Slide 1
Intercultural Communication
in Contexts
Third Edition
Judith N. Martin and Thomas K. Nakayama
Arizona State University
CHAPTER
7
McGraw-Hill
Nonverbal Codes and
Cultural Space
© 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 2
Chapter Summary
• Defining Nonverbal Communication:
Thinking Dialectically
• The Universality of Nonverbal
Behavior
• Defining Cultural Space
McGraw-Hill
© 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 3
Defining Nonverbal
Communication
• Comparing Verbal and Nonverbal
Communication
1. Both are symbolic, communicate meaning,
and are patterned.
2. Nonverbal behavior operates at a
subconscious level.
McGraw-Hill
© 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 4
Defining Nonverbal
Communication
• Comparing Verbal and Nonverbal
Communication (cont.)
3. Most nonverbal meanings and behaviors
are learned through implicit socialization.
4. Nonverbal behaviors can reinforce,
substitute, or contradict verbal behaviors.
McGraw-Hill
© 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 5
Defining Nonverbal
Communication
• What Nonverbal Behavior
Communicates
1. Relational messages
2. Status and power
3. Deception
McGraw-Hill
© 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 6
Defining Nonverbal
Communication
• What Nonverbal Behavior
Communicates (cont.)
4. Nonverbal communication is pervasive,
unconscious, and communicates how we
feel about each other.
McGraw-Hill
© 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 7
The Universality of Nonverbal
Behavior
• Recent Research Findings
1. Similarities and differences between
humans and primates
2. Similarities between blind children and
seeing children
McGraw-Hill
© 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 8
The Universality of Nonverbal
Behavior
• Recent Research Findings, cont.
3. Cross-cultural similarities in facial
expressions
4. Variations in nonverbal behaviors and
the contexts in which nonverbal
communication takes place
McGraw-Hill
© 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 9
The Universality of Nonverbal
Behavior
• Nonverbal Codes
1. Proxemics: The study of how people
use personal space.
a. Contact cultures
b. Noncontact cultures
McGraw-Hill
© 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 10
The Universality of Nonverbal
Behavior
• Nonverbal Codes (cont.)
2. Eye contact regulates interpersonal
contact and communicates meanings
about respect and status.
3. Facial expressions
McGraw-Hill
© 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 11
The Universality of Nonverbal
Behavior
• Nonverbal Codes
4. Chronemics concerns concepts of time
and the rules that govern its use.
a. Monochronic
b. Polychronic
5. Cultures vary in the emphasis placed on
speaking and silence.
McGraw-Hill
© 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 12
The Universality of Nonverbal
Behavior
• Cultural variation or stereotype?
• Semiotics and nonverbal
communication
McGraw-Hill
© 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 13
Defining Cultural Space
Cultural space is the particular configuration
of the communication (discourse) that
constructs meanings of various places.
– Cultural identity and cultural space
• Home
• Neighborhood
• Regionalism
McGraw-Hill
© 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 14
Defining Cultural Space
• Changing Cultural Space
– Travel
– Migration
• Postmodern Cultural Spaces
McGraw-Hill
© 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.