog
Tolerances
OP,
corrosive
Fenthion
Batex
ULV
None
Permethrin
Permanone,
AquaResilin,
Biomist,
Mosquito
beater
ULV,
thermal fog,
clothing
treatment
Low vertebrate None
toxicity
OP, FL
ULV – Ultra Low Volume; OP – Organophosphate insecticide
II. ADULTICIDES (contd.)
A.I.
Trade name
Formulation
Pros
Resmethrin
Scourge
ULV,
thermal fog
Low vertebrate RUP
toxicity
Sumithrin
Anvil
ULV,
thermal fog
Low vertebrate No
toxicity
tolerance
Pyrethrins
Pyrenone
Pyronyl
ULV, EC
Natural
pyrethrum,
tolerances,
larvicide also
ULV – Ultra Low Volume; RUP – Restricted Use Pesticide
Cons
May be
costly
MOSQUITO CONTROL WORKSHOP
Organized by WMMA
Lander, 18-19 April 2006
Contact: Nancy Webber,
Fremont Co. Weed and Pest
(307) 332-1052
OTHER STINGING AND
BITING INSECTS
Imported Fire Ants
Solenopsis invicta (Red) & Solenopsis richteri (Black)
Vicious
Attackers
Blisters and
pustules
following Fire Ant
sting
Control
Chemical:
Single mound or
area-wide broadcast
treatments (granular
insecticides or baits)
Africanized Honey Bees
Wasps and Bees
Honey bee with a stinger
Yellow jacket wasp
Bumble Bees
OTHER ARTHROPODS
Class Arachnida
SPIDERS – Order Aranea
TICKS – Order Acari
BLACK WIDOW SPIDER FEMALE
“Hourglass”
pattern on the
abdomen
BLACK WIDOW SPIDERS
Mature female
Immature
female
Mature male
HOBO SPIDER
BROWN RECLUSE SPIDER EYES
2
2
2
WIND SCORPION
TICKS
• Close relatives of spiders,
and NOT insects: adults have 8 legs
• Blood-sucking parasites of mammals,
birds and reptiles
• Both males and females feed on blood
• Efficient vectors of diseases (#2 after
mosquitoes)
Soft tick
Rocky
Mountain
Wood tick
(hard)
ROCKY MOUNTAIN WOOD TICK
• Hosts: Small rodents,
porcupines, deer and large
domestic animals
• Most common species that
bites people
• Vector of: Colorado tick
fever*, Rocky Mountain
spotted fever, Tick paralysis
(rare), Tularemia (rare)
Dermacentor andersoni
adult
• Not a vector of Lyme
disease, which is transmitted
by Ixodes scapularis
*American dog tick is also a vector of CTF
RM WOOD TICK LIFE CYCLE:
3 hosts
(Large mammal
host)
Small
mammal
host
Small
mammal
host
ROCKY MOUNTAIN WOOD TICK
PREVENTION:
• Avoid tick habitats
• Use tick repellents (DEET)
• Wear protective clothes
• Clothing treatment with Permethrin (Permanone)
• Tick checks after visiting possible habitats
HOW TO REMOVE A TICK:
• Use blunt tweezers
• Pull the tick slowly
• Treat the feeding place with disinfectant