Year 12 Chemistry
Summary Notes
9.5 Industrial Chemistry
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9.5.A – Replacement Products
Topic
Syllabus Dot-Points
Alternative sources
of natural products

discuss the issues associated with shrinking
world resources with regard to one identified
natural product that is not a fossil fuel,
identifying the replacement materials used
and/or current research in place to find a
replacement for the named material

identify data, gather and process information
to identify and discuss the issues associated
with the increased need for a natural
resource that is not a fossil fuel and evaluate
the progress currently being made to solve
the problems identified
Summary
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9.5.B – Equilibrium
Topic
Syllabus Dot-Points
Equilibrium
principles

explain the effect of changing the following
factors on identified equilibrium reactions
– pressure
– volume
– concentration
– temperature

identify data, plan and perform a first-hand
investigation to model an equilibrium
reaction

choose equipment and perform a first-hand
investigation to gather information and
qualitatively analyse an equilibrium reaction

interpret the equilibrium constant expression
(no units required) from the chemical
equation of equilibrium reactions

identify that temperature is the only factor
that changes the value of the equilibrium
constant (K) for a given equation

process and present information from
secondary sources to calculate K from
equilibrium conditions
Equilibrium
constant
Summary
Page 3
9.5.C – Sulfuric Acid
Topic
Syllabus Dot-Points
Properties,
reactions and uses

outline three uses of sulfuric acid in industry

describe, using examples, the reactions of
sulfuric acid acting as:
–
–
an oxidising agent
a dehydrating agent

describe and explain the exothermic nature
of sulfuric acid ionisation

identify and describe safety precautions that
must be taken when using and diluting
concentrated sulfuric acid

perform first-hand investigations to observe
the reactions of sulfuric acid acting as:
–
–
Summary
an oxidising agent
a dehydrating agent

use available evidence to relate the
properties of sulfuric acid to safety
precautions necessary for its transport and
storage
Feedstock

describe the processes used to extract sulfur
from mineral deposits, identifying the
properties of sulfur which allow its extraction
and analysing potential environmental issues
that may be associated with its extraction
Industrial

outline the steps and conditions necessary
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production
for the industrial production of H2SO4 from
its raw materials

describe the reaction conditions necessary
for the production of SO2 and SO3

apply the relationship between rates of
reaction and equilibrium conditions to the
production of SO2 and SO3

gather, process and present information from
secondary sources to describe the steps and
chemistry involved in the industrial
production of H2SO4 and use available
evidence to analyse the process to predict
ways in which the output of sulfuric acid can
be maximised
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9.5.D – Sodium Hydroxide
Topic
Syllabus Dot-Points
Electrolysis

explain the difference between galvanic cells
and electrolytic cells in terms of energy
requirements

identify, plan and perform a first-hand
investigation to identify the products of the
electrolysis of an aqueous solution of sodium
chloride

analyse information from secondary sources
to predict and explain the different products
of the electrolysis of aqueous and molten
sodium chloride

outline the steps in the industrial production
of sodium hydroxide from sodium chloride
solution and describe the reaction in terms of
net ionic and full formulae equations

distinguish between the three electrolysis
methods used to extract sodium hydroxide:
– diaphragm process
by describing each process and analysing the
technical and environmental difficulties
involved in each process

outline the steps in the industrial production
of sodium hydroxide from sodium chloride
solution and describe the reaction in terms of
net ionic and full formulae equations
Diaphragm process
Mercury process
Summary
Page 6
Membrane process

distinguish between the three electrolysis
methods used to extract sodium hydroxide:
– mercury process
by describing each process and analysing the
technical and environmental difficulties
involved in each process

outline the steps in the industrial production
of sodium hydroxide from sodium chloride
solution and describe the reaction in terms of
net ionic and full formulae equations

distinguish between the three electrolysis
methods used to extract sodium hydroxide:
– membrane process
by describing each process and analysing the
technical and environmental difficulties
involved in each process
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9.5.E – Saponification
Topic
Syllabus Dot-Points
Soap production

describe saponification as the conversion in
basic solution of fats and oils to glycerol and
salts of fatty acids

describe the conditions under which
saponification can be performed in the
school laboratory and compare these with
industrial preparation of soap

perform a first-hand investigation to carry
out saponification and test the product

gather, process and present information
from secondary sources to identify a range of
fats and oils used for soap-making

account for the cleaning action of soap by
describing its structure

explain that soap, water and oil together
form an emulsion with the soap acting as an
emulsifier

perform a first-hand investigation to gather
information and describe the properties of a
named emulsion and relate these properties
to its uses

perform a first-hand investigation to
demonstrate the effect of soap as an
emulsifier
Cleaning action of
soap
Summary
Page 8
Detergents
Environmental
considerations

distinguish between soaps and synthetic
detergents in terms of:
the structure of the molecule
chemical composition
effect in hard water

distinguish between anionic, cationic and
non-ionic synthetic detergents in terms of:
chemical composition
uses

solve problems and use available evidence to
discuss, using examples, the environmental
impacts of the use of soaps and detergents
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9.5.F – Sodium Carbonate (Solvay Process)
Topic
Syllabus Dot-Points
Feedstock and
product

identify the raw materials used in the Solvay
process and name the products

describe the uses of sodium carbonate

identify, given a flow chart, the sequence of
steps used in the Solvay process and describe
the chemistry involved in:
– brine purification
– hydrogen carbonate formation
– formation of sodium carbonate
– ammonia recovery

perform a first-hand investigation to assess
risk factors and then carry out a chemical
step involved in the Solvay process,
identifying any difficulties associated with
the laboratory modelling of the step

process information to solve problems and
quantitatively analyse the relative quantities
of reactants and products in each step of the
process
Environmental
considerations

discuss environmental issues associated with
the Solvay process and explain how these
issues are addressed
Locating Solvay
plants

use available evidence to determine the
criteria used to locate a chemical industry
Solvay process
Summary
Page 10
using the Solvay process as an example
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