CDI020140490_Dr LIU

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高中歷史課程知識增益﹕
如何促進香港文化承傳教育
(新辦)
講者:
廖迪生教授
(香港科技大學人文學部)
課程編號:CDI020140490
日期:
2013年10月16日
1
“Heritage” and “Cultural relics”
「文化承傳」與「文化遺產」
2
3
4
5
6
Heritage
• wenwu (文物)
• cultural relic (文化遺物)
7
Heritage
i. things such as works of arts, cultural
achievements and folklore that have been
passed on from earlier generations(指藝術、
文化、民間文學作品)遺產,傳統
ii. property that has been or may be inherited by
an heir 遺產,繼承物
(Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of
Current English)
遺產(yichan):property left by the deceased;
property inherited
8
Dichotomized Perspective (二分觀點)
• Intangible (無形的,無實體的)
• Tangible (有形,有實質的)
• Non-material (非物質)
• Material (物質)
• Hardware (硬件)
• Software (軟件)
9
Approaches in Understanding Heritage
認識文化承傳的方法與途徑
10
Study human societies
研究人類社會
time 時間
excavation
考古發掘
historical changes
歷史變化
documents & archives
文獻與檔案
fieldwork 田野工作
cultural variations 文化差異
space
空間
11
Environment
環境
12
13
Culture and society
文化與社會
14
Culture is integrated(整合)
as a Cultural Pie
Economy
Religion
Education
Kinship
Political System
Voluntary
Associations
Arts
Language
and many other elements15
Fieldwork (田野工作)
‧to collect data
16
Participant observation (參與觀察)
‧do it oneself
‧learn the language
‧talk to people
‧live with people
‧to behave properly
‧“what is life?"
‧observations
‧record the content and process
‧study annual cycle events
‧24-hour job
‧keeping field notes and journal everyday
17
Map drawing
18
N
a
b
c
d
19
Kinship chart drawing
繪畫親屬圖
20
FF
FM
FZH
FZ
FB
FBW
FZS
FZD
FBS
FBD
MF
F
B
M
EGO
MZH
Z
MZS
MM
MZ
MB
MBW
MZD MBS MBD
21
Kinship Terminology (親屬稱謂)
Terms of reference
(稱謂)
父親
Terms of address
(稱呼)
亞爸
母親
亞媽
表哥
David
家姑
亞媽
22
Audio-visual recording
‧ recording of setting and process
23
Interviewing
‧key informants
‧life history
‧oral history
‧language and identity
‧who am I?
‧social background, social status,
education, gender, seniority, and etc.
‧e.g. Cantonese in Hong Kong
“你食咗lunch未?”
24
Local documents and inscriptions
地方文化與碑銘文字
25
Genealogy (族譜)
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Inscriptions
碑銘文字
27
Field notes (田野筆記)
A written record of an issue or a topic
in field research.
Journal (田野日誌)
A record of the researcher’s daily
activities, feeling, and/or reflections, etc.
28
Experience and personal development
經驗與個人成長
29
Fieldwork
‧an interactive process
‧reciprocity
‧vs armchair research
‧ experience
‧give up your own judgment
‧professional and personal development
30
Ethical issues (道德)
‧penetrate into another people’s life
‧protect the people and the community
Culture shock (文化衝擊)
‧honeymoon stage
‧critical stage
‧adjustment
‧a marginal people
31
Approaches and Considerations
方法與考慮
32
Research Considerations
Sites
- location
- direction
- setting
- inscriptions
- objects
- history/myths
- geomancy
Participants
- organizations
- organizers/audiences/participants
- backgrounds of participants
- class/ethnic/gender
- reasons of participation
- history/myths/stories
- communities
Activities
- process
- festivals
- opera
- rituals
- parades
- history/ myths
- time
- finance
- publications/programs
- territory/boundary
Politics/Government
Ecology/environment
Education
Economy
Social organization
Cultural
traditions/History
33
Holistic perspective (全貌觀) ; context (脈絡)
‧in the broadest possible context
Comparative perspective (比較觀點)
‧generating theories
‧an explanation by comparing different
societies
34
Translation (翻譯)
‧example: “face” as a system
Interpretation (詮釋)
‧example: meaning of a religious ritual
Explanation (解釋)
‧example: why people in South China do
not eat beef?
35
Materialism vs Ideological Determinism
36
Materialism (物質論)
‧ humans depend on technology to exploit
resources
‧ technology: physical instruments (tools)
‧ knowledge about the environment,
resources, the manufacture and use of tools
‧ feedback relationships:
technology, environment, and culture
‧ cultural evolution
37
Ideological Determinism (意識形態主導論);
Idealism (理念論,唯心論)
‧insistence on human uniqueness
Humans are:
‧cultural beings
‧heavy dependence on social learning
‧capacity for complex communication
(culture and language)
‧in world of their own making and construction
38
Cultural defined resources
‧their view of the world depend on their culture
‧ subjectively perceive their environment
(vs materials: objective conditions)
‧ human-human relationships and
‧ human-environmental relationships
‧ history and traditions
39
Emic Perspective vs Etic Perspective
40
Emic perspective (主位觀點)
‧participant's view
‧domains or operations that are real or
meaningful (but not necessarily conscious)
to the natives themselves
‧e. g. Chinese funeral—“killing air” (煞氣)
Geomancy (風水)—religious belief
41
Etic perspective (客位觀點)
‧observer's view
‧domains or operations whose validity does not
depend upon validity in the minds of the
native
‧e. g. Chinese funeral--cultural adaptation
Geomancy—discourse (話語)
42
香港「非物質文化遺產」
Hong Kong’s
Intangible Cultural Heritage
43
甚麼是非物質文化遺產 (Intangible Cultural
Heritage)?
• Intangible (非物質)
• Culture (文化)
• Heritage (遺產)
• 簡單來說,非物質文化遺產的知識存
在於人的腦子裡
• 非物質文化遺產成為新的資源
44
中國非物質文化遺產事件簿
2003: 聯合國教科文組織,《保護非物質文化遺
產公約》
2006: 《公約》實施
2006: 第一批國家級非物質文化遺產名錄
2008: 第二批國家級非物質文化遺產名錄
2011: 《中華人民共和國非物質文化遺產法》
2011: 第三批國家級非物質文化遺產名錄
*34個省市名錄(包括香及澳門)
45
香港非物質文化遺產事件簿
2006: 初步研究,參考廣東的非物質文化遺產名錄,
瞭解在香港脈絡中進行保育非物質文化遺產所
可能面對的問題
2006: 粵港澳三地聯合申報,粵劇及涼茶列入國家級
非物質文化遺產名錄
2009: 開展全港的非物質文化遺產的普查研究工作
申報第三批國家級非物質文化遺產名錄
• 大澳龍舟遊涌
• 大坑舞火龍
• 長洲太平清醮
• 潮人盂蘭勝會
2009: 粵劇列入聯合國教科文組織之《人類非物質文
化遺產代表作名錄》
46
2011: 香港的4個項目列入國家級非物質文化遺產
名錄
2012: 大坑舞火龍傳承人成為國家級非物質文化
遺產項目代表性傳承人
2013: 全港性非物質文化遺產普查的結果進行公
眾諮詢
47
Convention for the Safeguarding of the
Intangible Cultural Heritage 2003
〈保護非物質文化遺產公約〉,2003
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001325/132540c.pdf
http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00006
Holistic Perspective (全貌觀)
48
The “intangible cultural heritage” means the practices,
representations, expressions, knowledge, skills – as well as
the instruments, objects, artefacts and cultural spaces
associated therewith – that communities, groups and, in
some cases, individuals recognize as part of their cultural
heritage. This intangible cultural heritage, transmitted from
generation to generation, is constantly recreated by
communities and groups in response to their environment,
their interaction with nature and their history, and provides
them with a sense of identity and continuity, thus promoting
respect for cultural diversity and human creativity. For the
purposes of this Convention, consideration will be given
solely to such intangible cultural heritage as is compatible
with existing international human rights instruments, as well
as with the requirements of mutual respect among
communities, groups and individuals, and of sustainable
development.
49
The “intangible cultural heritage is manifested inter
alia in the following domains:
(a) oral traditions and expressions, including language
as a vehicle of the intangible cultural heritage;
(b) performing arts;
(c) social practices, rituals and festive events;
(d) knowledge and practices concerning nature and the
universe;
(e) traditional craftsmanship.
50
“非物質文化遺產”,指被各社區、群體,有時是
個人,視為其文化遺產組成部份的各種社會實踐、
觀念表述、表現形式、知識、技能以及相關的工具、
實物、手工藝品和文化場所。這種非物質文化遺產
世代相傳,在各社區和群體適應周圍環境以及與自
然和歷史的互動中,被不斷地再創造,為這些社區
和群體提供認同感和持續感,從而增強對文化多樣
性和人類創造力的尊重。在本公約中,只考慮符合
現有的國際人權文件,各社區、群體和個人之間相
互尊重的需要和順應可持續發展的非物質文化遺產。
(保護非物質文化遺產公約,2003)
51
“非物質文化遺產”包括:
1. 口頭傳統和表現形式,包括作為
非物質文化遺產媒介的語言;
2. 表演藝術;
3. 社會實踐、儀式、節慶活動;
4. 有關自然界和宇宙的知識和實踐;
5. 傳統手工藝。
52
全港非物質文化遺產普查工作
Territory-wide survey of intangible cultural
heritage (ICH) in Hong Kong
• 採取「參與觀察」的實地研究方法,進行訪問、
觀察及記錄不同的週期性項目
• 實地考察傳統商舖
• 尋找非週期性項目的傳承人進行口述歷史訪問
• 訪問個別項目(公眾申報)的個人及群體
• 專函邀請同鄉會、商會、街坊福利會、居民協會
等民間團體和地方社團提供資料
• 出席鄉議局與各區區議會報告調查研究方法,收
集議員意見
53
週期性活動
• 多為社區性的定期性活動
但很多活動會在同一天進行
非週期性活動
• 多為表演及手工技藝項目
54
週期性活動例子
新界鄧氏宗族秋祭
西區常豐里土地誕
屯門陶氏宗族點燈
鴨脷洲洪聖誕
55
社會實踐、禮儀、節慶
活動
金花娘娘誕(坪洲)
大澳龍舟遊涌
太平清醮(長洲)
• 地方社區每年定期籌辦
神誕活動,如天后誕、
真君誕、地藏王誕等
• 每個海灣均舉行龍舟競
渡
• 包括國家級非物質文化
遺產名錄的大澳龍舟遊
涌、長洲太平清醮、大
坑舞火龍和潮僑盂蘭勝
會
56
農曆七月的盂蘭勝會
坪洲洪文建醮
坪洲中元建醮
長洲水陸盂蘭勝會
中區卅間盂蘭勝會
57
新界地方宗族組織的週期性活動:
春秋二祭、點燈、食山頭等
食山頭(屏山鄧氏宗族)
點燈(屯門陶氏宗族)
新界鄧氏宗族秋祭
點燈(錦田鄧氏宗族)
58
非週期性活動例子
吹糖技藝
獅頭紮作技藝
長洲海陸豐菜茶
搭棚技藝
59
口頭傳統和表現形式
項目有竹枝詞、圍頭話、客家
話等
圍頭話
表演藝術
舞獅技藝
當中包括已列入世界級非物質
文化遺產項目的粵劇,另有客
家人哭喪歌、漁民鹹水歌、潮
洲英歌、舞獅、舞麒麟(本地
、客家、鶴佬)的項目等
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有關自然界和宇宙的知識和實踐
•包括已列入國家級非物質文化遺產
項目的涼茶
•捕魚及海洋環境知識有關之項目
涼茶(恭和堂)
傳統手工藝技能
項目種類繁多,包括食物及藥
品製作、建築技術、獅頭、花
炮、花燈及大士王扎作等
獅頭扎作技藝
61
五個類別中納入草擬清單的項目分布情況表
類別
主項目
次項目
總數*
口頭傳統和表現形式
10
13
23(21)
表演藝術
21
17
38(33)
社會實踐、儀式、節慶活動
74
247
321(291)
有關自然界和宇宙的知識和實踐
4
3
7(6)
傳統手工藝
100
36
136(126)
總數
209
316
525(477)
62
全港性非物質文化遺產普查結果進行公眾諮詢
政府向立法會民政事務委員會提交的資料文件。
資料文件及附件:
http://www.heritagemuseum.gov.hk/downloads/Survey&annex_C.pdf
63
Thank you very much!
謝謝大家!
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