高中歷史課程知識增益﹕ 如何促進香港文化承傳教育 (新辦) 講者: 廖迪生教授 (香港科技大學人文學部) 課程編號:CDI020140490 日期: 2013年10月16日 1 “Heritage” and “Cultural relics” 「文化承傳」與「文化遺產」 2 3 4 5 6 Heritage • wenwu (文物) • cultural relic (文化遺物) 7 Heritage i. things such as works of arts, cultural achievements and folklore that have been passed on from earlier generations(指藝術、 文化、民間文學作品)遺產,傳統 ii. property that has been or may be inherited by an heir 遺產,繼承物 (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English) 遺產(yichan):property left by the deceased; property inherited 8 Dichotomized Perspective (二分觀點) • Intangible (無形的,無實體的) • Tangible (有形,有實質的) • Non-material (非物質) • Material (物質) • Hardware (硬件) • Software (軟件) 9 Approaches in Understanding Heritage 認識文化承傳的方法與途徑 10 Study human societies 研究人類社會 time 時間 excavation 考古發掘 historical changes 歷史變化 documents & archives 文獻與檔案 fieldwork 田野工作 cultural variations 文化差異 space 空間 11 Environment 環境 12 13 Culture and society 文化與社會 14 Culture is integrated(整合) as a Cultural Pie Economy Religion Education Kinship Political System Voluntary Associations Arts Language and many other elements15 Fieldwork (田野工作) ‧to collect data 16 Participant observation (參與觀察) ‧do it oneself ‧learn the language ‧talk to people ‧live with people ‧to behave properly ‧“what is life?" ‧observations ‧record the content and process ‧study annual cycle events ‧24-hour job ‧keeping field notes and journal everyday 17 Map drawing 18 N a b c d 19 Kinship chart drawing 繪畫親屬圖 20 FF FM FZH FZ FB FBW FZS FZD FBS FBD MF F B M EGO MZH Z MZS MM MZ MB MBW MZD MBS MBD 21 Kinship Terminology (親屬稱謂) Terms of reference (稱謂) 父親 Terms of address (稱呼) 亞爸 母親 亞媽 表哥 David 家姑 亞媽 22 Audio-visual recording ‧ recording of setting and process 23 Interviewing ‧key informants ‧life history ‧oral history ‧language and identity ‧who am I? ‧social background, social status, education, gender, seniority, and etc. ‧e.g. Cantonese in Hong Kong “你食咗lunch未?” 24 Local documents and inscriptions 地方文化與碑銘文字 25 Genealogy (族譜) 26 Inscriptions 碑銘文字 27 Field notes (田野筆記) A written record of an issue or a topic in field research. Journal (田野日誌) A record of the researcher’s daily activities, feeling, and/or reflections, etc. 28 Experience and personal development 經驗與個人成長 29 Fieldwork ‧an interactive process ‧reciprocity ‧vs armchair research ‧ experience ‧give up your own judgment ‧professional and personal development 30 Ethical issues (道德) ‧penetrate into another people’s life ‧protect the people and the community Culture shock (文化衝擊) ‧honeymoon stage ‧critical stage ‧adjustment ‧a marginal people 31 Approaches and Considerations 方法與考慮 32 Research Considerations Sites - location - direction - setting - inscriptions - objects - history/myths - geomancy Participants - organizations - organizers/audiences/participants - backgrounds of participants - class/ethnic/gender - reasons of participation - history/myths/stories - communities Activities - process - festivals - opera - rituals - parades - history/ myths - time - finance - publications/programs - territory/boundary Politics/Government Ecology/environment Education Economy Social organization Cultural traditions/History 33 Holistic perspective (全貌觀) ; context (脈絡) ‧in the broadest possible context Comparative perspective (比較觀點) ‧generating theories ‧an explanation by comparing different societies 34 Translation (翻譯) ‧example: “face” as a system Interpretation (詮釋) ‧example: meaning of a religious ritual Explanation (解釋) ‧example: why people in South China do not eat beef? 35 Materialism vs Ideological Determinism 36 Materialism (物質論) ‧ humans depend on technology to exploit resources ‧ technology: physical instruments (tools) ‧ knowledge about the environment, resources, the manufacture and use of tools ‧ feedback relationships: technology, environment, and culture ‧ cultural evolution 37 Ideological Determinism (意識形態主導論); Idealism (理念論,唯心論) ‧insistence on human uniqueness Humans are: ‧cultural beings ‧heavy dependence on social learning ‧capacity for complex communication (culture and language) ‧in world of their own making and construction 38 Cultural defined resources ‧their view of the world depend on their culture ‧ subjectively perceive their environment (vs materials: objective conditions) ‧ human-human relationships and ‧ human-environmental relationships ‧ history and traditions 39 Emic Perspective vs Etic Perspective 40 Emic perspective (主位觀點) ‧participant's view ‧domains or operations that are real or meaningful (but not necessarily conscious) to the natives themselves ‧e. g. Chinese funeral—“killing air” (煞氣) Geomancy (風水)—religious belief 41 Etic perspective (客位觀點) ‧observer's view ‧domains or operations whose validity does not depend upon validity in the minds of the native ‧e. g. Chinese funeral--cultural adaptation Geomancy—discourse (話語) 42 香港「非物質文化遺產」 Hong Kong’s Intangible Cultural Heritage 43 甚麼是非物質文化遺產 (Intangible Cultural Heritage)? • Intangible (非物質) • Culture (文化) • Heritage (遺產) • 簡單來說,非物質文化遺產的知識存 在於人的腦子裡 • 非物質文化遺產成為新的資源 44 中國非物質文化遺產事件簿 2003: 聯合國教科文組織,《保護非物質文化遺 產公約》 2006: 《公約》實施 2006: 第一批國家級非物質文化遺產名錄 2008: 第二批國家級非物質文化遺產名錄 2011: 《中華人民共和國非物質文化遺產法》 2011: 第三批國家級非物質文化遺產名錄 *34個省市名錄(包括香及澳門) 45 香港非物質文化遺產事件簿 2006: 初步研究,參考廣東的非物質文化遺產名錄, 瞭解在香港脈絡中進行保育非物質文化遺產所 可能面對的問題 2006: 粵港澳三地聯合申報,粵劇及涼茶列入國家級 非物質文化遺產名錄 2009: 開展全港的非物質文化遺產的普查研究工作 申報第三批國家級非物質文化遺產名錄 • 大澳龍舟遊涌 • 大坑舞火龍 • 長洲太平清醮 • 潮人盂蘭勝會 2009: 粵劇列入聯合國教科文組織之《人類非物質文 化遺產代表作名錄》 46 2011: 香港的4個項目列入國家級非物質文化遺產 名錄 2012: 大坑舞火龍傳承人成為國家級非物質文化 遺產項目代表性傳承人 2013: 全港性非物質文化遺產普查的結果進行公 眾諮詢 47 Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage 2003 〈保護非物質文化遺產公約〉,2003 http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001325/132540c.pdf http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00006 Holistic Perspective (全貌觀) 48 The “intangible cultural heritage” means the practices, representations, expressions, knowledge, skills – as well as the instruments, objects, artefacts and cultural spaces associated therewith – that communities, groups and, in some cases, individuals recognize as part of their cultural heritage. This intangible cultural heritage, transmitted from generation to generation, is constantly recreated by communities and groups in response to their environment, their interaction with nature and their history, and provides them with a sense of identity and continuity, thus promoting respect for cultural diversity and human creativity. For the purposes of this Convention, consideration will be given solely to such intangible cultural heritage as is compatible with existing international human rights instruments, as well as with the requirements of mutual respect among communities, groups and individuals, and of sustainable development. 49 The “intangible cultural heritage is manifested inter alia in the following domains: (a) oral traditions and expressions, including language as a vehicle of the intangible cultural heritage; (b) performing arts; (c) social practices, rituals and festive events; (d) knowledge and practices concerning nature and the universe; (e) traditional craftsmanship. 50 “非物質文化遺產”,指被各社區、群體,有時是 個人,視為其文化遺產組成部份的各種社會實踐、 觀念表述、表現形式、知識、技能以及相關的工具、 實物、手工藝品和文化場所。這種非物質文化遺產 世代相傳,在各社區和群體適應周圍環境以及與自 然和歷史的互動中,被不斷地再創造,為這些社區 和群體提供認同感和持續感,從而增強對文化多樣 性和人類創造力的尊重。在本公約中,只考慮符合 現有的國際人權文件,各社區、群體和個人之間相 互尊重的需要和順應可持續發展的非物質文化遺產。 (保護非物質文化遺產公約,2003) 51 “非物質文化遺產”包括: 1. 口頭傳統和表現形式,包括作為 非物質文化遺產媒介的語言; 2. 表演藝術; 3. 社會實踐、儀式、節慶活動; 4. 有關自然界和宇宙的知識和實踐; 5. 傳統手工藝。 52 全港非物質文化遺產普查工作 Territory-wide survey of intangible cultural heritage (ICH) in Hong Kong • 採取「參與觀察」的實地研究方法,進行訪問、 觀察及記錄不同的週期性項目 • 實地考察傳統商舖 • 尋找非週期性項目的傳承人進行口述歷史訪問 • 訪問個別項目(公眾申報)的個人及群體 • 專函邀請同鄉會、商會、街坊福利會、居民協會 等民間團體和地方社團提供資料 • 出席鄉議局與各區區議會報告調查研究方法,收 集議員意見 53 週期性活動 • 多為社區性的定期性活動 但很多活動會在同一天進行 非週期性活動 • 多為表演及手工技藝項目 54 週期性活動例子 新界鄧氏宗族秋祭 西區常豐里土地誕 屯門陶氏宗族點燈 鴨脷洲洪聖誕 55 社會實踐、禮儀、節慶 活動 金花娘娘誕(坪洲) 大澳龍舟遊涌 太平清醮(長洲) • 地方社區每年定期籌辦 神誕活動,如天后誕、 真君誕、地藏王誕等 • 每個海灣均舉行龍舟競 渡 • 包括國家級非物質文化 遺產名錄的大澳龍舟遊 涌、長洲太平清醮、大 坑舞火龍和潮僑盂蘭勝 會 56 農曆七月的盂蘭勝會 坪洲洪文建醮 坪洲中元建醮 長洲水陸盂蘭勝會 中區卅間盂蘭勝會 57 新界地方宗族組織的週期性活動: 春秋二祭、點燈、食山頭等 食山頭(屏山鄧氏宗族) 點燈(屯門陶氏宗族) 新界鄧氏宗族秋祭 點燈(錦田鄧氏宗族) 58 非週期性活動例子 吹糖技藝 獅頭紮作技藝 長洲海陸豐菜茶 搭棚技藝 59 口頭傳統和表現形式 項目有竹枝詞、圍頭話、客家 話等 圍頭話 表演藝術 舞獅技藝 當中包括已列入世界級非物質 文化遺產項目的粵劇,另有客 家人哭喪歌、漁民鹹水歌、潮 洲英歌、舞獅、舞麒麟(本地 、客家、鶴佬)的項目等 60 有關自然界和宇宙的知識和實踐 •包括已列入國家級非物質文化遺產 項目的涼茶 •捕魚及海洋環境知識有關之項目 涼茶(恭和堂) 傳統手工藝技能 項目種類繁多,包括食物及藥 品製作、建築技術、獅頭、花 炮、花燈及大士王扎作等 獅頭扎作技藝 61 五個類別中納入草擬清單的項目分布情況表 類別 主項目 次項目 總數* 口頭傳統和表現形式 10 13 23(21) 表演藝術 21 17 38(33) 社會實踐、儀式、節慶活動 74 247 321(291) 有關自然界和宇宙的知識和實踐 4 3 7(6) 傳統手工藝 100 36 136(126) 總數 209 316 525(477) 62 全港性非物質文化遺產普查結果進行公眾諮詢 政府向立法會民政事務委員會提交的資料文件。 資料文件及附件: http://www.heritagemuseum.gov.hk/downloads/Survey&annex_C.pdf 63 Thank you very much! 謝謝大家! 64