3.3 Normative Ethics --- Virtue and Value Theory --- Conflicts between Values
Theory of Value and Virtue
“Priorities and Conflicts”
Teaching objectives:



Understand the prioritisation of intrinsic values/virtues when
conflicts occur
Intrinsic values take precedence over instrumental values
With reference to Utilitarianism or Deontology to prioritise
intrinsic values
Suggested teaching period: 5 lessons
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3.3 Normative Ethics --- Virtue and Value Theory --- Conflicts between Values
Teacher shall first prepare:

Knowledge Content of the Subject (5): Priority of and conflicts between virtues
and values
 Worksheet (1): Story --- China’s One Child Policy

Worksheet (2): Story --- The conflict between a successful businessperson and a
devoted Christian
 Worksheet (3): Story --- Yue Fei and the Twelve Medallions
 Worksheet (4): Story --- Buddha leaving home
 Worksheet (5): Story --- Abraham’s sacrifice of Isaac
Teaching process:
1. Ask students to define “intrinsic values” and “instrumental values”.
2.
The teacher should first teach Knowledge Content of the Subject (5): Priority of
and conflicts between virtues and values, and should emphasise the principles of
prioritising values and virtues.
3.
Divide the students into groups of 4 or 5, and give each group one of the
following worksheets:
Worksheet (1): Story --- China’s One Child Policy
Worksheet (2): Story --- The conflict between a successful businessperson
and a devoted Christian
Worksheet (3): Story --- Yue Fei and the Twelve Medallions
Worksheet (4): Story --- Buddha leaving home
Worksheet (5): Story --- Abraham’s sacrifice of Isaac
Ask the students to discuss the worksheets in their groups, and then one
representative of each group is selected to report their views.
4.
Once students have given their opinions, the teacher may explain and give out
answers.
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3.3 Normative Ethics --- Virtue and Value Theory --- Conflicts between Values
Knowledge Content of the Subject (5):
Priority and conflicts between virtues and values
Situations where virtues can conflict
In ancient or even modern societies, conflicts would frequently occur between
different virtues and values, and when situations of mutual incompatibility occurred,
virtues and values should be prioritised. The rationales of Value Theory, Virtue Theory
and Utilitarianism are all different. The latter attempts to search for a single formula of
judgement which acts as the final standard for moral judgements, so that what
complies with the formula is moral, and what does not comply is immoral.
Virtue Theory and Value Theory do not acknowledge the existence of such a
formula. They do not decide whether something is moral on the basis of individual
actions; instead, they make judgements based on factors such as the person carrying
out the action’s motives, environment, personal relationship networks and identity,
analysing the situation from that person’s perspective before determining whether the
action is moral. For these reasons, when conflicts between different virtues occur, it is
simply not possible to find a single principle capable of judging who is right and who is
wrong. For example, which of “loyalty” and “filial piety” is more important? When
“honesty” and “compassion” may contradict one another, which should we choose?
We cannot and should not simply give an inevitable answer.
Although Virtue Ethics cannot provide us with a definite answer, it can still direct
our thinking and provide principles for reference.
Ways of thinking when conflicts occur
1.
Intrinsic values are more important than instrumental values
Things of instrumental value are only of value because they can achieve other
objectives or because they provide people with higher values. When they are in
conflict with things of intrinsic value, things which are already of value in themselves,
instrumental values are of secondary importance. For example, the goal of being
“polite” is to obtain the respect of others, and so in this situation, politeness is an
instrumental value to win the respect of others; when it conflicts with “life”, something
of intrinsic value, life will take precedence in most normal situations.
2.
What choices would a moral person make when faced with this problem?
Virtue Ethics stresses the need to think from someone else’s perspective, and to
try and think what a moral person would do. It is underpinned by “humanism”, and so
it avoids putting certain “moral rules” above this “humanism”.
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3.3 Normative Ethics --- Virtue and Value Theory --- Conflicts between Values
Worksheet (1): Story --- China’s One Child Policy
From Deng Xiaoping’s speech at the CCP’s 1980 Theoretical Conference:
“If we want to make China achieve the Four Modernisations, there are at least two key
characteristics that must be seen. One relates to China’s poor foundations The second is
that China has a large population and little arable land. China now has a population of over
900 million, of which 80% live in the rural area. There are both advantages and
disadvantages to having so many people. In a situation where production is not yet
developed enough, food, education and employment are all serious problems. We must
strengthen our work on family planning, but even if the population ceases to grow after so
many years, the problem of the large population will continue to exist for a certain period of
time. This situation of little arable land and a large population, particularly a large rural
population, cannot easily be changed. This is a characteristic which China’s modernisation
and construction must take into account.”
From a speech given by Deng Xiaoping in 1986 upon meeting the Japanese prime minister:
“China’s implementation of strict population growth controls is in our own vital interests.
It is a major strategic policy of China. Some people outside the country want China not to
implement family planning – they want China to remain in an impoverished state forever.”
“Citizens have the right to reproduction
as well as the obligation to practise
Population and Family Planning Law of the
People's Republic of China, Article 18: “The
family planning according to law. Both
husband
and
wife
bear
equal
responsibility for family planning.
State maintains its current policy for
reproduction, encouraging late marriage and
childbearing and advocating one child per
couple. Where the requirements specified by
laws and regulations are met, plans for a
second child, if requested, may be made.
Specific measures in this regard shall be
formulated by the people's congress or its
standing committee of a province, autonomous
region, or municipality directly under the
Some of those opposed believe
that the issue of childbearing should be
freely decided by the family, and the
government has no right to interfere.
Many foreign human rights
organisations have consistently
criticised the Family Planning Policy as
a violation of human rights.
In addition, during the promotion of
the One Child Policy, many “forcible
abortions” and inhumane events have
taken place.
Central Government. Family planning shall
also be introduced to the ethnic peoples.
Specific measures in this regard shall be
formulated by the people's congress or its
standing committee of a province, autonomous
region or municipality directly under the
Central Government.”
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3.3 Normative Ethics --- Virtue and Value Theory --- Conflicts between Values
People opposed to Family Planning in China believe:
The average per capita income of China’s urban population is much higher than that
of the rural population, but they generally have only one child, while people in rural areas
may have two children. This results in a situation where there are insufficient resources to
enable these rural children to receive good education and live in a good social
environment. At the same time, the only children of urban residents are always
excessively pampered, leading to an increasingly gap between rich and poor.
In addition, well educated people who are in a good financial situation generally have
fewer children or even no children, while those in a comparatively poor financial situation
are often led by traditional ideas to disobey the Family Planning Policy, and give birth to
more children more frequently. In this way, the Family Planning Policy causes a drop in the
proportion of children who come from families with good financial circumstances.
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3.3 Normative Ethics --- Virtue and Value Theory --- Conflicts between Values
1.
What are the reasons for opposing or supporting China’s One Child Policy?
Please give three reasons for each side.
Reasons for supporting the One Child Policy:
Reasons for opposing the One Child Policy:
1.
_
1.
2.
_
2.
3.
_
3.
What virtues and values do the three reasons
What virtues and values do the three reasons
above involve?
above involve?
1. ____________(Intrinsic/Instrumental Value) 1. ________
__ (Intrinsic/Instrumental Value)
2. ____________(Intrinsic/Instrumental Value) 2. ________
__(Intrinsic/Instrumental Value)
3. ____________(Intrinsic/Instrumental Value) 3. _________
_(Intrinsic/Instrumental Value)
Those opposed to the One Child Policy believe it “violates the human rights of the individual”.
Those in favour of the One Child Policy believe it “protects the national interests of China”.
Analyse this situation from a perspective of Virtue Ethics. Is the One Child Policy moral? Discuss it
in terms of “value conflicts”.
Perspective 1: Intrinsic values are more important than instrumental values
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Perspective 2: Use other theories to help – Utilitarianism and Deontology
________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Perspective 3: What choices would a moral person make when faced with these issues?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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3.3 Normative Ethics --- Virtue and Value Theory --- Conflicts between Values
Suggested Answers
Reasons for supporting the One Child Policy:
1.
2.
3.
Reasons for opposing the One Child Policy:
A large population may result in serious 1. Childbearing is a human right, and issues of
problems including food, employment
childbearing should be decided by the
and education.
family.
The One Child Policy is an issue of vital 2. The One Child Policy may lead to forcible
interests, as overpopulation may result in
abortions, an indirect form of murder, and
China remaining poor in the long term.
murder is immoral.
It makes society more stable.
3. Childbearing is governed by God, and so
the One Child Policy is a violation of nature.
What virtues and values do the three reasons What virtues and values do the three reasons
above involve?
above involve?
1.
2.
Improving quality of life
1. Human rights (Intrinsic/Instrumental Value)
(Intrinsic/Instrumental Value)
2. Cherishing life (Intrinsic/Instrumental Value)
Eliminating poverty
3. Nature______(Intrinsic/Instrumental Value)
(Intrinsic/Instrumental Value)
3.
Social stability (Intrinsic/Instrumental
Value)
Those opposed to the One Child Policy believe it “violates the rights of the individual”.
Those in favour of the One Child Policy believe it “protects the national interests of China”.
Analyse this situation from a perspective of Virtue Ethics. Is the One Child Policy moral?
Discuss it in terms of “value conflicts”.
Perspective 1: Intrinsic values are more important than instrumental values
Answer 1: “Human rights” are an intrinsic values, and so they already have inherent moral
value; “the national interest”, however, is only an instrumental value, as it can achieve another
value or objective. We must protect the country’s national interests, as the rights of the
individual can only be protected when the country is stable, prosperous and developed.
Answer 2: “Protecting the national interest” and “patriotism” are intrinsic values, and so they
already have inherent moral value; while “rights” are only instrumental values, as they achieve
another value or objective. We must protect the rights of the individual, as society in general
and the entire country can only fully develop when the rights of the individual are protected.
Perspective 2: Use other theories to help – Utilitarianism and Deontology
Answer 1: Analysing the situation from a Utilitarian perspective, the morality of an action is
determined by whether it “brings happiness to the most people”. The One Child Policy only has
an impact upon the individual rights and interests of people of childbearing age, but is in the
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3.3 Normative Ethics --- Virtue and Value Theory --- Conflicts between Values
interests of society as a whole, and protects the interests of 1.2 billion people in China.
Consequently, the “national interest” is more important than the “rights of the individual”.
Answer 2: Analysing the situation from a Utilitarian perspective, the morality of an action is
determined by whether it “brings happiness to the most people”. The One Child Policy directly
affects the individual rights of 1.2 billion people throughout China, but does not ensure that the
objective of “protecting the national interest” can be achieved. The “national interest” is never
more than a slogan, and so the “rights of the individual” are more important than the “national
interest”.
Perspective 3: What choices would a moral person make when faced with these issues?
Answer 1: A moral person would value feelings, and whether something is moral can only be
emotionally sensed by putting oneself in the persons place and experiencing his/her situation.
The feelings toward damaging the “rights of the individual” of those involved are the deepest
and the most direct; in contrast to the “rights of the individual”, the “national interest” is
comparatively distant and indirect, and is also not substantive or predictable. Consequently, a
moral person would believe that the “rights of the individual” are more important than the
“national interest”.
Answer 2: A moral person would “sacrifice the small self for the greater self”. He/She would
certainly put the greater good before their personal interests, as the gains or losses of the
individual are not important. Consequently, he/she would feel that the “national interest” is more
important than the “rights of the individual”.
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3.3 Normative Ethics --- Virtue and Value Theory --- Conflicts between Values
Worksheet (2): Story --- The conflict between a successful
businessperson and a devoted Christian
The main goal of business is to make profits. In today’s society, success in
business is always defined and measured by how much money you can make, and
the more you earn, the more successful you are considered to be. If your business
income is only sufficient to make ends meet, or is less than that of an ordinary
employee, such that you are not able to live a particularly comfortable life, this is
considered unsuccessful. Ambition, tenacity and success are always considered
virtues, but where do you actually make money? If you want to succeed, if you pursue
your goals with determination and put money first at all times, do you sacrifice other
virtues in the process, thereby creating a conflict with your “success”?
What makes a successful businessperson in our modern and capitalised society? Adam
Smith has already given us one answer. Guides telling us how to be successful or how to
become successful businesspeople are now very popular, and are a common sight in
bookshops. Take a close look at the methods for becoming successful below, which are
taken from several famous scholars and writers of such guides.
In The Wealth of Nations, “Adam
Smith, the father of capitalism,
How to become a “successful capitalist”:
1. Calculate the profits, avoid losses
proposes that people’s motives for
engaging in economic activity are
selfish and greedy. They further
their commercial activities only to
allow themselves to make greater
profits and bring greater benefit to
themselves. This work includes
the following famous quotation:
“It is not from the benevolence of
the butcher, the brewer, or the
2. Never be satisfied with the status quo, aim higher
3. Increase your capital to avoid being outbid
4. Always keep a competitive state of mind,
eliminate the weak and keep the strong
5. Always strive for change, minimise the inertia
6. Grab opportunities, avoid anything negative
7. Learn how to control and manage other people
baker, that we expect our dinner,
but from their regards to their own
interest. We address ourselves,
not to their humanity but to their
self-love, and never talk to them of
our own necessities but of their
advantages.”
1. Strong motivation to move upward
2. Clear, definite goal for the “first pot of gold”
3. Believes in their own abilities
4. Puts work first
5. Has the courage to constantly try new ideas and
revise their thinking
6. Understands and is good at calculating benefits
7. Capable of proactively striking out towards goals
What personality traits does a successful
businessperson have?
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3.3 Normative Ethics --- Virtue and Value Theory --- Conflicts between Values
What characteristics should a successful businessperson and a devoted Christian have?
A successful businessperson should have the
following characteristics:
A devoted Christian should have the following
characteristics:
1. _______________(Intrinsic/Instrumental
1. _______________(Intrinsic/Instrumental
Value)
Value)
2. _______________(Intrinsic/Instrumental
2. _______________(Intrinsic/Instrumental
Value)
Value)
3. _______________(Intrinsic/Instrumental
3. _______________(Intrinsic/Instrumental
Value)
Value)
Analysing from a perspective of Virtue Ethics, which of “ambition” and “contentment” is more
important? Discuss in terms of “value conflicts”.
Perspective 1: Intrinsic values are more important than instrumental values
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Perspective 2: Use other theories to help – Utilitarianism and Deontology
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Perspective 3: What choices would a moral person make when faced with these issues?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
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3.3 Normative Ethics --- Virtue and Value Theory --- Conflicts between Values
Suggested Answers
A successful businessperson should have A devoted Christian should have the following
the following characteristics:
characteristics:
1. Good at calculating benefits
(Intrinsic/Instrumental Value)
2. Ambition (Intrinsic/Instrumental Value)
3. Competitive spirit
1. Contentment (Intrinsic/Instrumental Value)
2. Not attracted by fame and fortune
(Intrinsic/Instrumental Value)
3. Spirit of sacrifice (Intrinsic/Instrumental Value)
(Intrinsic/Instrumental Value)
Analysing from a perspective of Virtue Ethics, which of “ambition” and “contentment” is more
important? Discuss in terms of “value conflicts”.
Perspective 1: Intrinsic values are more important than instrumental values
Answer 1: “Ambition” is an intrinsic value, and so has inherent moral value, and most people
in society acknowledge the importance of “ambition”. “Contentment”, however, is an
instrumental value, as it can achieve other values or goals; through “contentment”, we can
have a sense of security and achieve peace of mind, and therefore ambition is more
important than “contentment”.
Answer 2: “Contentment” is an intrinsic value, and so has inherent moral value, and most
people in society acknowledge the importance of “contentment”. “Ambition”, however, is an
instrumental value, as it can achieve other values or goals; through “ambition”, we can obtain
wealth, success and happiness.
Perspective 2: Use other theories to help – Utilitarianism and Deontology
Answer 1: Analysing the situation from a Utilitarian perspective, the morality of an action is
determined by whether it “brings happiness to the most people”. If a person has “ambition”,
they are more likely to succeed and obtain wealth and power, bringing benefits to themselves
and the people around them. However, a person who is “content” with what they have will
always pursue their own peace of mind, and is less likely to bring benefits and happiness to
those close to them. Consequently, “ambition” is more important than “contentment”.
Answer 2: Analysing the situation from a Utilitarian perspective, the morality of an action is
determined by whether it “brings happiness to the most people”. If a person has “ambition”,
they are likely to be more driven, selfish and manipulative, and will often hurt those around
them. However, a person who is “content” with what they have is more likely to have an
easy-going and considerate personality, and they will therefore bring happiness and benefits
to others. Consequently, “contentment” is more important than “ambition”.
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3.3 Normative Ethics --- Virtue and Value Theory --- Conflicts between Values
Perspective 3: What choices would a moral person make when faced with these issues?
Answer 1: A moral person would not be overly interested in fame or fortune, and would view
the pursuit of glory as mere vanity. Although such vulgar qualities as “ambition” are admired
by common people, they would not place much value on them. Consequently, they would
certainly view “contentment” as more important than “ambition”.
Answer 2: A moral person would also be wise and like to help others, as well as knowing how
to put other people’s interests before themselves. If you want to help people, you must first
help yourself, as a person must have sufficient wealth, capabilities and expertise before they
can help others. “Ambition” allows one to obtain these things, and so a moral person would
therefore certainly regard “ambition” as more important than “contentment”.
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3.3 Normative Ethics --- Virtue and Value Theory --- Conflicts between Values
Worksheet (3): Story --- Yue Fei and the Twelve Medallions
Yue Fei and the Twelve Medallions
Yue Fei, from Tangyin in Xiangzhou, was a famous general who fought against the
Jurchens in the late Northern Song era. He earned great honour in the field, winning battle
after battle.
In the last years of the Song, the Jurchen army made frequent incursions into Chinese
territory, massacring ordinary Chinese people, raping and pillaging. Yue Fei led the Chinese
army to defeat the Jurchen and attack Zhuxianzhen, surrounding the Jurchen encampment.
Yue Fei and his Yue Army struck at the heart of the enemy, routing the Jurchen forces until
they were on the brink of bringing peace to the people.
However, the Song Emperor Gaozong, wanted to sue for peace by giving up Huaibei to
the Jurchen, and incited by Prime Minister Qin Hui, who was secretly in league with the
Jurchen, he sent out gold medallions to Yue Fei to summon him back to the court. Yue Fei
believed that the Yue Army could attack and defeat the Jurchen at their main encampment,
bring peace and prosperity to the people. This was such a rare opportunity that Yue Fei
wrote the first memorial to the emperor opposing his recall to the court. This situation
repeated itself until the emperor had sent a total of twelve golden medallions to him ordering
him and his forces back to the court.
Finally, Yue Fei’s loyal nature won out and he obeyed the emperor’s orders to return to
the court. After his return, Prime Minister Qin Hui bribed Yue Fei’s former assistants to
accuse him of treason. When the magistrate examined the case, he could find no evidence
that Yue Fei had committed treason, but sentenced him to death on the charge that “maybe
there was” such evidence.
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3.3 Normative Ethics --- Virtue and Value Theory --- Conflicts between Values
What reasons were there for supporting and opposing the return of Yue Fei’s army to
the court? Please give three for each side.
Reasons for supporting the army’s return to the
court:
Reasons for opposing the army’s return to the
court:
1. _________________________________
1. ________________________________
__________________________________
2. _________________________________
2. ________________________________
____________________________________
__________________________________
3. _________________________________
____________________________________
3._________________________________
Which virtues and values do the three reasons
above involve?
Which virtues and values do the three
reasons above involve?
1.
____________(Intrinsic/Instrumental Value)
1. __________(Intrinsic/Instrumental Value)
2. _____________(Intrinsic/Instrumental Value)
2. __________(Intrinsic/Instrumental Value)
3. _____________(Intrinsic/Instrumental Value)
3. __________(Intrinsic/Instrumental Value)
__________________________________
Analysing from a perspective of Virtue Ethics, which of “loyalty to one’s ruler” and “saving the
common people” is more important? Discuss in terms of “value conflicts”.
Perspective 1: Intrinsic values are more important than instrumental values
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Perspective 2: Use other theories to help – Utilitarianism and Deontology
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Perspective 3: What choices would a moral person make when faced with these issues?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
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3.3 Normative Ethics --- Virtue and Value Theory --- Conflicts between Values
Suggested Answers
Reasons for supporting the army’s return
to the court:
Reasons for opposing the army’s return to the
court:
1. The decision to recall the army to the 1. In order to win the war, they needed to take
court was an imperial decree, and the
advantage of their victories and pursue the
“ruler’s order cannot be violated”.
enemy.
2. If he did not return to the court after 2. It was necessary to completely destroy the
the twelfth medallion, he would anger
enemy,
in
order to
bring
peace
and
the emperor and risk execution.
prosperity to the lives of the common people.
3. If he did not return to the court, he 3. “When the general is on an expedition, he
might cause his subordinates to be
does not always follow the ruler’s orders”. As
implicated and share his guilt.
a general, Yue Fei best understood the
military situation, and disobeying imperial
Which virtues and values do the three
reasons above involve?
orders would be consistent with military law.
Which virtues and values do the three reasons
above involve?
1. Obeying the ruler’s orders
1. Victory (Intrinsic/Instrumental Value)
(Intrinsic/Instrumental Value)
2. Protecting lives (Intrinsic/Instrumental
Value)
2. Saving the common people
(Intrinsic/Instrumental Value)
3. Obeying the law (Intrinsic/Instrumental Value)
3. Considering one’s subordinates
(Intrinsic/Instrumental Value)
Analysing from a perspective of Virtue Ethics, which of “loyalty to one’s ruler” and “saving the
common people” is more important? Discuss in terms of “value conflicts”.
Perspective 1: Intrinsic values are more important than instrumental values
Suggested Answer 1: “Saving the common people” is an intrinsic value, and so has inherent
moral value, and most people in society acknowledge the importance of “saving the common
people”. “Contentment” is an instrumental value, as it can achieve other values and
objectives. The ruler is the head of the country, and through “loyalty to the ruler”, we can
provide the ruler with a contented, harmonious environment in which to manage the affairs of
the country and bring happiness to the lives of the people.
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3.3 Normative Ethics --- Virtue and Value Theory --- Conflicts between Values
Perspective 2: Use other theories to help – Utilitarianism and Deontology
Suggested Answer 2: Analysing the situation from a Utilitarian perspective, the morality of an
action is determined by whether it “brings happiness to the most people”. If a person is willing
to carry out actions which “save the common people”, this will bring happiness to millions of
people. However, “loyalty to the ruler” benefits only to a “contented ruler. Consequently,
“saving the lives of the common people” is more important than “loyalty to the ruler”.
Perspective 3: What choices would a moral person make when faced with these issues?
A moral person would certainly be sympathetic, and if they saw people suffering with their
own eyes, they would put themselves in their place, and would undoubtedly choose to save
the lives of the common people.
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3.3 Normative Ethics --- Virtue and Value Theory --- Conflicts between Values
Worksheet (4): Story --- Buddha leaves home
Yasodharā and Siddhārtha leave home
After Prince Siddhārtha married at age 19, he lived in the palace for another ten years.
He began to think deeply about the physical world, and his inquiries led him to become
aware of the illusions and suffering of life, and issues such as the plight of the weak at the
mercy of the strong, the selfishness and conflicts between people, and each person’s aging,
sickness and death. He felt that if he did not personally leave home to cultivate himself, he
would not be able achieve his objective of helping people to leave behind suffering and
obtain happiness.
At this time, his wife Yasodharā was already pregnant with his child, and was about to
give birth. The prince waited until soon after she gave birth, before leaving in the middle of
the night, fleeing the city, determined to cultivate himself.
For the court at Kapilavastu, this was an earth-shattering event. When the prince’s
driver returned to the palace with the prince’s empty carriage in tow, he reported to the king
that the prince had shaved his head, put on common clothes and left his home. When
Yasodharā, Siddhārtha’s wife, heard the news, she was so stricken with grief that she nearly
went mad. She rebuked the driver viciously, saying that he should not have taken the prince
out into the forest without telling her. Then she cursed the prince’s horse, saying it should
not have secretly carried her husband out of the palace without a sound. Yasodharā then
laid down on the ground and wailed for a while, before pouring out her feelings, thoughts
and opinions on the prince’s departure:
“Oh, my husband! I have done my best to do all that a wife should do. Why did you still
abandon me and leave without even saying a word? I have to follow the man I marry,
however he may be. Oh, my husband! When the kings of the past went into the mountains
to cultivate themselves, they took their wives with them. Those kings did not find their path
to enlightenment obstructed by their wives! My husband, some people shave their heads
together with their wives. They leave home to cultivate themselves, living an ascetic life and
giving their best horses, jewels and wealth to charity, facing the future and obtaining
enlightenment and karmic rewards together. Why are you so mean that you suddenly
abandon me and leave here alone to lead a religious life? Can it be that you hope to
practice the ascetic life to thirty-third heaven, cultivating yourself so that you can experience
the joy of living together with Lakshmi, the Goddess of Heaven?”
Yasodharā was a chaste, determined and an understanding woman. In fact,
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3.3 Normative Ethics --- Virtue and Value Theory --- Conflicts between Values
Siddhārtha had married her precisely because she was not the kind of woman whom he
needed to worry about, and he had then secretly left her.
Once Yasodharā had vented her frustrations, the shock of the sudden news dissipated,
and in a rational state, she made this vow:
“From this day forward, until I see the prince again, I will never again sleep on my old
bed. I will not bathe with scented water, bejewel myself, beautify my body, put on makeup or
wear beautiful clothes; I will not use precious stones, perfume, scented oils, hair
adornments or necklaces. I will give up tasteful flavours, and will not eat delicious foods or
alcoholic drinks. I will not arrange or decorate my hair. Although my body will still live in the
palace, I also want to live an ascetic life as in the forests.” From this time, Siddhārtha
practiced asceticism in the mountains for six years, and Yasodharā did the same in the
palace.
Adapted from Ven Sheng Yan Stories of the Sages
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3.3 Normative Ethics --- Virtue and Value Theory --- Conflicts between Values
1.
What reasons are there to support or oppose Prince Siddhārtha’s decision to
leave home and cultivate himself? Give three reasons for each side.
Reasons for supporting “the prince leaving
home to cultivate himself”:
Reasons for opposing “the prince leaving home
to cultivate himself”:
1.
1.
________________________
____
________________________________
____________________________
___
___________________________________
2.
________________________
____
2.
____________________________
____
___________________________________
3. ________________________
____________________________
____
____
3.
________________________________
________________________________
___________________________________
Which virtues and values do the three reasons
above involve?
Which virtues and values do the three reasons
above involve?
1. ____________(Intrinsic/Instrumental Value)
1. ______________(Intrinsic/Instrumental Value)
2.____________(Intrinsic/Instrumental Value)
2. ______________(Intrinsic/Instrumental Value)
3.____________(Intrinsic/Instrumental Value)
3. ______________(Intrinsic/Instrumental Value)
Analysing from a perspective of Virtue Ethics, which of “performing the duties of a husband” and
“seeking truth” is more important? Discuss in terms of “value conflicts”.
Perspective 1: Intrinsic values are more important than instrumental values
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Perspective 2: Use other theories to help – Utilitarianism and Deontology
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Perspective 3: What choices would a moral person make when faced with these issues?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
19
3.3 Normative Ethics --- Virtue and Value Theory --- Conflicts between Values
Suggested Answers
Reasons for supporting “the prince leaving
home to cultivate himself”:
1. He should devote himself to seeking out
the causes of suffering, in order to help
others leave behind suffering and attain
happiness.
2. As the head of the household, a husband
has the right to live as he wishes.
3. The prince hoped to leave home and
cultivate himself to seek out the true
Reasons for opposing “the prince leaving home
to cultivate himself”:
1. The prince should take care of his wife and
newborn son, he should perform his duty as
a husband and father.
2. The prince must love and care for his wife,
and should not abandon his wife and child,
as it would make his wife sad and
heartbroken.
3. The prince should be filial and respect his
goodness and beauty of life, which is the
highest aspiration of humanity.
parents' wishes; he should not disobey his
parents command not to leave home to
leave a religious life.
Which virtues and values do the three Which virtues and values do the three reasons
reasons above involve?
above involve?
1. Helping
others
(Intrinsic/Instrumental 1. Performing one’s duty
Value)
2. Rights (Intrinsic/Instrumental Value)
(Intrinsic/Instrumental Value)
2. Loving and caring for his wife
3. Seeking the truth (Intrinsic/Instrumental
Value)
(Intrinsic/Instrumental Value)
3. Filial piety (Intrinsic/Instrumental Value)
Analysing from a perspective of Virtue Ethics, which of “performing the duties of a husband”
and “seeking truth” is more important? Discuss in terms of “value conflicts”.
Perspective 1: Intrinsic values are more important than instrumental values
Answer 1: “Seeking truth” is an intrinsic value, and so has inherent moral value, and most
people in society acknowledge the importance of “seeking truth”. “Performing one’s duty” is
only an instrumental value, as it can achieve other values or objectives. Through “performing
one’s duty”, we can keep our word and obtain the trust of others. Consequently “seeking the
truth” is more important than “performing one’s duties”.
Answer 2: “Performing one’s duty” is an intrinsic value, and so has inherent moral value, and
most people in society acknowledge the importance of “performing one’s duty”. “Seeking the
truth” is only an instrumental value, as it can achieve other values or objectives. After we have
sought the truth, we may become trustworthy people who willingly accept responsibility. The
aim of “seeking the truth” is always to “carry out one’s duty”, and so “performing one’s duty” is
more important than “seeking truth”.
20
3.3 Normative Ethics --- Virtue and Value Theory --- Conflicts between Values
Perspective 2: Use other theories to help – Utilitarianism and Deontology
Answer 1: Analysing the situation from a Utilitarian perspective, the morality of an action is
determined by whether it “brings happiness to the most people”. If a person is willing to
“perform their duty”, they will bring joy and happiness to those around them. However, choosing
to “seek the truth” is always a relatively selfish decision, as it only brings peace of mind and joy
to oneself.
Answer 2: Analysing the situation from a Utilitarian perspective, the morality of an action is
determined by whether it “brings happiness to the most people”. A person who “seeks truth”
can bring happiness to the whole of humanity. However, “performing one’s duty” only brings
happiness to the wife, a single person. Consequently, “seeking truth” is more important than
“performing one’s duty”.
Perspective 3: What choices would a moral person make when faced with these issues?
Answer 1: A moral person would be sympathetic, and so they would love and care for their
family, and would not be able to bear seeing their family suffer. Consequently, they would
inevitably believe that “performing one’s duty” is more important than “seeking truth”.
Answer 2: A moral person would be wise, and so would know the relative importance of things,
and be able to put aside their selfish desires for the happiness of humanity. Consequently, they
would inevitably believe that “seeking truth” is more important than “performing one’s duty”.
21
3.3 Normative Ethics --- Virtue and Value Theory --- Conflicts between Values
Worksheet (5): Story ---Abraham’s sacrifice of Isaac
Abraham’s sacrifice of Isaac
God wanted to test Abraham, and so he called to him, “Abraham.” Abraham
answered, “I am here.” God said, “Bring your son, your only son Isaac, whom you love,
and sacrifice him to me on the mountaintop I have shown you.”
Thus, Abraham woke up early in the morning, and taking with him a donkey, two
servants, his son Isaac, and chopped firewood for sacrificial use, he set out for the place
that God had indicated to him. They travelled for three days until Abraham lifted his head
and saw the place in the distance. Abraham said to his servants, “Wait here with the
donkey, and I will return here after my son and I have made the sacrifices.” Abraham gave
the firewood to his son Isaac to carry, and carried the fire and the knife himself. Thus, the
two climbed the mountain together.
Isaac said to Abraham, “Look, father. There is firewood, a knife and fire, but where is
the lamb for burnt offering?” Abraham replied, “My beloved son, God has already
prepared the lamb for the sacrifice”. The two continued to climb the mountain together,
until they reached the place that God had indicated. Abraham then set up an altar, laid the
firewood, bound up his son Isaac and placed him on the firewood of the altar. Abraham
then took the knife and prepared to kill his son as a sacrifice.
Suddenly, an angel called to him from heaven. “Abraham. You would never harm
Isaac, and so now I know that you fear God, because you have not withheld your son,
your only son, from me.” Abraham looked up to his surprise, saw a ram with its horns
caught in a thicket. He then took the ram and offered it in place of his son.
Adapted from the Bible, Genesis 22
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3.3 Normative Ethics --- Virtue and Value Theory --- Conflicts between Values
1.
What reasons are there to support or oppose Abraham’s sacrifice of Isaac? Give
three for each side.
Reasons for supporting Abraham’s sacrifice of
Isaac:
Reasons for opposing Abraham’s sacrifice of
Isaac:
1. ___________________________________
1. __________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
2. ___________________________________
2.
___________________________________
___________________________________
3. ___________________________________
3.
___________________________________
___________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
Which virtues and values do the three reasons Which virtues and values do the three reasons
above involve?
above involve?
1. Piety_______(Intrinsic/Instrumental Value)
1. Treasuring life(Intrinsic/Instrumental Value)
2. ___________(Intrinsic/Instrumental Value)
2. Valuing family(Intrinsic/Instrumental Value)
3. ___________(Intrinsic/Instrumental Value)
3. ___________(Intrinsic/Instrumental Value)
Analysing from a perspective of Virtue Ethics, which of “piety” and “treasuring life” is more
important? Discuss in terms of “value conflicts”.
Perspective 1: Intrinsic values are more important than instrumental values
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Perspective 2: Use other theories to help – Utilitarianism and Deontology
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Perspective 3: What choices would a moral person make when faced with these issues?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
23
3.3 Normative Ethics --- Virtue and Value Theory --- Conflicts between Values
Suggested Answers
Reasons for supporting Abraham’s sacrifice of
Isaac:
Reasons for opposing Abraham’s sacrifice of
Isaac:
1. God is all-knowing and benevolent; the
1. Life is the most previous thing, and you
things God asks us to do always stem from
cannot harm another person’s life under
his good intentions.
any circumstances.
2. God is very gracious to us, and we should
2. Ending someone’s life simply because God
have faith and trust in him.
3. God is omnipotent – he can do anything;
tells us to is a superstitious behaviour.
3. Killing someone without even asking the
even if Isaac had died, God could bring him
reason why is an evil act, and opposing
back to life.
such an act is just.
Which virtues and values do the three reasons Which virtues and values do the three reasons
above involve?
above involve?
1. Benevolence (Intrinsic/Instrumental Value)
1. Treasuring life (Intrinsic/Instrumental Value)
2. Faith in God (Intrinsic/Instrumental Value)
2. Opposing superstition
3. Omnipotence (Intrinsic/Instrumental Value)
(Intrinsic/Instrumental Value)
3. Justice
(Intrinsic/Instrumental Value)
Analysing from a perspective of Virtue Ethics, which of “piety” and “treasuring life” is more
important? Discuss in terms of “value conflicts”.
Perspective 1: Intrinsic values are more important than instrumental values
Answer 1: “Treasuring life” is an intrinsic value, and so has inherent moral value, and most
people in society acknowledge the importance of “treasuring life”. “Faith in God” is only an
instrumental value, as it can achieve other values or objectives. Through carrying out the
responsibilities God gives us, we can obtain truth, goodness and beauty. Consequently
“treasuring life” is more important than “faith in God”.
Answer 2: “Faith” is an intrinsic value, and so has inherent moral value, and most people in
society acknowledge the importance of “faith”. “Treasuring life” is only an instrumental value, as it
can achieve other values or objectives. Through carrying out the responsibilities God gives us,
we can obtain truth, goodness and beauty. Consequently “treasuring life” is more important than
“faith in God”. A person’s death may be significant or insignificant; there is no problem with dying
for moral values, and so “faith in God” is more important than “treasuring life”.
Perspective 2: Use other theories to help – Utilitarianism and Deontology
Answer 1: Analysing the situation from a Utilitarian perspective, the morality of an action is
24
3.3 Normative Ethics --- Virtue and Value Theory --- Conflicts between Values
determined by whether it “brings happiness to the most people”. “Faith in God” is acknowledged
as important only by those with religious faith, while “treasuring life” is acknowledged by the vast
majority of people, and so “treasuring life” will bring them happiness and joy. Consequently,
“treasuring life” is more important.
Perspective 3: What choices would a moral person make when faced with these issues?
Answer 1: For a moral person, their religion is always the pillar of the spirituality and morality.
Religion plays a very important role in their life. Without it, they could easily lose their direction
and integrity as a person, and lose their sense of morality. Death can be significant or
insignificant, but they would be willing to lay down their life for their faith. Consequently, they
would believe that “faith in God” is more important.
Answer 2: A moral person would be sympathetic, and if they saw people suffering, they would put
themselves in their place and choose to treasure life.
25