Lectures 1 and 2:
Welcome to IEE
A practical introduction to electronics
for anyone in any field of practice
Voltage, Current, Resistance,
Power, & Diodes
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Bill Mielke
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mielke@rpi.edu
Office: JEC 1209
Phone: 6881
Secretary: None
Info on WebCT – Go to http://webct.rpi.edu
Office hours, M-F, 8am-5pm
Lab is in JEC 5107
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Course Organization
• Lectures each Monday on a range of topics
involving the use of electronics and other
fundamental concepts. Used in Electrical,
Computer and Systems, and Electric Power
Engineering as well as other fields of study.
• 10 Labs
• Homework (NONE)
• All work must be completed in a timely
manner to pass. (S/U grade)
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Course Goals
• Expose students to a wide variety of
electrical and electronic concepts in
order to make an informed decision as
to their future course of study. In depth
study of IEE topics are covered during
the sophomore through senior years.
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Course Goals
• Provide students with 18-20 hours of
intensive hands-on circuit building
exercises, work which may be listed on
a résumé.
• Begin to develop the troubleshooting
skills necessary to make circuits
functional.
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Course Goals
• Create a learning environment whereby
students are encouraged and
empowered to explore topics of interest
by talking to other faculty, selecting
appropriate books from the library,
search on the internet, etc.
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Course Goals
• To demystify electronic concepts so that
non engineering/science majors will
have a sound understanding of the
basics and won’t be talked into repairs
that are unnecessary.
• HAVE FUN WITH ELECTRONICS
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My Goals
• To have the largest class size of any
course on campus
• To teach any student the basics of
electronics so that they can carry on an
intelligent conversation about circuits,
no matter what field of study they
pursue
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My Goals
• To have as much fun as is humanly
possible while teaching about one of my
life’s passions, electronics.
• Any resemblance to a 16 year old’s
behavior should be obvious.
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So why should I be here?
• NO TEXT BOOK
• NO LAB MANUAL TO BUY
• NO HOMEWORK
• NO CALCULUS
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So why should I be here?
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NO TESTS
NO FINAL EXAM
NO READING
NO PROJECTS
• DESIGN YOUR OWN PROJECT, IF
YOU WANT. I HAVE TO APPROVE IT
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Requirements
• Class attendance affects your grade
 Attendance is taken through an in class quiz
 Up to 2 unexcused absences are permitted
• All labs are mandatory
 Contact your TA should a lab be missed
 All labs must be completed before the end of the
semester. No incompletes are given.
• Signed rules statement is required
 Please read syllabus (online) for policy details
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Section______________________
PRINTED NAME ______________________________________________
(USE CAPITAL LETTERS ONLY)
SIGNED NAME________________________________________________
Date_________________________
RULES TO PASS
INTRODUCITON TO ENGINEERING ELECTRONICS
1.
LECTURE ATTENDANCE AFFECTS YOUR GRADE. You
are allowed to have two unexcused absences during the
semester. That means if you don’t show up for class for
whatever reason, two times, there is no penalty. For those
times when you are not in class and you do not want it to
be counted as an unexcused absence you must:
Send me a signed excuse from your doctor’s office, the
administration, i.e., health office, Dean of Students office,
athletic office, another faculty member, etc., verifying your
absence. Hard copies mailed to me must be on company
letterhead stationary. Excuses on tablet paper will not be
accepted. E-mail response is also acceptable.
In class quizzes are used for attendance. No quiz sheet
will be accepted after you have left class.
2.
ALL LABORATORY EXERCISES MUST BE COMPLETED. If
you miss a lab you must make up the work. Either contact
a TA in another section during your free time and ask
permission to attend, or wait until lab make up time at the
end of the semester.
THREE OR MORE UNEXCUSED ABSENSES MEANS YOU FAIL.
IF YOU DO NOT COMPLETE ALL THE LABS YOU FAIL.
YOU ARE RESPONSIBLE TO KEEP TRACK OF MISSED
LECTURES AND LABS.
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Lab Rules
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No eating or drinking in the lab
Be on time. The door will be shut
Play music, no inappropriate lyrics
Pick up answer sheet when you arrive
Sleeping, partner does work, no sig
Clean up the workbench and floor
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How are absences tracked?
• In class quiz, no late submissions
• Lab attendance taken with answer
sheets
• EWS used for any misses
• LECTURES CAN NOT BE MADE UP!
• DO NOT ASK!!!
• SENIORS – NO F TESTS GIVEN
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Voltage, Current,
Power and Resistance
• Fundamental concepts




Voltage
Current
Power
Resistance
V
I
W
R
volt
amp
watt
ohm
R1
50
I
V1
R2
V
50
0
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Voltage
• Voltage is defined as the amount of work
done or the energy required (in joules) in
moving a unit of positive charge (1 coulomb)
from a lower potential to a higher potential.
Voltage is also called potential difference
(PD). When you measure voltage you must
have two points to compare, one of them
being the reference point. When measuring
the voltage drop for a circuit component it is
sometimes called measuring the potential
across that component.
1 volt = 1 joule/coulomb
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Voltage
• Voltage is analogous to pressure. A
battery in an electrical circuit plays the
same role as a pump in a water system.
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Current
• Current is the amount of electric charge
(coulombs) flowing past a specific point in a
conductor over an interval of one second.
1 ampere = 1 coulomb/second
• Electron flow is from a lower potential
(voltage) to a higher potential (voltage).
+
e
e
e
e
-
Wire
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Current
• For historical reasons, current is
conventionally thought to flow from the
positive to the negative potential in a
circuit.
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Power
• Power is the rate at which energy is
generated or dissipated in an electrical
element.
1 watt = 1 joule/sec
Generated
Dissipated
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Resistance
• Charges passing through any conducting medium collide with
the material at an extremely high rate and, thus, experience
friction.
R
l
A
• The rate at which energy is lost depends on the wire thickness
(area), length and physical parameters like density and
temperature as reflected through the resistivity

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Circuit Diagram
e
Resistor
BA TTERY
Heat
Exchanger
Pump
e
e e e
Current
Water
• Water flow analogy is helpful, if not
totally accurate
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Basic Electrical Laws
• Ohm’s Law
V  IR
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
V  0
• Kirchoff’s Current Law
I  0
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Ohm’s Law
Georg Ohm
• There is a simple linear relationship
between voltage, current and
resistance.
V  IR
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Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
Gustav Kirchoff
• The sum of the voltage differences
around a circuit is equal to zero.
V  0
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Kirchoff’s Current Law (KCL)
Applying
conservation of
current.
• The sum of all the currents entering or
exiting a node is equal to zero.
I  0
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Conservation Laws
• Both the KVL and KCL are based on
conservation laws.
 KVL conserves voltage
 KCL conserves current
• Other conservation laws we know about
 Conservation of energy
 Conservation of momentum
• A key to understanding any system is
identifying the relevant conservation laws
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Series Combination of Resistors
A
+
Ia
Vr1
+
-
V
+
Vr2
Ib
R1
R2
+
V
+
Req
Vreq
-
-
-
B
• Resistors add in series
REQ  R1  R2 ... RN
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Series Combination of Resistors
R1
10Vdc
30ohms
V1
R2
10ohms
0
• The effect of resistors in series is additive.
There is a corresponding voltage drop
across each resistor.
REQ  R1  R2 ... RN
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Parallel Combination of Resistors
A
I1
I2
V
Ib
Vr1
+
+
R1
-
I3
+
+
+
R2
-
Vr2
V
Req
Vreq
-
-
I4
B
• The reciprocal or inverse of resistors
add in parallel.
1
1
1
1


...
REQ R1 R2
RN
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Parallel Combination of Resistors
10Vdc
V1
R1
R2
30ohms
10ohms
0
• For resistors in parallel, the same voltage occurs
across each resistor and more than one path exists
for the current, which lowers the net resistance.
1
1
1
1


...
REQ R1 R2
RN
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Series Combination of Resistors
A
V  Vr1  Vr 2
• KVL:
+
Ia
Vr1
+
R1
-
V
• Ohm’s Law: V  I a R1  I a R2
+
Vr2
R2
-
• We can say:
B
V  I a  R1  R2 
Ib
+
V
+
Req
Vreq
-
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• In General:
REQ  R1  R2 ... RN
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Parallel Combination of Resistors
• KCL:
A
I1
Vr1
+
I2
V
+
R1
I3
-
I4
B
V
+
Req
Vreq
-
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R2
-
Vr2
• Ohm’s Law:
 1
V V
I1  
V 
R
R1 R2
 EQ
• We can say:
Ib
+
+
-
-
I1  I 2  I 3



1
1
1
1


...
REQ R1 R2
RN
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Combination of Resistors
• Series
REQ  R1  R2 ... RN
• Parallel
1
1
1
1


...
REQ R1 R2
RN
• For two resistors, the second
expression can be written as
REQ
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R1 R2

R1  R2
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Combination of Resistors
• Adding resistors in series always results
in a larger resistance than any of the
individual resistors
• Adding resistors in parallel always
results in a smaller resistance than any
of the individual resistors
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Diodes
D1
ANODE
CATHODE
DIODE
• A diode can be considered to be an
electrical one-way valve.
• They are made from a large variety of
materials including silicon, germanium,
gallium arsenide, silicon carbide …
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Diodes
• In effect, diodes act like a flapper valve
 Note: this is the simplest possible model of
a diode
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Diodes
• For the flapper valve, a small positive
pressure is required to open.
• Likewise, for a diode, a small positive voltage
is required to turn it on. This voltage is like the
voltage required to power some electrical
device. It is used up turning the device on so
the voltages at the two ends of the diode will
differ.
 The voltage required to turn on a diode is typically
around 0.6-0.8 volt for a standard silicon diode
and a few volts for a light emitting diode (LED)
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Diodes
D1
D1N4002
VAMPL = 10V
V1
R1
FREQ = 1k
1k
• 10 volt sinusoidal voltage source
• Connect to a resistive load through a
diode
0
 This combination is called a half-wave
rectifier
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Diodes
VAMPL = 10V
• Sinusoidal Voltage
V1
FREQ = 1k
10V
5V
0V
-5V
-10V
0s
0.5ms
1.0ms
1.5ms
2.0ms
2.5ms
3.0ms
V(D1:1)
Time
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Diodes
D1
VAMPL = 10V
V1
V
D1N4002
V
R1
FREQ = 1k
1k
• Half-wave
rectifier
0
10V
5V
0V
-5V
-10V
0s
0.5ms
V(D1:1)
1.0ms
1.5ms
2.0ms
2.5ms
3.0ms
V(D1:2)
Time
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At the junction, free electrons from the
N-type material fill holes from the Ptype material. This creates an insulating
layer in the middle of the diode called
the depletion zone.
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Diode V-I Characteristic
• For ideal diode, current flows only one way
• Real diode is close to ideal
Ideal Diode
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Where Will You See These Concepts Again?
• In later labs in this course
• V, I, R, Kirchoff’s Laws, Combining
Resistors: ECSE-2010 Electric Circuits
• Diode and Transistor Theory and
Electronic Design: ECSE-2050 Analog
Electronics, ECSE-2060 Digital
Electronics and ECSE-2210
Microelectronics Technology
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