Running head: GUARANI LANGUAGE DIGITAL LIBRARY
Project Proposal for Guarani Language Digital Library
Paul Shaver
Rutgers University
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GUARANI LANGUAGE DIGITAL LIBRARY
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Abstract
It is our intention to create a digital library for the Guarani language and culture
that would encompass the vast majority of current material available in Spanish,
Portuguese and English on Paraguayan Guarani and would provide translations to make
the material more accessible by a much larger quantity of prospective Guarani students.
We would accomplish this by organizing currently available materials into one interface,
creating new video and audio content in the form of first-person narratives from native
speakers, crafting new analyses of Guarani grammar from the perspective of PhD
candidates in linguistics, and providing cultural materials meant to build an awareness of
the Guarani people. We will endeavor to work with organizers of current websites to
translate their material free of charge in order to make material more accessible. Life
experience stories will be collected from videos of non-native speakers, translated and
captioned by fluent speakers of Guarani and English where possible. For those native
Spanish or Portuguese speakers of Guarani, material provided by them will then be
translated in English. PhD candidates in linguistics will then work with current
grammatical deconstructions of Guarani and create comprehensive grammars to be
included as new research in our digital library. Finally, cultural material involving the
history of the Guarani people as well as current events regarding their status in Paraguay,
Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina will be provided and consistently updated.
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Purpose
For the purposes of forming a comprehensive analysis of the Guarani language, it
was essential to choose a specific variety that was widespread and for which the largest
amount of material was available. In this case, Paraguayan Guarani proved most
appropriate. In Paraguay, Guarani shares status with Spanish as one of the nation’s
national languages. This has allowed it to be taught not only to people with indigenous
heritage, but to the largest quantity of non-indigenous speakers of an indigenous language
in the world. This makes Paraguayan Guarani particularly useful for creating a
comprehensive standard for users of our digital library to explore.
While the Guarani language has grown in terms of speakers in the last century,
the Guarani people have lost significant land as well as status, and their population is in a
state of decline and depression. Suicide is a rampant activity that is often linked to a
conflict between Guarani beliefs in land as a gift from heaven and the scarcity of land
available to them in their present situation. Watson (2014) A shocking new study has
revealed that a Brazilian tribe now suffers the highest suicide rate in the world. In 2013,
at least 72 members of the Guarani Kaiowá tribe committed suicide (equivalent to 232
per 100,000), a rate that has nearly tripled over the last two decades.” This causes
emotional and psychological turmoil that cannot be taken lightly by those who are taking
land from the Guarani people and those who of us who are witnessing it happen. Since
understanding language is so inextricably linked to cultural understanding and
compassion, it is our intention to use this digital library not only as a learning tool, but as
a vehicle for social change.
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The creation of a digital library for the Guarani language and culture, which
unifies previous efforts and proposes room for systematic growth, is long overdue. There
are currently numerous websites devoted to both aspects of Paraguayan Guarani and
Guarani culture. In most instances there is a sacrifice made between breadth and depth.
Some websites attempt to accompish too much and have, for example, a few examples of
common salutations and valedictions coupled with a number of regular conjugations, a
letter-to-sound phonological correspondence chart, and some other simple aspects of
grammar. Others go in-depth regarding the Guarani people in the news, cultural accounts,
or other subjects of interest. The common theme is that none of these websites offer all of
these aspects of Guarani culture and language and none can be viewed as both thoroughly
comprehensive and easily accessible to users.
Another important purpose for creating a digital library of the type we are
proposing is that it would give those who do not speak Spanish or Portuguese as a first
language much greater access to this indigenous language. Even for those websites that
do include vast coverage of the language, those are almost exclusively in Spanish or
English. The websites that include English translations seldom offer a full translation of
the Spanish or Portuguese sections of the entire site. A digital library offering complete
English-language translation would therefore prove to be extremely useful in spreading
knowledge of the Paraguayan Guarani language and the Guarani culture.
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Objectives
Our primary objectives would center first and foremost on creating a
comprehensive resource for students of Paraguayan Guarani. This community of users
would have to be able to use all language-learning sections of our proposed digital library
in a way that facilitates language study and retention for this objective to be met. This
would require us to have an organized, easily navigable resource, available for the public
within the first nine months of our project.
Complicating the completion of the language-learning sections of our digital
library would be a degree of dependence on the material collected for oral histories. For
this reason, the overall layout of the material would have to be determined first. This has
already been done and is discussed in depth in the ‘Structure’ section below. In addition,
however, the specific themes for the interviews would have to be developed before
recordings were made. This would allow our linguists and teachers to develop lesson
plans during the first six months without having seen the video and insert it as
supplemental material in the following three months at the end of the process. Important
phrases and concepts discovered after reviewing the interviews could always be added as
the digital library evolves to facilitate student understanding.
Our secondary objectives would include comprehensive accounts of Guarani
culture and up-to-date news on the status of the Guarani throughout the Guarani speaking
world. To be clear, this would go beyond the experience of those speaking Paraguayan
Guarani and into the populations of Bolivia, Argentina, and Brazil as well. Though
Guarani news collection would be an ongoing practice, its primary collection would be
relatively straightforward and could take place during the first six months of our project.
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However, the objective to establish a comprehensive cultural resource for Guarani would
take a longer time investment. As with the language-learning sections, the primary
research could be done in the first six months and augmented with other material
gathered from interviews in the last three months and beyond. This objective would be
informed by still and video images taken by our team while doing interviews and
gathering audiovisual material in the field.
The website for the digital library itself, including the Home and About sections,
basic style and initially empty tabs for Language Learning, Oral history, Guarani Culture,
and News would be created in the first three months of our project by experienced
webpage designers. As needed the style and structure of the webpage, as well as ease of
search and navigation will be improved upon. This would be an ongoing process, but the
expectation would be full completion of a professional digital library in 9 months. In our
estimation, beyond inevitable troubleshooting issues that come up with website coding,
website development will prove to take much less of our total time than the interview
process or the development of Paraguayan Guarani language online lessons.
Contents
Multisensory content is essential to effective language learning and likewise to
the success of our website. There are already many websites, YouTube videos, and
journals that have approached aspects of Paraguayan Guarani. However, bringing all of
this content together and building on it requires a more significant commitment of time
and resources than has previously been devoted. Now is the time to not only produce
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original content, but also to examine and pull from the wide variety of content available,
organize it, and improve its accessibility.
Our digital library would include the widest, most diverse materials available as
of yet and would be capable of adapting as new and varied media become available.
Audio, video, images, original documents, interactive memory aids, news articles and
journals would make up the vast majority of the proposed content. Additional files and
links to other websites would be added as they became available. The content would
consistently be evolving to account for new material specific to Guarani as well as keep
up with new trends in language learning.
Our content would include original language material and content that has been
translated from Spanish and Portuguese language websites into English. We would
borrow from or link to dictionaries found at http://www.uni-mainz.de/cgibin/guarani2/dictionary.pl, andhttps://en.glosbe.com/gn/en/. These dictionaries would
provide a strong base of the most common words and phrases for students. In addition,
the Google Books copy of the Hippocrene Guarani-English/English-Guarani Dictionary
would be linked to for students to view. It is a thorough text, but access to all of its pages
is currentlly limited by Google Books.
In terms of phonetics and grammar we would link to a number of different
websites that are already in existence and make it a consistent effort to work with
administrators of these websites to translate their material into English. The “Guarani
Nanduti Rogue” is an example of one of these comprehensive websites. In addition, we
would include content from wikilibros “Guarani”. The material in these websites would
be used to help fill in the blanks and add to lesson plans included in our digital library for
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beginner, intermediate and advanced students. We would use lessons on grammar,
sentence structure, word order, the nature of agglutinative languages, letter sound
correspondence, nasal harmony in Guarani, and other issues to round out the topics
available in this source.
Of all of the content we would be creating, the most ambitious would be our
collection of oral histories, including transcribed and captioned audio and video content.
Experienced videographers and interviewers fluent in Guarani would collect these oral
histories. Interviewers would pay great attention to the intelligibility of words and the
diversity of themes addressed. These themes and the word choices of interviewees would
prove to be extremely useful for the future layout of lessons. Excerpts from these
interviews, would form the basis for many of the lessons througout the language learning
section and would provide ample material to practice Paraguayan Guarani pronunciation,
syntax, and lexical semantics.
In the area of Guarani News, we would draw from such sources as: Survival
International – an organization devoted to indigenous news and aid throughout the globe,
Amazon Aid Foundation - an organization whose mission is “to bring awareness and
environmental sustainability to the Amazon rainforest through diverse multimedia
educational materials while assisting partners on the ground who provide solutions”, and
Rainforest Rescue – that documents and encourages protests to fight deforestation.
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Features
An Immersive Language Learning Interface
Students of Guarani will be pleasantly surprised to find that the language learning
section of our digital library is fully immersive and capable on its own of satisfying a
wide range of Paraguayan Guarani language learning objectives for beginner,
intermediate and advanced students. When viewing this section of the website, lessons
will be designed to take up maximum screen real estate and immerse students in the
experience of learning this language. The goal of this section is the seamlessness of
integrated audiovisual material with content. In its own right, this section is meant to
follow in the foosteps of such language learning programs as Mango Languages and
Rosetta Stone, providing an easily manageable, intuitive interface. However, as a digital
library rather than for-profit language learning software we would offer downloadable
documents, photos, and audiovisual materials all with complete metadata to accompany
every artifact included in our website.
Phonological Analysis of Guarani and Simple Pronunciation Key
One aspect of Paraguayan Guarani that has received somewhat limited attention is
in the presentation of pronunciation to prospective speakers in a way that is accessible to
speakers of different languages. For example, describing a consonant as “v” from
Portuguese “louvo” would be completely useless for native speakers of Spanish and
English that do not experience this consonant. Likewise, describing that consonant as a
labial approximant would be useful for students of linguistics or those with knowledge of
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the International Phonetic Alphabet and its organization. However, it would not help the
vast majority of prospective speakers of the language. For that reason, a phonological
analysis of Paraguayan Guarani would be available as a completely separate entry page
from a Simple Pronunciation Key based on the Guarani alphabet. A hyperlink would be
provided on the bottom of each page should one be interested in viewing this content, but
a student’s first contact would come with the simple and practical method of clicking on
a consonant and hearing its pronunciation as well as its use in at least three complete
words. Each of those sound files would be available for download as well as a complete
recording of all phonemes found in the Paraguayan Guarani Language.
Oral History and Video of Guarani Life Experience Stories
Oral histories are an invaluable resource for learning languages and understanding
culture in context. They combine with video to not only make storytelling more exciting
and multisensory, but also to make storytellers more relateable and their stories more
memorable. An added benefit of videos is that captions can be provided for both
Paraguayan Guarani and translations. The oral history and video section of our digital
library will make ample use of this feature. All life experience stories will be transcribed
and translated so that students can use these videos to master aspects of grammar,
pronunciation, and culture simultaneously.
Comprehensive Guarani Cultural and Historical Resource
All online journals and website articls devoted to the Guarani would be gathered
in this section. This feature would allow students to obtain material easily through a
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timeline structure influenced by the Digital Public Library of America. The material
would be accessible either by conventional search of the library or this timeline. After
extensive search, no material currently available on Guarani culture uses this feature,
which is highly intuitive and easy for users to navigate.
Up-to-date Guarani News
It would be particularly useful to provide updates regarding Guarani news. This
information would include whatever stories are produced throughout the world regarding
the Guarani in English, Spanish or Portuguese. Particular attention would be paid to land
reform laws and to the status of the Guarani language as it is taught throughout the world.
Websites such as those mentioned in the content section above would help to keep
readers informed and motivated in their study. We would not being using RSS feeds for
this feature, but a part-time webmaster choosing articles manually in order to assure their
topicality and usefulness.
Structure
There would be six main tabs for the website (represented above): a Home tab, an
About tab, a Language Learning tab, an Oral History tab, a Guarani Culture tab, and a
News tab. The Home, About, and News tabs would each take users to one page. The
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other tabs would allow for direct links to several sub-headings.
Under Language Learning (represented above), there would be a link to the
following subjects: Pronunciation, Beginner, Intermediate, Advanced, and Lesson PDFs.
Each of the beginner, intermediate, and advanced levels would be broken down into
themes described as chapters, which would then be broken down into multiple lessons.
For example, beginners would have one lesson devoted to months. In that lesson, the
months would be pronounced and used in short sentences. Seasons and weather would be
another lesson topic under the same chapter for beginners. The advanced level would
include chapters for using directions to navigate a map. At the end of all lessons, there
would be a tab to reach all chapters saved in pdf format with full Dublin Core metadata
included. This would allow each chapter to serve as a separate document to be shared
with other digital libraries.
The Oral History tab (represented above) would be divided into speakers dealing
with particular themes and then further divided by the complexity of terms used in the
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dialogue into levels beginner, intermediate, and advanced. Interviewees will have been
asked specific questions such as what grade they finished in school. The content from
those videos would be broken up and grouped. In this way, one speaker might have ten
separate videos grouped under different themes throughout the oral history section.
The Guarani Culture tab (represented above) will include the bulk of images in
the website. These images will include native gourds, clothing, and other common
artifacts as well as images of Guarani people throughout the Guarani speaking world.
Many images will be of educators, politicians, and other professionals living outside of
the environment for which most Guarani people had been known. However, there will
also be a large array of pictures of undeveloped areas where Guarani of the past and
present have inhabited. Our staff will produce these photos in great quantity during the
collection of oral histories and older content will be gathered from elsewhere.
In the Guarani Culture tab, there were will be a separate section for history. This
will include all news, journals, documents, photos, or other media thought to define a
particular decade in the last century. Anything before that will be grouped by century as
part of separate collections within this digital library. The material will also be tagged by
century for easy access.
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The News tab (represented above) will include all of the latest material available
on the Guarani. As mentioned in the ‘Features’ section above, this material will be
manually updated rather than through an RSS feed or any similar automatic features. The
goal would be to make certain that all information included comes from reputable sources.
The website would be accessible from any institution funding its research and
upkeep. In addition, there would be links back to that institution’s library webpage in the
header, footer, or any other section preferred by that institution. In addition, a basic link
of resources mentioned in this document and other useful Guarani websites would be
included in a separate “Useful Websites” page accessible from the footer.
Guide in Design
The language learning section devoted to beginner, intermediate, and advanced
students will be modeled after a number of different language programs, the most salient
of which are Pimsleur, Rosetta Stone, and Mango Languages. The leveled design is
primarily taken from Pimsleur’s programs, as is the focus on spoken as opposed to
written language. Mango Languages is known for its highly immersive interface and its
themed breakdown of content. This is part of the basis for the themed structure within
each level.
The Digital Public Library of America would influence the Guarani history
section. In particular, the timeline search would allow users to easily grab from specific
time periods. The design of this timeline is intuitive and highly accessible.
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Representation
Particularly given the timeline structure of the history section, metadata regarding
not only time of publication but also the time when an event occurred would be useful. It
would be difficult, due to the large amount of audiovisual or other material available for
our website to format material in such a way as to be available via WorldCat. However,
Dublin Core would be followed for collecting metadata on all videos, images, and
documents. We would also strive to share our videos with Internet Archive in such a way
that the majority of our content would be searchable via archive.org. Content will be
classified as video, image, and documents. The downloadable pdf files will be available
for all oral history interviews as well as for each lesson themes each composing a chapter
with multiple lessons. These pdfs will have complete metadata following Dublin Core
and will be sharable with other digital libraries. It would also be our goal to put together
all material available by pdf into an annual Guarani Language Digital Library report that
would be modified and updated every year based on current content.
Access
The Guarani Language Digital Library (GLDL) will be accessible to all users
free of charge. In addition, all current material being linked to and/or translated from
other organizations is already free of charge and easily accessible online. The new
audiovisual material we create will have the restrictions that credit to the GLDL must be
given for displaying our content and permission to use must be requested from our
website administrator. The right to rescind permission at any time will be reserved. This
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formality is to make sure that our material is not used in an inappropriate way by outside
agencies.
It would be our intention to make our website accessible through the Google
search engine first and foremost as well as through any of numerous other search engines
including: duckduckgo, blekko, and Bing. All free search engine optimization efforts will
be made to the extent that Google would consider them ‘white hat’ in order to guarantee
that our rankings are not penalized in the results of this specific search engine. Our web
address would be www.guaranildl.org or www.gldl.org. However, as the Great Lakes
Digital Library has a similar web address we would consider avoiding all of the hits we
would get for those trying to find that website.
Methods, Management and Updates
Initial teams would travel in vans composed of three members each, at least two
of whom would speak Guarani fluently and all of whom would be familiar with the
necessary software to record video and add captions. Depending on institutional funding,
we would want two to five of these teams in the field at any given time. Audio and video
equipment for recording life experience stories would be mobile, being setup in each van
– including cameras capable of taking at least 300 dpi; a scanner for documents that may
come up, and a video camera capable of taking HDMI videos. As a basic rule, no images
with less than 300 dpi would be used for our digital library. This material could easily be
uploaded to our server from this location by creating our own mobile hotspot any using
standard LAMP software on a Debian OS or any other Linux distro. This would be our
preference, but in case of any difficulties or damage to the original laptops provided for
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on-the-road interviews, the software could still easily be setup on other operating systems.
Throughout the process, interviews could be uploaded immediately after taking place
with a goal of recording at least twenty different speakers in a two-month period. During
down time, group members would transcribe material; create captions; take pictures of
Guarani people, scenery and artifacts, and work on their reports.
After the digital library has been created and is fully functioning, a three-person,
part-time team of experts in website design, Guarani language, and media would manage
our digital library on a day-to-day basis. The Guarani language specialist would work 20
hours per month to maintain the consistency of the website and answer questions sent by
email regarding the Guarani language. The website design specialist would work as an
administrator of the website for any necessary troubleshooting or updates to the website
for 20 hours per month as well. The media specialist would work not only to handle the
massive amount of videos and audio material we would have available, but also in the
area of social media promoting our website for the same 20 hours per month.
All members of this three-person team would receive $30 dollars per hour without
benefits for a total of $1800 dollars paid per month for the upkeep of our digital library
for the first six months after its inception. After those first six months, hours would be cut
in half for six months thereafter. After that time has passed, the final goal would be to
have one part-time worker, working at $30 dollars per hour for 10 hours per month work
with a team of student volunteers keeping up the website. By that second year after the
website has been completed, $3600 dollars per year would be the projected annual cost of
salaries for the digital library.
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Our team for collecting oral histories would be composed largely of PhD
candidates and native speakers coming from universities in Paraguay, Bolivia, Argentina,
and Brazil. We would do our best to have this team made up of those who live within a
short distance of interviewees, particularly those living in Paraguay. This would keep
down housing and transportation costs. Those English speaking PhDs living in the United
States would work to transfer necessary data for interviews digitally and would never
have to leave the country. They would communicate with teams of interviewers and
videographers weekly or more often as needed.
Because of the associated costs, it would be preferable to house our material on an
institutional server. However, depending on the size of what is expected to be at least half
a terabyte of audiovisual material, a separate server may be preferable. This would
depend on the institution we work with and their available resources. The key to this is
our ability to adapt our content to whichever option is available.
Evaluation
It is important for us to evaluate the success of our digital library based on a
number of factors including but not limited to: ease of use, searchability of material,
aesthetics, depth and breadth of content, and whether or not the website meets its
objectives. One critical evaluation tool we will be using to evaluate the effectiveness of
our digital library is UC Berkeley’s Evaluating Web Pages: Techniques to Apply and
Questions to Ask. This tool will be used throughout the process of creating and
improving our digital library.
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Institutions Considered
Our first thought for this digital library was to submit its proposal to “The John
Carter Brown Library” at Brown University. They have a particularly stunning collection
of Latin American materials in Spanish and Portuguese, and it would be my pleasure to
add audiovisual material to this. The university also offers an Indigenous Studies
fellowship, John M. Monteiro Memorial Fellow in Indigenous Studies, which could be
used to recruit students. Students without experience in linguistics could be used for their
anthropological expertise.
Beyond this particular university there are many other institutions that would be
considered. Many of these would be for universities offering PhD programs in linguistics.
Among these programs considered would be: University of Chicago for its
multidisciplinary approach, University of Arizona for its famed Native American
Linguistics program, and the University of Alaska Fairbanks for its work in indigenous
language revitalization. An example of a museum that we would consider adding to
would be the Sam Noble Museum, which is a part of the University of Oklahoma and has
a specialized Native American Languages Collections Division. Links to websites for all
of these institutions can be found in the References list below.
Conclusion
The Guarani Language Digital Library would make an excellent stand-alone
library or addition to an existing library specializing in linguistics or specifically
indigenous language preservation. The features available for our website would be
current as well as innovative and our content would be exhaustive. The language-learning
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materials would draw from the best of language-teaching methodology and would allow
for impressively quick acquisition of the Paraguayan Guarani language by students of all
levels and previous experience. The comprehensive nature of the website would make it
unique, a standout for all digital libraries dealing with indigenous languages, and a
prospective model for future efforts. Standards of self-evaluation would be kept
consistently evolving to meet our users’ needs, and the structure of our website would
also be user-friendly and intuitive.
Our approach would involve recording and cataloguing interviews for the purpose
of organizing them into a massive digital collection. We would also collect data
composed by experts on Paraguayan Guarani and the Guarani culture, and use this data to
promote interest in both to those who were not born into the Guarani culture and do not
speak Paraguayan Guarani as natives. Further we would collect reports on current
Guarani news and the trials this group of people has experienced in the last centuries. All
of this material would be organized into a single, comprehensive digital library for users
to learn from and enjoy completely free of charge. In order to promote other digital
libraries, we would also make all of the documents, images, and videos contained in our
digital library available subject to our approval and shareable with other digital libraries
such as Internet Archive.
Exhausitve research in multiple disciplines has prepared our team to create what
will be an impressive contribution to various areas of linguistics and anthropology. Our
work would potentially allow for not only a more complete preservation of an important
indigenous language, but for the promotion and more thorough appreciation of the culture
from which it arises. Any academic institution would be proud to host the Guarani
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Language Digital Library. The key is to find the organization that sees itself as the most
fit and enthusiastic towards helping our team meet its ambitious yet utterly attainable
goals.
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References
Amazon Aid Foundation. (n.d.) Retrieved November 26, 2014 from
http://amazonaid.org/about/mission/
Graduate Study in Native American Linguistics. (n.d.) Retrieved November 26, 2014
from http://linguistics.arizona.edu/node/696
Guaraní. (n.d.) Retrieved November 26, 2014 from
http://es.wikibooks.org/wiki/Guaran%C3%AD
Guarani English Dictionary online. (n.d) Retrieved November 26, 2014 from
https://en.glosbe.com/gn/en/
Internet Archive. (n.d.) Retrieved November 26, 2014 from https://archive.org/
Linguistics – PhD. (n.d.) Retrieved November 26, 2014 from
http://gradadmissions.uchicago.edu/academics_research/programs/ling_phd/
Linguistics University of Alaska Fairbanks. (n.d.) Retrieved November 26, 2014 from
http://www.uaf.edu/linguist/
Ñe'êndy Interactive Guarani Dictionary. (n.d.) Retrieved November 26, 2014 from
http://www.uni-mainz.de/cgi-bin/guarani2/dictionary.pl
Sam Noble Museum: Collections Division. (n.d.) Retrieved November 26, 2014 from
http://www.snomnh.ou.edu/collections-research/nal.htm
The Avá Guaraní have a right to their land! (n.d.) Retrieved November 26, 2014 from
https://www.rainforest-rescue.org/mailalert/958/the-ava-guarani-have-a-right-totheir-land
The Guarani. (n.d.) Retrieved November 26, 2014 from
http://www.survivalinternational.org/tribes/guarani/despair
University of California Berkeley Library. (2012). Evaluating web pages. Available at
http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/TeachingLib/Guides/Internet/Evaluate.html
Watson, F. (2014, June 5) New study reveals world’s highest suicide rate among
Brazilian tribe. Survival International. Retrieved November 26, 2014 from
http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/10261