ANCIENT INDIAN GROUPS
• I. THE FIRST DISCOVERERS
• A. THE BEGINNINGS
– When? Who?? From where?? Why?
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1. ARCHAIC CULTURE GROUPS
(PRE-COLUMBIAN ‘before 1492’)
– A. North American (North of the Rio Grande):
– Anasazi, Hohokam
– Mississippi Mound builders: Hopewell-Adena, Mississippian
-- B.
Central American and South American:
– Olmec, Maya, Aztec and Inca
Location of Native American Culture regions
• 2. 1492
• CULTURE REGIONS
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Far North
Pacific Northwest
California
Great Basin
Desert Southwest
Plains
North Eastern Woodlands
South Eastern Woodlands
• NATIVE AMERICAN GENERALIZATIONS:
NORTH AMERICAN INDIAN CULTURE GROUPS
CULTURE
GROUP
FAR
NORTH
PACIFIC
NORTHWEST
CALIFORNIA
GREAT
BASIN
DESERT
SOUTHWEST
GREAT
PLAINS
NORTHEAST
WOODLANDS
SOUTHEAST
WOODLANDS
LOCATION
TRIBES
FOOD
RELIGION
CLOTHING
SHELTER
GOVERNMENT
MISCELLA
NEOUS
DISCOVERIES: THE EUROPEAN INVASION
• II. 1000 AD Vikings led by Leif Ericson—Vinland
(Newfoundland)
– Skrellings
– Sagas
• III. Backdrop for Southern European Discovery
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1000 AD Continental Europe “Middle Ages” Feudalism
Crusades—opened up a new way of life
Renaissance
Commercial Revolution
“middlemen”—Venice, Constantinople, Arab merchants
Age of Discovery
1. Portuguese Exploration
United, at peace, perfect location
Prince Henry the Navigator “Sagres Navigation School”
Africa; 1488-Dias, 1497 da Gama, 1500 Cabral
2. Christopher Columbus (Spain)
Theory, the Voyages, results
Inter Caeteras , Treaty of Tordesillas
Amerigo Vespucci—1501 “New World”—Martin Waldseemuller
(1507)
CONQUEST AND CATASTROPHE
• SPANISH CONQUEST:
• “GOD, GOLD, GLORY” SPANISH EMPIRE
• Conquistadores and Missionaries
– Balboa, de Leon, Cortes,
– Magellan’s voyage, Pizarro,
– De Soto, Coronado, Mendoza
• Spanish Empire “The Golden Age of Spain”
• New Global Economy
– ENCOMIENDAS, MITA, HACIENDAS
• PROTESTANT REFORMATION
FRENCH AND DUTCH EXPLORATION
• France
– 1520s—King determined Treaty of Tordesillas did not apply to
France.
– Giovanni de Verrazano
– Jacques Cartier
• War with Spain, War of Religion—Catholics and Huguenots
– Samuel de Champlain
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Quebec and his vision for the colony
Coureurs de bois v. Jesuits
Jean Baptiste Colbert’s mercantilism
Louis Joliet, Jacques Marquette
Robert LaSalle
• The Netherlands (The Dutch)
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1609 Henry Hudson
1624 Ft. Orange (Iroquois)
1626 Peter Minuit “Dutch West Indies Co.”, New Amsterdam
Peter Stuyvesant
Kiliean Van Rensselaer (Privileges of Patroons)
• SWEDEN
– SWEDISH WEST INDIA COMPANY (Peter Minuet, Samuel
Blommaert)
– 1630 NEW SWEDEN--FT. CHRISTIANA (Delaware)
• Log Cabins
• Tobacco
• 1655 absorbed into New Netherlands
• THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE
• GOODS ORIGINATING IN THE NEW WORLD GOING TO THE
OLD
• GOODS COMING FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW
THE BRITISH
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1. ENGLISH EXPLORATION
– John Cabot--1496
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2. COLONIAL INTEREST: ENGLAND CHALLENGES
SPAIN (MOTIVES) QE I.
3. EARLY ATTEMPTS AT COLONIZATION ALL
FAILED. [Newfoundland, Roanoke I and II]
4. WAR WITH SPAIN
– Spanish Armada 1588
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5. TYPE OF PEOPLE THAT WERE INVOLVED IN THE
COLONIZATION OF AMERICA
– Monarchy--Mercantilism
– Merchants—joint-stock companies “East India Tea
Company” 1600, Virginia Co. of London 1606
– Commoners--Enclosure Movement 1500s to 1700s
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6. ENGLISH COLONIES: (proprietary, charter, royal)
– 1606 Virginia Company of London— proprietary charter
from King James I
– Dec. 25, 1606, 120 settlers left England on 3 ships.
JAMESTOWN
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Location of the settlement and orders:
Problems:
John Smith’s Rule
1609 Charter Revised:
– Governor to rule Jamestown from Jamestown –Lord De La Warr
– Sold more shares in London Company
– Company Servants
• 1609-1611—”Starving Time”
– Thomas Dale 1611
• Tobacco—John Rolfe
• 1618 Head-right System and Representative Govt.
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Head right
Indentured servants
House of Burgesses
Introduction of African Slavery
Massacre of 1622
Charter revoked 1624—Royal Colony
THE PILGRIMS (PLYMOUTH)
• Their story:
– Dissenters
– Reactionaries
– Radicals
• 1619—Company Servants
• 1620 Mayflower
• Mayflower Compact
– Plymouth Colony struggled.
– Settled in Nov., Squanto, disease, decent relations with
the Massasoit and the Wampanoag Confederacy and hard
work allowed them to survive.
– By 1670s Indian relations erupted into King Philip’s War.
• Thanksgiving Day
THE PURITANS
• 1. Religious reformers interested in “purifying” the Church of
England of Catholic ritual.
• 2. Generally upper class with a high degree of political
efficacy. As a result by the late 1620s they had become a
powerful voice in Parliament.
• 1629 forced the King Charles I to sign the English Petition of
Right.
• But during this same time period they were persecuted against.
• 1628 Massachusetts Bay Co. created.
– Granted a self-governing charter.
– Create a society that the rest of the world will look up “ the city on
the hill”.--Boston
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Left in 1630:
11 ship convoy
>1,000 settlers
1 year of supplies
Government organization:
– Commonwealth: theocracy led by John Winthrop.
– Legislature= General Court, made up of 100 stockholders
(freeman)
• COVENANT THEOLOGY
• Covenant of Works– When man was created God promised that man would never die
but Adam broke God’s covenant—all men deserve damnation.
– Led to Moral Codes
– Led to “National Covenant”—the destiny of nation was based on
the actions of the people. God’s grace shed on those places that
obeyed God’s Covenant.
• Covenant of Grace– By God’s good grace, a chosen elect would be saved.
– Based on this Massachusetts society was devoted to the common
welfare for the good of all.
– 1631 several communities around Boston.
– 1641 15-20,000 had settled in Massachusetts Bay and had
absorbed Plymouth.
– NEW ENGLAND SOCIETY
• Hard work (Protestant work ethic)
• Fear of God
• Trade—Lumber, grain, shipbuilding, fishing
13 colonies