The Spanish co-operation programme in
Equatorial Guinea: a ten-year review of research
and nature conservation in Bioko
JAVIER CASTROVIEJO and JAVIER JUSTE B
Estación Biológica de Dogana (CSIC) Sevilla 41013, Spain
RAMON CASTELO and JAIME PEREZ DEL VAL
Asociación Amigos del Cob de Doffana. ciPanama 6, Sevilla, Spain
The Research and Nature Conservation Programme in Equatorial Guinea was launched in 1985,
financed by the Spanish Technical Co-operation Agency. The Programme’s main objectives were
to: (i) increase scientific research; (ii) set up a Museum of Natural History for the country; (iii)
update environmental legislation; (iv) create a network of protected natural areas; (v) promote
Equatorial Guinea’s participation in international forums on the environment; (vi) train local personnel and (vii) implement environmental education programmes. Actions undertaken and results
obtained over a ten-year period are reviewed herein. The Programme has been important in
raising the level of scientific awareness of the country’s resources but more importantly, it has
catalysed the inception of the country’s existing legal framework for environmental protection
(Ley 8/1988). Within this law, regulations with respect to wildlife, protected areas and hunting
were promulgated. These include the legal basis to create other reserve areas and non-profit organizations related to wildlife protection. The Programme has been able to employ the law to stop
exploitation and road-building along the south of Bioko.
Keywords:
Equatorial Guinea, Bioko, Spanish co-operation programme, biodiversity, conservation
Introduction
Interest in nature conservation is not new in Equatorial Guinea. Under Spanish rule,
measures governing hunting and protection of nature were implemented in the country
during the 1960s. Through legislation enacted by Ministerial Decree, reserves were established at Monte Raices (26000 ha), Monte Alén (95 000 ha) and RIo Ekuku in Rio
Muni. On Bioko, an area of around 10000 ha on Pico Basilé (the Pico de Santa Isabel
Park) was also set up (IUCN, 1971). After independence, however, the trend ended
abruptly under President Macias Nguema’s repressive regime. The situation changed
after the political coup of 1979, which overthrew the Macias government.
During the First Cultural Exchange Congress between Spain and Equatorial Guinea,
held in Bata (Rio Muni) in May—June 1984, the senior author proposed the start of a
programme to study and protect the country’s natural resources. The idea, which was
well received by the country’s authorities, was given full financial support by the
Spanish Technical Cooperation Agency (STCA) of the Spanish Ministry of Foreign
Affairs. A year later, the Research and Nature Conservation Programme for Equatorial
Guinea (referred herein as the Programme) was launched as part of the STCA in the
country. Responsibility for the day to day running fell upon the Asociación Amigos del
Coto de Doflana (AACD), a non-governmental organization, with charitable status,
based on Sevilla, Spain. The Programme, which was in operation for a period of just
over ten years, has been successful in achieving its stated objectives which were to: (i)
carry out scientific research; (ii) create a Museum of Natural History; (iii) update
adequate legislation; (iv) set up a network of protected natural areas; (v) promote
Equatorial Guinea’s participation in international forums; (vi) train local personnel and
(vii) initiate environmental education (Castroviejo et a!., 1986). Its success has been
largely due to the close collaboration between the AACD, the Spanish Technical Cooperation Agency and the Equato-Guinean authorities. The present paper reflects on
the Programme’s aims and results.
The Programme’s challenge: Bioko’s environmental situation in 1984
Human impact on Bioko has been felt since its early discovery (Table 1). Most ecosystems (especially lowland forests) have been modified and large mammals (the forest
buffalo (Synercus caffer nanus) and the red river hog (Potamochoerus porcus)) and crocodiles (Nosti, 1950; Castroviejo, 1993) have become extinct through overhunting.
However, recent economic pressures are likely to have had the most catastrophic effects
on the conservation of the island’s biodiversity. At the start of the Programme, the
Republic of Equatorial Guinea, one of the least developed countries in Africa, had just
emerged from one of the bloodiest regimes in the continent. During this period, considerable damage to the forests and wildlife had occurred and any attempts to rebuild
the economy had to focus on quick natural resource exploitation (timber, fisheries and
most recently oil). This was to occur in a situation in which there were no guidelines in
place for environmental protection or for rational use of resources. Circumstances were
clearly exacerbated by the collapse of cocoa and coffee farming, which had been the
mainstay of the economy until independence. The impact of this on the environment
was to be enormous not just because of the exigencies of the macroeconomy, but also
because the human population was then forced to rely much more on forest products
(e.g. bushmeat) in order to survive (Juste, 1992; Fa ci a!., in press; Juste et a!., in press).
On Bioko, this dependency on wildlife has always been more pronounced than on the
mainland and its effects potentially more devastating because of its insular nature and
thus more fragile ecosystems. The problem has been augmented by the fact that the
island’s population has increased substantially by the influx of continental peoples who
have modified traditional exploitation and introduced more intensive practices.
Programme objectives and their implementation
The Programme’s main task was to face up to the reality of the country and to address
simultaneously, a wide array of scientific as well as practical activities.
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
The Programme’s main strength lay in the scientific expertise gathered. Thus, a primary
task was to increase knowledge of the country’s biodiversity in the broadest sense, i.e.
Table 1. Summary of the main impacts and effects on Bioko’s biodiversity
Rain forest
transformation
into cocoa and
coffee cultures
(1875—1960)
Habitat
destruction
Massive
introduction
of Nigerian
labour
(1910—1960)
45.3% of
Bioko’s area
Mountain
forest
transformation
into pastures
(1930—1960)
Land cultures
expansion
(1910—1960)
Rivers
poisoning by
cocoa farming
byproducts
(1970—1990)
around 1000
ha
1.7
Bioko’s aret1
around 15000
¶
ha
Massive
arrival of
continental
people and
Annobones
(1970—1980)
-
Logging on
the
remaining
nioko’s
forest
(1990—1992)
Cocoa and
coffee
collapse
(1989—1994)
nuilàlo,
red river hog
and
crocodile
extinction
500 adult
females per
year5 ¶
Marine
turtle
poaching
SI
Loss of
traditions
and cultural
identity
Wildlife
depletion by
overhunting
fl
51!
Marine
fisheries
depletion by
overfishing
Decline of
freshwater
fish and
crustacea
pollution
4low; important; 1very important irreversib1e or almost irreversible; ? unknown.
fl
51!
111
511
Petroleum
production
(1992—
)
to include cultural and biological diversity. Special attention was paid to carrying out
inventories of the country’s fauna and flora and to studying its natural ecosystems and
communities. These activities were carried by a contingent of Spanish scientists, who
concentrated on subjects ranging from ecology to systematics and conservation (Juste,
1990; Juste et a!., 1994; Juste et a!., 1994a; Gonzalez-Kirchner, 1992; Castelo, 1994;
Fernandez, 1994; Mbana, 1994; Perez del Val, 1994). Some of these studies include descriptions of new taxa (e.g., Juste and Ibáflez, 1993) and offer data on little known or
threatened species. Research has also been carried out on the neighbouring islands of
São Tome and PrIncipe, and in Cameroon. Collected data are still in the process of
publication.
Although much emphasis has been placed on animals, especially vertebrates (bats,
birds; primates etc.), work on other organisms was undertaken. For example, surveys
carried out in collaboration with the Royal Botanic Gardens (Madrid) have yielded important findings about the island’s floral diversity of significance also in a West African
context (Atkins, 1992; Fernandez Casas, 1992; Hepper, 1992; Vollesen, 1992). This work
has not been completed yet but already 100 new species records have been included in
Bioko’s flora. Ethnographic studies on the Bubis have come up with a better understanding of traditional viewpoints of resource use in the island (Fernandez, l993a,b).
CREATION OF A NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM
One of the Programme’s overriding objectives was the creation of permanent facilities to
promote nature conservation and study in the country. A prestigious and independent
institution to co-ordinate exploitation and research of natural resources, undertake scientific research, organize scientific collections, contribute to public education and advise
the authorities on environmental matters was deemed essential. The importance given to
this objective by the Equato-Guinean and Spanish authorities was very clear, especialiy
when in 1990, the original ‘Research and Nature Conservation’ Programme was
renamed the ‘Museum of Natural Sciences’ Programme. Despite this and because of the
inherent complexity of this objective, the building of the museum has not yet started. A
recent evaluation of this aim has been carried out by the Programme and different alternatives have already been identified.
UPDATING OF THE COUNTRY’S ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION
In order to furnish the country with a legal framework which would satisfy nature conservation, research and use of natural resources, the AACD, in close collaboration with
the STCA, drafted a law on hunting, wildlife and protected areas which is currently in
force. After discussions with the administration throughout 1987 and presented to the
government at the end of the year, it took effect a year later and was promulgated in
1988 as the Ley 8/1988.
Although it is difficult to summarize the significance of this legislation for the
country, the following main positive results should be highlighted:
(i) it legalized the network of protected nature reserves proposed by the Programme;
(ii) it allows community participation in environmental decision-making by:
(a) incorporating traditional administration structures (at a community level e.g.
consejos de poblados) to take decisions within protected areas;
(b) providing a mechanism for the creation of non-profit organizations (NPOs) for
the first time;
(iii) it prevented the construction of a road running along Bioko’s southern perimeter
which would have led to large-scale modification of the area with a very serious
impact on the environment and the life-style of the local people and a predictable
serious loss to the biodiversity of the area and possible extinction of species;
(iv) it stopped large-scale felling of rainforest and of the monzoonic (transition) zone
in Bioko;
(v) it contributed to some extent to stemming the uncontrolled hunting of certain
species in the protected areas.
—
SE1TING UP OF A NETWORK OF PROTECTED AREAS
From 1986 until 1990 more than 4000 km were travelled within the country’s boundaries by the Programme with the aim of identifying the most significant areas for biodiversity conservation and protection feasibility. As a result, Ley 8/1988 proclaims the
protection of nine zones (Table 2) which cover around 340 000 ha (8.2% of the total
country’s land surface). Nevertheless, only the Monte Alén area has any effective protection or conservation activities (with financial support from the European Union)
taking place. All other areas are still threatened by different human activities but mainly
by logging and overhunting.
On Bioko, the protection of two areas is considered essential to guarantee the
adequate conservation of the flora and fauna on the island. The delimitation of both
protected areas was unclear and misunderstood, and has given rise to permits being
granted for logging during recent years.
Pico Basilé (35 000 ha)
The lower limit of the protected area is the 800 m contour line. It is not populated and
a road in poor condition with leads to the summit (3011 m) runs across its north face.
The altitudinal changes in temperature and rainfall allows a clear elevational zonation
of vegetation, making the area most interesting for comparative ecological studies. It
comprises well conserved mountain forest, mossy forest, shrub formations, and subalpine meadows (Juste and Fa, 1994); around 800 ha (2.28%) is pristine vegetation. Its
wildlife, is varied although some species such as the drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus) and
Ogilby’s duiker (Cephalophus ogilbyi), have become very rare. The mountain forest on
the Pico harbours the only known populations of the endemic Fernando Poo Speirops
(Speirops brunneus). This protected area will act as a most important reservoir for
bushmeat species, to supply the cities of Malabo, Baney and north Bioko, where 81%
of the island’s human population is found.
The area contains landscapes of striking beauty; from the peak it is possible to see the
African continent on a clear day and to overlook the whole of the island. On Basilé
there are also 23 sacred Bubi sites out of the total of 118 recognized for the entire island
(Martin del Molino, 1989, 1993).
The Southern Highlands of Bioko (60000 ha)
The boundaries of this protected area are: a straight line running from Veiga and
Abendaflo to the 800 in contour line till the point nearest Lake Loreto on the north; it
Castroviejo et al.
956
Table 2. Protected areas defined in Equatorial Guinea by the 8/1988 law
Name
Area
Location
Main ecosystems
Main threats
Monte Alén
80000 ha
Continental
region
Lowland rain
forest, mountain
forest
Protected
Ntém o Campo
estuary
20000 ha
Continental
region
Mangroves, wet
forest
Logging and
poaching
Monte Mitra
massif
30000 ha
Continental
region
Lowland rain
forest, mountain
forest
Poaching and
logging
Rio Muni estuary
60000 ha
Continental
region
Mangroves, wet
forest, lowland
rain forest
Logging,
overfishing and
overhunting
Altos de Nsork
40000 ha
Continental
region
Lowland rain forest
Overhunting
Continental
region
Coastal meadows,
gallery forest
Agriculture,
overhunting
Ndote’ meadows
Pico Basilé
35000 ha
Bioko
Mountain and mossy
forests, shrubs and
subalpine prairies
Overhunting,
fire, shifting
agriculture
Sur de Bioko
60000 ha
Bioko
Monsoonic and
mountain forest,
coastal ecosystems
Overhunting,
logging, new
settlements
Annobón
17000 ha
The whole
island
Unique mountain and
mossy forests, dry
forest, intertidal
ecosystems
Shifting
agriculture,
overfishing
follows this contour line until its intersection with the Ruma river and follows the
river’s left bank till it meets the Grande-Calabo rivers; it continues upriver along
Calabo’s right bank to the nearest point of the Bibi-Lolaca rivers and on along the left
bank to the Lolaca river mouth (see Castelo, 1994 for location map).
The area is of outstanding biological importance since all the island’s main ecosystems, with the exception of mangroves and slow-moving rivers, are well represented
here. About half (30 000 ha) of the area is still virtually untouched. It is the only
locality on the island, and one of the few in Africa, where extensive areas of monzoonic
forest are present. This is a consequence of South Bioko being one of the wettest
regions in the world, with up to 10000 mm of rain per annum. The composition of this
type of forest is scarcely known. There are numerous volcanic craters, unique to the
area, such as Moca or Loreto lakes as well as other volcanic features of outstanding
Nature conservation in Bioko
957
geomorphological value such as the Gran Caldera de Luba, made up by the remaining
walls of the highest volcano on the island. Bioko’s main rivers flow across this protected
area. Some of the last intact populations of primates live here. According to Butynski
and Koster (1989a) this region has one of the highest primate densities in all of Africa,
some of them such as the drill (Schaaf et a!., 1990) or the red colobus (Procolobus
pennantI) are still very common in some parts. According to Koster and Butynski
(1989), Butynski and Koster (1989b,c), Antor-Castellarnau and Camacho-Fumanal
(1989), Perez del Val et a!. (1994) and personal observations, it is the only part of the
island in which bird species like Picathartes oreas, Ceratogyma atrata, Psittacus erithacus, Bostrychia hagedash, Halcyon badia and Malimbus rubricollis can be found.
Moreover, four species of sea turtles nest on the beaches here (Castroviejo et a!., 1994).
Over 2000 people live in the northern strip of the protected area in the villages of Bioko
de Moca, Belebá, Eoco, Malabo de Moca, Ruiché and Ureca (the latter is nowadays
the only permanent settlement on the south of the island). These villages are the last
typical Bubi settlements on the island, their people and priests upholding ancient traditions. Ureca is particularly important in this respect as it has 78 sites which are either
sacred or of mythological interest (Martin del Molino, 1989). This region is extremely
important economically since it provides the majority of the bushmeat which is sold in
the markets of Malabo and other towns.
The current situation, when compared with that in 1984—1985 (logging, road threat in
the southern part, etc.), is encouraging, but more efforts are still urgently needed to
ensure effective protection of the area. At present, it is being threatened mainly by overhunting since within the protected area there are between 40 and 50 professional
hunters who live in different camps (San José, Amilivia, Collado de Belebü, Rio Iladyi
and Calabo), and are depleting the prey populations.
PARTICIPATION IN INTERNATIONAL FORUMS OF NATURE CONSERVATION
The aim here was to help Equatorial Guinea sign and ratify international conventions
on conservation and nature research and to join international bodies and organizations
involved in nature conservation by establishing national delegations and branches if
possible. The Programme has made considerable efforts to promote Equatorial Guinea’s
biodiversity among international researchers and institutions and make them aware of
the aims of this project. Every effort has been made to support and help other scientists
that were carrying out field work in the country. Thus it is gratifying to observe that
since 1985 an increasing number of institutions have shown an interest in the conservation of Equatorial Guinea’s biodiversity.
European Union
The European Union included Equatorial Guinea in its ECOFAC (Central African
Forest Ecosystems) project which covers seven countries. Monte Alén was selected as
the demonstration project area (set up by 8/88 Law); this began in 1987 but work on
the ground did not start until April 1992. The European Union is also drafting another
project ‘Conservation and rational use of Equatorial Guinea’s ecosystems’ that will deal
with the design of the other areas to be protected.
958
Castroviejo et al.
The United Nations
Several United Nations agencies have shown an interest in Equatorial Guinea and have
provided financial support for environmental related projects. Scientists from AACD
who collaborated with the STCA have also worked as consultants preparing reports for
the UN.
International Conservation Organizations and Institutions
IUCN collaborated in the planning of the European Union project in Monte Alén,
working closely with SCP (Fa, 1989, 1991). Similarly, The World Wide Fund for
Nature (WWF) has surveyed the conservation status of Southern Bioko whilst other
institutions such as the Asociación Biosfera (1992), The National Institute of Geography, Spain (IGN, 1980—1981), The National University for Learning at a Distance
(UNED, Spain), The Autonomous University in Madrid (Spain), The Autonomous
University of Barcelona (Spain) and Zoo Atlanta (USA), have all undertaken environmental research.
TRAINING OF EQUATORIAL GUINEA PERSONNEL
Training of national personnel who, in the future, can take responsibility for natural
resource conservation in their country was considered essential by the Programme.
Through the efforts made by Programme local personnel were selected and trained.
Some belonging to local institutions, are now skilled in different aspects of nature
reserve management and conservation. A few persons were sent to specialized courses
(e.g. forestry) in institutions in Spain yet others have been directly incorporated and
trained in situ because of their field experience; of these A. Ayong, J. Elá, S. Malest, L.
Mbenga and D. Paralele have and still are contributing greatly to the success of the
ECOFAC (Monte Alén) programme and to continuing surveys in South Bioko. What is
most encouraging is that some were professional hunters who have become enthusiastic
conservationists.
ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION
To achieve a widespread consensus on environmental issues amongst the local population, the Programme saw it vital to initiate projects on environmental education. In
this context, thousands of posters and stickers were printed and distributed to
colleges and schools throughout the country and members of the Programme gave
regular conferences, radio and television talks to promote rational use of resources
and the conservation of wildlife. Lectures were given in colleges and schools and
meetings held with the pertinent authorities. Interviews were published in Spanish
newspapers and magazines (Juste, 1987, 1988; Carvalho et al., 1991; Carvalho, 1993;
Perez del Val, 1993). At the government level, regular advice was given to the
National Environmental Commission in Malabo on these matters and several
meetings were also held with the President of the Republic to explain to him directly
the importance and implications of the Programme and the pressing need to rationalize use of natural resources.
In December 1986, to coincide with the summit of the Heads of State of the
Nature conservation in Bioko
959
UDEAC, a permanent exhibition was established in Bata on the theme of ‘Man and
Nature in Equatorial Guinea’ (Perez del Val and Ayong, 1992). The exhibition which
consisted of educational displays of the fauna and flora of the country is still open and
still attracts numerous visitors, especially students.
Conclusion
The Programme was started as a distinct response to an emergency situation in a
country with severe environmental problems and limitations. The effort and continuity
given to it by numerous persons is proof that in spite of adversity, it is possible to
succeed. The fact that the Programme managed to be effective for a period of almost
ten years is most encouraging. Its greatest achievement is that there has been a notable
change in the authorities’ attitude as well as of the population as a whole. Basic ideas
on conservation are becoming more widespread, mainly among the youth, which augers
well for the future.
The Programme’s efforts have made it possible to check the impact of deforestation
of the island, to stop it as well as to prevent the construction of the road along the
southern part of the island. Such important changes in attitude have also led to the
government to request aid for projects directly dealing with nature conservation. Indeed,
given the country’s economic constraints, it must now be the responsibility of multilateral and bilateral cooperation agencies to finance nature conservation. This must be a
priority if we are to ensure the welfare of the human population and reinforce the
groundwork carried out by our Programme.
Acknowledgements
We are greatly indebted to the Spanish Co-operation Agency and the former Co-operation Office with Equatorial Guinea of the Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which
made our Programme possible, especially in recognizing the importance of nature conservation before this was even considered as a co-operative issue by others. To the
Equato-Guinean authorities (most especially to the President of Equatorial Guinea, His
Excellency Sr Teodoro Obiang Nguema and his former Minister of Culture, Sr Leandro
Mbomio), who encouraged our activities and to all the Equato-Guineans (the whole
village of Ureca, A. Ayong and J. Elá and many, many others) who have helped us in
attempting to preserve their country’s nature. To C. Keller and J.E. Fa we are most
grateful for improvements of the original manuscript.
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