Knjiga je mrtva!
Zivjela knjiga!
Osvrt na elektroničke knjige (e-knjige) –
tehnologija, rast, upotrebe
Tefko Saracevic, PhD
http://comminfo.rutgers.edu/~tefko/
Tefko Saracevic
1
Centralna ideja:
tehnoloske transformacije
Knjige
Knjiznice
• Vecina digitizacija knjiga u
• Knjige se
knjiznicima su srazmjerno u
mjenjaju–
malom broju – micro ili cak nano
u tranziciji od
stampane do • Masovna digitalizacija knjiga je na
industrijskoj skali
elektronicke
– uzrukujuci industrijsku revoluciju
– od s-knjiga
do e-knjiga • I s time VELIKE promjene u
• I s njima i
knjiznice
Tefko Saracevic
tehnologiji, uslugama, upotrebi u
knjizinicama
2
U Hrvatskoj
Za sada
Ali uskoro
• Ne osjecaju se jos te
promjene i vece
upotrebe e-knjiga
• Ali postoji velika,
opca upotreba etehnologije i mreza
• Dolazi… dolazi… i
doci ce
• Ima vec dosta
projekata
• Korisno je znati i
pripremiti se za to
• Knjiznice mogu
prednjaciti
Tefko Saracevic
3
Puno prorocanstava
Knjiga
In Memoriam!
eKnjiga
Novo rodjenje! Novo doba!
Uskrsnuce!
“Proricanje je vrlo tesko, narocito o buducnosti”
Tefko Saracevic
Niels Bohr (1885-1962)
4
O nestanku stampane knjige (s-knjige)
• Mnoge elegije u
svjetskim novinama,
magazinima,
blogovima
• Lamentacije kako
dozivljavamo knjigu
– ne samo u citanju
• U s-knjigama imamo
na kupu i vidiku, na
policama
• eKnjige: nista
fizikalnog, nema
kupa, niti dodira
– fizicki osjecaj knjige
– cak i miris
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Primjerak medjunarodnih clanaka
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Primjerak znanstvenih studija
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Knjige: kratak pogled unatrag
Civilizacije, kulture
Tehnologija
• Odkad su se pojavile –
pred nekih 3 millenija
knjige su bile krticine za
sve civilizacije koje su
imale pismo
• Od pocetka do danas
knjige su povezane sa
mnogim i vrlo
razlicitim
tehnologijama
– povezane sa ljuskom
zeljom da se stvori stalan
zapis , svjedocanstvo
– predstvaljaju ljudsku
memoriju,, znanstvena
dostignuca
Tefko Saracevic
i unatoc svih
promjena knjige
ostaju knjige
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A few historical examples ...
Book: wood, gypsum
18th
dynasty in
ancient
Egypt,
circa 1550
B.C.E.
Word of Khakheperraseneb
A literary discourse concerning personal and social chaos
Tefko Saracevic
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Book: clay tablet
600’s B.C.E.
Royal Library
at Niniveh in
Babylonia.
Tefko Saracevic
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Chinese bamboo books
date
back to
500
B.C.E.
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First (credited) printed book “Diamond Sutra”
China 868 C.E. - woodblocks
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Amati paper (fig bark)
book – Maya, North
America, pre-Columbian
called “Dresden Codex”
~ 14 century
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Ibn al-Haytham
(965-1040)
“Book on Optics”
1021
His studies of the eye gave the
first modern understanding of
lens, retina and optic nerve, as
well as the mechanics of vision
and perception.
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Hrvatski misal
(1483)
Prva hrvatska stampana knjiga
(u NSK)
stranice se mogu okretati
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I onda je dosao
Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg
c. 1398- 1468
Put together four skeins
of technology
•
•
•
•
paper
ink
movable type
printing press
– started printing c. 1450
He was not the first to invent
printing … Korea, China
were before … but …
Tefko Saracevic
mass production of books
that followed revolutionized
first the Western & then the
whole world
since then
some 100 mill.
books
published
among the first
and most famous
were his Bibles
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Gutenberg Bible (1450’s)
same page
British Library
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Bayerische Statsbibliothek
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I sada od s-knjiga do e-knjiga
• No sculpture, yet,
commemorating eBooks
• But eBooks are the fastest
& and most massive
globally spreading books
in book history
– e.g.
Book sculpture - commemorating
invention of modern printing
Walk of ideas, Berlin
Tefko Saracevic
a virtual fair July, 4 to Aug. 4, 2010 , featuring
over 3,000,000 eBooks; org. by World Public Library
Michael Hart (Gutenberg Project)
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U velikom planu: svi medjusobno
utjecu jedni na druge
e-knjige
e-knjige
e-knjige
čitači
korisnici
Producers -
Physical –
Institutional –
makers of eBooks
devices
libraries, schools
Vendors
(aggregators) –
putting it all
together
Tefko Saracevic
Virtual –
in a device
Direct –
individuals,
groups
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eKnjige
Producers
• Concentrate on
scanning books
– and then providing
access
• Libraries = micro
producers
• Mass producers =
industrial scale
Tefko Saracevic
proizvodjaci,
dobavljaci
Vendors (aggregators)
• Concentrate on
putting together
many collections of
eBooks
– and then provide
unified access, add
value - search, link …
• Book databases
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Knjiznice kao proizvadjaci – prva generacija
Digitization
• Globally great many
libraries digitized books
from own collection
• Many are rare,
historical, classics
– opened treasures to
public – well received
• But all together small in
numbers
• Subsidized
Tefko Saracevic
A few examples from many
• British Library
– 30,000 items, few books,
• Gallica - Bibliothèque
nationale de France
– 1 mill. items, 160,000 books,
• many are book images or
excerpts only
• International Children’s
Digital Library – children
books from throughout the
world – 36 books from Croatia
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Knjiznice kao proizvadjaci – prva generacija
Digitalizacija
• Globally, great many
libraries digitized books
from own collection
• Many are rare, historical,
classics
– opened treasures to public
– very well received
– important for scholarship
& education
• But all together small in
numbers
Tefko Saracevic
Par primjera
• British Library Online
Gallery
– 30,000 items; among them many
rare books
• Gallica - Bibliothèque numerique Bibliothèque nationale de France
– 1 mill. items, 160,000 books,
• World Digital Library
– cultural treasures from around the
world; so far about 1400 items
• International Children’s
Digital Library – children
books from throughout the
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world – 36 books from Croatia
ICDL: Jedna od hrvatskih knjiga
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Primjeri hrvatskih e-knjiga
(neki iz projekta Hrvatska kulturna baština Aktualni i zavrseni projekti)
• HAZU
– Digitalna zbirka – (nekoliko
knjiga - za sad)
• Nacionalna i sveucilisna
knjiznica
– Digitalizirana bastina
• Filozofski fakultet,
Sveuciliste u Zagrebu
– Digitalna zbirka
• Elektronicke knjige
– Društvo za promicanje
književnosti na novim
medijima
Tefko Saracevic
• Gradska knjižnica Marka
Marulića, Split
– Digitizirana zavicajna zbirka Spalatina
• Knjižnica i čitaonica “Fran
Galović” Koprivnica
– Glas Podravine
• Istrianet
– istarski pisci
• Gradska knjiznica i citaonica
Pula
– Virtualna zavicajna zbrika
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HAZU
Missale zagrabiense (1511)
jedna od najstarijih
stampanih knjiga u Hrvatskoj
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Filozofski fakultet, Zagreb
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Društvo za promicanje književnosti na novim medijima
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Gradska knjiznica, Split
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Knjižnica i čitaonica “Fran Galović” Koprivnica
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Projekti masovne digitalizacije – druga generacija
Pioneered
• Industrial scale of
eBook digitization
– innovative
• applications of new
technologies
• some partnerships
with libraries
• Raised many issues
& disagreements
• Global
Tefko Saracevic
Major projects
• Project Gutenberg
– first, gave ideas to all;
~140,000 books
• Universal Digital Library
- Million Book Project
– global cooperation; ~1,7 mill
books
• Google Books
– largest: ~ 12 mill books;
– international; many libraries
& even countries cooperate
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– cultural, legal controversies
Example: Project Gutenberg
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Example: Universal Digital library - Million Book Project
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Example: Google Books –
with new Google eBookstore
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Example: Google Books
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Sljedeca generacija: interakcija u i sa eknjigama
Major innovation
• Adding potential for
interaction is a giant
step in evolution of ebooks
– using dynamic web vs.
static scanned displays
– makes e-books into
something else – Web 2.0
Tefko Saracevic
p-books vs. e-books
• Interactive
capabilities
embedded within ebooks provide clear
& even huge
advantages over
pBooks
38
Dobavljaci (aggregators)
What?
Who?
• Large, universal ones
taking the role of superbookstores
• Bring together eBooks
from different sources
& publishers & make it
– with some interactivity
available to libraries &
• Smaller, more
others
specialized, aimed at
• Some do it via specific
specific markets, topics
software or apps
– particularly libraries &
similar institutions
– many most innovative
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Primjer dobavljaca … svi samo online
Giants with global reach
• Amazon – a super store &
bookstore, e- & pBooks
– mid 2010: for every 100 pBooks
sold, 180 eBooks were sold
• iBooks – Apple repeating
the music formula to books,
some digitized heritage books (e.g.
Project Gutenberg) + current; many
for digital natives
• Google eBookstore - pay &
some free e-books; on the
cloud; read directly or on a device
Tefko Saracevic
Specialized or niche
• ebrary : Academic Complete
subscription: 50,000 books in many
subjects. Interactive capabilities.
New: Patron Driven Acquisition
– among others, Saudi Digital Library & King
Saud University Library subscribe
• ClassZone – large global text
book publisher turned to eBooks.
Extensive interactive e-texts for
middle & high schools. Geared
toward digital natives. Interactive
learning: “Textbooks come to life.”
• Other vendors offer similar
capabilities, e.g. Gale, Netlibrary,
Overdrive
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Example of a vendor: elibrary content for academic libraries
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ebrary search & interaction capabilities – with InfoTools
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ClassZone example of an interactive biology text for high school
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OverDrive : Example of a vendor providing variety of resources & apps for
libraries, schools etc. for access & variety of users, digital natives included
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Example of a public library: audio & e-books to download
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e-knjige čitači
Physical
• Devices used to display eBooks & other e-content
– variety on the market
• Plus: portable, readability
in various conditions, long
battery life
• Goal: for the technology
to seem to disappear
– concentrate on content
Tefko Saracevic
dostava za oci
a moze i usi
Virtual
• Software for reading
eBooks (& other econtent) on a computer
& other devices
– variety on the market
• Used also for acquiring
& managing eBooks
• International Digital
Publishing Forum (IDPF)
tries standardization 46
Bitke medju eČitačima - fizikalnim
Readers (physical)
Sample of most popular
ones:
• Amazon Kindle
• Sony eReader
• Apple iPad
• Proprietary - not
compatible
• Coupling device &
vending
Tefko Saracevic
Proliferation of formats
• Standards needed
for interoperability
• Most used/popular:
– pdf (Adobe)
– ePub (International
Digital Publishing Forum)
• Also:.prc (Kindle), .pdb
(Palm), BBeB (Sony –
BroadBand eBook)
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Amazon Kindle
eReader connected with Amazon ebookstore…
Kindle 2
Kindle DX
• 450,000
books,
magazines,
newspapers,
audio
• download
from
Amazon
• holds up to
1,500 books
Tefko Saracevic
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Sony eReader
access to Sony eReaders, Google Books, local libraries, self-publishing
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Apple iPad & eBooks
access to iBooks, magazines, newspapers, audio …
iBookstore
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iBook reader
connects highlighted words to a dictionary & Wikipedia;
VoiceOver reads text
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Ekoloski govoreci:
Koliko su zeleni eČitači prema knjigama?
• In terms of
manufacture – use of
fossil fuels, water, minerals:
– to produce one eReader requires
extraction of 15 kg of minerals, 300
liters of water
– one book from recycled paper =
half a kilo minerals and 8 liters of
water
• Also considerations of
transportation, use &
disposition
Tefko Saracevic
• Taking all together the
impact of one eReader
= about 40-50 books
• When it comes to global
warming = about 100
books
• Most ecologically
virtuous way to read a
book starts with walking
to your local library
52
Bitka eČitača za čitanje na vasem
računalu, mobilnim spravama …
eReaders (virtual)
• Adobe Digital Editions –
reads pdf, ePub
• Several other readers
on the market - combine
a bookstore with reader
• Vendors e.g. Overdive,
provide own readers for
download
Tefko Saracevic
Software – platforms
• Independent of
hardware; incompatible
• Some combined with
bookstores
• Adding interactive
capabilities – browsing,
searching
• “Reading revolutionized”
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Moje e-knjige na Adobe Digital Editions
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e-knjige korisnici
Institutional
• Libraries, schools,
museums, organizations,
agencies …
– free eBooks and/or with
subscription/license
• Integrating with
– other p & eResources –
essential part of collection
– other services
Tefko Saracevic
Kategorije korisnika
Direct
• Individuals
• Groups
– children, adults, students,
scholars, professionals …
• Combined
– groups from institutions,
universities – e.g. courses,
research projects,
scholarship …
55
Knjiznice i e-knjige
Digitized old(er) books
Newly published
• Support tradition, culture • Support modernity
– enlarge collection
– attract interest for
“buried” treasures
– provide resources for
education, scholarship
• Many libraries have a
large number
– current demands
• Why buy or license?
–
–
–
–
–
provide innovative services
possible for multi locations
circulate as other books
go with digital natives
for some no alternative
Libraries continue the shift to e-collections, including e-books
Tefko Saracevic
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Prednosti e-knjiga za knjižnice
Operations
Access
• Can’t be stolen, lost,
mis-shelved
• Automatic circulation
• No additional space
• Management easier
• 24/7 from anyplace
– software often included
• Easy collection of
statistics - valuation
Tefko Saracevic
– but often restricted to own
users (university, city)
• High demand books easily
managed
• Merges with other
services
• pBook= single concurrent
user; eBook = many
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Prednost: Integracija gradje i servisa
eBooks
Services
• Combine with other
resources – audio
books, music, video,
software …
• Seamlessly connect
with MARC records
• Both increase use
• eBooks circulated as
other books
• Popular with users
• Examples from two public
libraries
• Powered by OverDrive –
“digital media service,” with a
free Media Console for users
to download & manage
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Example of eBooks at Washington, D.C. Public
Library – available to D.C. residents only
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Example of a dynamic library web site - Denver Public Library
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Nedostatci e-knjiga za knjižnice
Economics
Balancing
• Lots of $$$, €€€, HKN …
• Funding a challenge
• Technology investments
still high
• New competencies,
(re)education needed
• With print collection
– still the major part for all
libraries
• Still a good proportion
of users are not there
yet
Mind-set changes needed & hard to achieve
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61
Digitalna znanost & e-knjige
Digitized old(er) books
New generation of eBooks
• Changed, broadened
access
• Fast update as needed
– particularly old heritage
& classics
• Opened new education
& research areas
– e.g. in digital humanities
Tefko Saracevic
– cooperative autorship
• Aligns with digital
scholarship
• “Journalization” in use of
eBooks
– sections as needed
62
Nakladnici & eKnjige
Seeking adjustments
• Publishers struggling &
searching for new models
– inventory-free print-ondemand attractive (print
isn’t dead yet)
– distributing eBooks though
vendors
• profits??
– authors looking for larger
share of profit
Scholarly publishers
• Example of Springer
Verlag – covers many
scholarly disciplines
– integrating p- & e-book
& journal publishing
– aggregating from large
libraries & societies
– varying access &
studying use
• samoizdat versions attractive
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Example of SpringerLink a large scholarly publisher – many
academic libraries subscribe
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Mjerenje upotrebe eKnjiga trazenje smisla je kompleksan proces
Importance
Example of metrics
• To indicate various
parameters of use,
users, collection
• For policy, negotiation,
valuation, justification
• Not yet standardized
• Downloads, views
– various aggregators
provide different data
“Comparing Bananas with
Grapes”
Tefko Saracevic
– sections, whole units
• Visits, sessions, searches
• Title reach (been used)
– age of titles reached
• Cost per use
• Contrast to pBook use
• Turnaways
65
Studije upotrebe e-knjiga na
sveucilistima
Growth findings
• Number of studies
show significant
increase in eBook use
over time
– gain of eBooks over
pBooks
– varies by discipline, but
trend the same
Effecting use
• Cataloging eBooks &
having them in OPACs
increases use
• Students use more than
faculty
• Non-awareness linked
to non-use
Users do not know or care for term or concept “digital library”
for them it is a library that, as always, has books - these ones a bit different
Tefko Saracevic
66
Digitalni urodjenici (digital natives) i e-knjige
Digital
• Part of their universe
– young predominate, but
not only young
• Changing patterns how
people read
– & search for information
– implication for libraries
• But information literacy
still low
Tefko Saracevic
Integration
• Devices: Becoming better,
ubiquitous, & cheaper
– integrated with life
• Libraries need to adapt to
information age, not to
alienate potential users,
particularly the young
• e-books are just books
– to be read anywhere
67
Ally reading her book at a soccer game where
her sister was a goalie (score 3:3)
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68
Zaključci
e-knjige uspjevaju jer … (prvi dio)
Mass digitization projects
• Several high profile
projects made
available great
amount of classic &
heritage books
– some current too
• Raised availability &
public interest
Commerce
• A number of companies
(some old, some new)
entered into eBook
business
– an industry is emerging
– with competition,
innovation, markets
• Changing the landscape
Research also bore fruit in applications
Tefko Saracevic
69
e-knjige uspjevaju jer … (drugi dio)
Scale, innovation
• Industry: producing
– growing list of current
titles
– interactive capabilities
• Libraries: inclusion in
OPACs, new services
• Publishers: reorienting
– p & eBooks together, or
eBooks alone
Tefko Saracevic
Technology
• eReader hardware &
software better
– evolving continuously
• Wild west in formats is
cooling
• Costs are down
• Apps are better & easier
70
e-knjige uspjevaju jer … (treci dio)
Social acceptance
• Innovation reached from
early adapters to early
majority – passing in the
mainstream
• Cycle maturing:
Technology
Tefko Saracevic
Society
But there are also social
issues – a dark side
• Predicated on easy
availability of
technology, but
• Digital divide is real
– with this, exclusion
may be even growing
– leaving out many
– with what effects?
71
URLs used in the presentation
Name
URL
Adobe Digital Editions
http://www.adobe.com/products/digitaleditions/
Amazon
http://www.amazon.com/
Apple iPad
http://www.apple.com/ipad/
Arab Science: A Journey of Innovation
http://www.grouporigin.com/clients/qatarfoundation/
The British Library Online Gallery
http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/index.html
Chicago Public Library
http://www.chipublib.org/
ClassZone
http://www.classzone.com/cz/index.htm
Denver Public Library
http://discover.denverlibrary.org/?q=
Google Books
http://books.google.com/
iBooks
http://www.apple.com/ipad/features/ibooks.html
International Digital Publishing Forum
http://www.idpf.org/
Million Book Project
http://www.archive.org/details/millionbooks
Overdrive
http://www.overdrive.com/
Project Gutenberg
http://www.gutenberg.org/wiki/Main_Page
Sony Reader
http://ebookstore.sony.com/reader/
SpringerLink
http://www.springerlink.com/
Universal Digital Library
http://www.ulib.org/
Washington D.C. Public Library
http://www.dclibrary.org/
World eBook Fair
http://worldebookfair.org/index.htm
World Public Library
http://worldlibrary.net/
Tefko
Saracevic
Word
Digital Library
http://www.wdl.org/en/
72
Na kraju: predavanje u Wordle
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,
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