Slide 1 Intercultural Communication in Contexts Third Edition Judith N. Martin and Thomas K. Nakayama Arizona State University CHAPTER 7 McGraw-Hill Nonverbal Codes and Cultural Space © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 2 Chapter Summary • Defining Nonverbal Communication: Thinking Dialectically • The Universality of Nonverbal Behavior • Defining Cultural Space McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 3 Defining Nonverbal Communication • Comparing Verbal and Nonverbal Communication 1. Both are symbolic, communicate meaning, and are patterned. 2. Nonverbal behavior operates at a subconscious level. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 4 Defining Nonverbal Communication • Comparing Verbal and Nonverbal Communication (cont.) 3. Most nonverbal meanings and behaviors are learned through implicit socialization. 4. Nonverbal behaviors can reinforce, substitute, or contradict verbal behaviors. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 5 Defining Nonverbal Communication • What Nonverbal Behavior Communicates 1. Relational messages 2. Status and power 3. Deception McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 6 Defining Nonverbal Communication • What Nonverbal Behavior Communicates (cont.) 4. Nonverbal communication is pervasive, unconscious, and communicates how we feel about each other. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 7 The Universality of Nonverbal Behavior • Recent Research Findings 1. Similarities and differences between humans and primates 2. Similarities between blind children and seeing children McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 8 The Universality of Nonverbal Behavior • Recent Research Findings, cont. 3. Cross-cultural similarities in facial expressions 4. Variations in nonverbal behaviors and the contexts in which nonverbal communication takes place McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 9 The Universality of Nonverbal Behavior • Nonverbal Codes 1. Proxemics: The study of how people use personal space. a. Contact cultures b. Noncontact cultures McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 10 The Universality of Nonverbal Behavior • Nonverbal Codes (cont.) 2. Eye contact regulates interpersonal contact and communicates meanings about respect and status. 3. Facial expressions McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 11 The Universality of Nonverbal Behavior • Nonverbal Codes 4. Chronemics concerns concepts of time and the rules that govern its use. a. Monochronic b. Polychronic 5. Cultures vary in the emphasis placed on speaking and silence. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 12 The Universality of Nonverbal Behavior • Cultural variation or stereotype? • Semiotics and nonverbal communication McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 13 Defining Cultural Space Cultural space is the particular configuration of the communication (discourse) that constructs meanings of various places. – Cultural identity and cultural space • Home • Neighborhood • Regionalism McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 14 Defining Cultural Space • Changing Cultural Space – Travel – Migration • Postmodern Cultural Spaces McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.