II. Modernisation and transformation of China
A.5 Communist revolution and the establishment of the PRC
II. Modernisation and transformation of China
A. Early attempts at modernisation – reforms and revolutions
A5 Communist revolution and the establishment of the PRC:
To what extent were policy errors of the Nanjing Government a major
cause that contributed to the founding of the People’s Republic of China?
Number of periods required:
6(Each period lasts for 40 minutes)
1. Teaching and Learning Background:
a. Students have already mastered the relationship between China’s modernisation and the
eastward expansion of Western power. At the same time, through examining the
importance of the 1911 Revolution and the May-Fourth Movement in the development of
Chinese history as well as through comparing the specific reform measures taken in the
Late Qing Reform period and the Nanjing Government period, students have acquired
further understanding and knowledge of the success and failures of China’s
modernisation ;
b. In general, students have already mastered the skill of citing historical sources (texts
and pictures) to verify their own views and opinions on certain viewpoint;
c. Besides, students have also mastered the basic skills of writing essays and debating;
however, there are still a small number of students who have not yet mastered the skills
of independent thinking and differentiating;
d. Teachers may, on the basis of the learning ability and teaching and learning background
of the students above, ask them to try answering essay-type questions, such as “To what
extent …” and “the relative importance of various factors”, etc.
2.
Teaching and Learning Objectives:
a.
To enable students to further understand the background of the setting up of the PRC
through discussing factors leading to the setting up of PRC, and to examine the
relationship between the spread of communism in China and the setting up of PRC;
b. To elaborate on the similarities and differences between “Chinese communism”and the
communism founded by Marx through discussing the characteristics of communism;
c.
To let students compare various causes of the founding of the PRC and examine their
importance; lastly, to enable students understand how to handle this type of questions
through discussing “relative importance”.
d. To enable students further mastered skills in answering DBQs and essay-type questions
by the end of the lesson;
1
II. Modernisation and transformation of China
A.5 Communist revolution and the establishment of the PRC
3.
e.
To consolidate students’ skills in answering questions with “To what extent …”as well
as questions with “relative importance”;
f.
To enable students, after six teaching periods, to draw conclusions on various factors
that led to the failure of China’s modernisation efforts in the first half of the 20th
century.
Teaching and Learning Strategies:
a. Firstly, the teacher hands out to the students the worksheet on the ruling policies of the
Nanjing Government (see Worksheet 1), and let students comment on the success and
failures of such policies through group discussion. (The teacher may ask students with
higher abilities to further analyse the most crucial factor that led to the downfall of the
Nanjing Government.) (about 1 teaching period)
b. The teacher gives a summary on students’ discussion, so as to let students have a better
understanding of the success and failures of the rule of the Nanjing Government.
(about 1 teaching period)
c. The teacher plays the video clip that shows Mao Zedong declaring the establishment of
the People’s Republic of China (PRC) at Tian An Men in 1949, (see the clip), and then
ask the students to explain the causes for the founding of the PRC (Teacher hands out
Worksheet 2). (When explaining the causes, the relationship between the policies of
the Nanjing Government and the founding of the PRC must also be considered.) (about
1 teaching period);
d. The teacher hands out Worksheet 3, and asks the students to comment and analyse the
measures implemented by Mao Zedong before the establishment of the PRC; (about 1
teaching period)
e. The teacher compares the success and failures of the policies of the Nanjing
Government with those of the measures implemented by the Communist Party before
the establishment of the PRC (hands out Worksheet 3), so as to enable the students to
better understand their roles in the founding of the PRC; (about 1 teaching period)
f.
The teacher guides the students to discuss to what extent the mistakes of the policies of
the Nanjing Government were the main cause contributing to the founding of the PRC.
Before asking them to do the discussion, the teacher should help the students to
understand the skills in answering questions asking “To what extent …”. (about 1
teaching period)
g. Lastly, in order to consolidate what the students have learnt, the teacher asks the
students to write an essay on the topic: To what extent did the mistakes of the policies
of the Nanjing Government enable the Chinese Communist Party to set up a new China?
(Teacher hands out Worksheet 4) (about 0.5 teaching period)
h. For students with better results, the teacher may ask them to summarise the
modernisation efforts in the period 1900-49 with respect to historical events such as the
Late Qing Reform, the 1911 Revolution, the May-Fourth Movement, the Reforms of
the Nanjing Government, and the Communist Revolution. (Teacher hands out
Worksheet 5) (about 0.5 teaching period, along with Step i)
i.
For students with poorer results, the teacher may ask them to use a time-line to illustrate
some relatively important modernisation reforms during the period of 1900-49, so that
they have a general understanding. (Teacher hands out Worksheet 6) (about 0.5
teaching period, along with Step h)
2
II. Modernisation and transformation of China
A.5 Communist revolution and the establishment of the PRC
4. Expected Outcomes/Difficulties:
a.
Due to higher expectations on the students than before, not all students can completely
master the relevant question-answering skills. Therefore, the teacher must be patient
enough to explain to the students the thinking methods and skills in relevant questions
of history learning;
b.
When students discuss the relative importance of various factors, some may merely list
various factors without examining their relative importance, and may not arrange them
in sequence of their importance in order to highlight the point of “relative” importance;
c.
When discussing questions of such type, students often fail to cite strong evidences or
arguments, and as a result their discussions become unconvincing;
d.
Students’ abilities to identify arguments and to provide counter-arguments will improve
through the above training in the relevant lessons, but they should still be asked to do
essay writing and other follow-up learning activities, so that they can fully master the
requirements of analysing historical issues;
e.
More importantly, after the above lessons, students should have basically mastered
examination techniques such as analysing sources, summarising, discussing, debating,
pros and cons, relative importance. The teacher must offer appropriate guidance so as
to consolidate students’ answering skills and abilities in these areas.
3
II. Modernisation and transformation of China
A.5 Communist revolution and the establishment of the PRC
Worksheet 1
Modernisation and transformation of China--Communist revolution and the establishment of the PRC
Evaluation on the Ruling Policies of the Nanjing Government
Please fill in the merits and demerits of the “Ruling Policies of the Nanjing Government” in the
appropriate spaces below. Before making a conclusion, you are advised to do a group
discussion, so as to gather opinions that are more objectives, and then list them out.
Policies / Project Names
1.
Merits
Carried
out
“separation of
five powers”
2.
Prepared
the
way
for
constitutional
rule to ensure
no restoration of
imperial system.
Political 3. Regained territorial
concessions
4. Abolished unequal
treaties
5.
Promulgated
modern laws and
ordinances
6.
Improved
the
quality of judicial
staff
1. Set up Central
Bank
2. Issued fiat
currency (fabi) to
replace the silver
tael.
Economic 3. Strengthened the
Set the foundation for constitutional
system in China and had initial
implementation of political
modernization.
Eliminated obstacles to implementation
of China’s modernization and enhanced
China’s international status.
facilitated the Chinese judicial system to
move towards modernization.
facilitated the modernization of financial
affairs.
Demerits
Because Chiang Kai-shek frequently
intervened the government operation
and practiced one party dictatorship.
He blocked China’s way to further
political democratization.
The National government announced a
constitution to define people’s rights,
but it did not keep its promises. In
many cases, it could not enforce the
laws
and the people’s rights were not
protected by the new laws.
-----
Obstructed
the
development
modernization of China’s economy.
of
-----
country’s control
over finance and
banking
4. Supported local
industrial
development
Supported local
Laid the foundation for industrialization
and economic modernization.
Facilitated the promotion of
4
The more important is that during the
period when KMT was in power, serious
corruption was common among the
government officials.
Later the
II. Modernisation and transformation of China
A.5 Communist revolution and the establishment of the PRC
5. Set up Railway
Bureau
modernization in agriculture.
government abused the right of issuing
paper money which led to serious inflation.
It irritated the whole nation and finally the
Nanjing government lost power.
6. Carried out many
measures to improve
the agrarian output
1. Unified the
Trained talents for modernization.
academic system
in the whole
country.
2. Set up
universities and
research centres
Education
3. Female enjoyed
the right of
receiving
education
----Implement intellectual
modernization.
and
cultural
4. Provide free
basic education
1. Reorganized the The Nanjing government reorganized
Ministry
of
the the armies so as to build a unified
Military.
national force.
Military
2. Reformed
military system
the
1.
Promoted the
concept of
equality
2.
Advocated to
use “politeness,
righteousness,
integrity and
self-respect” as
the standard for
life.
3.
Those who had
strong body and
good health had
to receive
military
training.
4.
Protected rights
of citizens.
Social
Enabled the National government to
centralize control of the military,
increased the efficiency of the army and
military modernization.
Although the Nanjing government had
increased the national defence extensively,
the military strength of China was still
weak. China lacked high military officials
who had received top military training and
lacked expertise in modern war.
Therefore in the 1930s China’s army could
only be a “pre-modern” military force, It
was difficult to counter balance the
Japanese force.
This activity had limited impact on society.
To most of the poor ordinary people,
Initial implementation of modernization elimination of traditional malpractices and
in social aspect.
study of western life-style were irrelevant
to their personal problems.
Created an energetic social atmosphere,
enhanced national consciousness of
people and accelerated the pace for
building up the country.
Initial implementation of modernization
in social aspect.
Worksheet 2
5
II. Modernisation and transformation of China
A.5 Communist revolution and the establishment of the PRC
Modernisation and transformation of China--Communist revolution and the establishment of the PRC
Factors for the successful founding of the People’s Republic of China
Please analyse, using the mind map below, the factors that led to the successful founding of PRC.
(Only a simple analysis and discussion is required, as this is not a key issue in this topic.)
Competent Leadership of CCP
e.g.: strictly demanded for unity of
the Red Army which was much
welcome by the people.
Meticulous Strategies of the CCP
e.g.: The CCP emphasized patriotism.
CCP acquired foreign aids
The Red Army also annihilated the isolated
e.g.: With the help of Soviet
national government army with their
strongest force.
Union, the CCP seized the Japanese
They gathered the
weapons in Manchuria.
peasants’ force and controlled extensive
agarian areas.
Factors for successful
founding of PRC
CCP gained support of large number
of peasants
e.g.: After the seizure of land, the CCP
redistributed land to peasants, therefore they
Mistakes of the policies of the
Nanjing Government
got the peasants’ support.
e.g.: Occupation of extensive areas
Other relevant factors
weakened and diversified the military
power of the National Government.
e.g.: Free answers
Finally,
the
KMT
armies
were
surrounded and broken up by the Red
Army one by one.
6
II. Modernisation and transformation of China
A.5 Communist revolution and the establishment of the PRC
Worksheet 3
Modernisation and transformation of China--Communist revolutionand the establishment of the PRC
Policies implemented by CCP under Mao Zedong before the founding of PRC
On the form below, please analyse the policies implemented by Mao Zedong before the
founding of PRC, and then compare them with the policies of the Guomindang, so as to
identify their success and failures.
Measures /
Policies
Guomindang
Chinese Communist Party
(Put in a “” if you think the measure/policy is (Put in a “” if you think the measure/policy is
a good one, or else put in a “x”.)
a good one, or else put in a “x”.)
Political
Social
Economic
Cultural
Education
7
II. Modernisation and transformation of China
A.5 Communist revolution and the establishment of the PRC
Other aspects (if
any)
Worksheet 4
Modernisation and transformation of China--Communist revolutionand the establishment of the PRC
To what extent did mistakes of the policies of the Nanjing Government enable
the Chinese Communist Party to set up a new China?
Before writing this essay, you may refer to Worksheet 2 and Worksheet 3 regarding “Factors for the
successful founding of the People’s Republic of China (Causes for the defeat of the Guomindang and the
victory of the CCP in the Civil War)” and “Policies implemented by CCP under Mao Zedong before the
founding of PRC” and then do your analysis, so as to obtain a more objective conclusion. (Free answers)
Introduction: State your stance. You must indicate to what extent you agree to this
view, and be able to offer relatively simple explanation and discussion on
this view in this section.
Main body:
1.
Firstly, discuss the relationship between the mistakes of the Nanjing Government and the
CCP’s success in founding PRC. Specific examples must be cited as evidence to make
the essay more convincing.
2.
Examine other factors that led to CCP’s success in founding the PRC, including: CCP’s
competent leadership, its meticulous strategies, the great support it enjoyed from
peasants, foreign aids, and other relevant factors.
3.
It should be noted that students must, in their discussion, illustrate why mistakes of the
Nanjing Government’s polices were more important than other factors (or certain/some
factors were more important than mistakes of the Nanjing Government’s policies).
Conclusion:
1.
Re-state to what extent you agree to the view.
2.
Briefly point out the process of how CCP rose to power through armed revolution in
1949 and set up new China.
Introduction:
__________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
8
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
II. Modernisation and transformation of China
A.5 Communist revolution and the establishment of the PRC
Main body:
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Conclusion:
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
9
II. Modernisation and transformation of China
A.5 Communist revolution and the establishment of the PRC
Worksheet 5
Modernisation and transformation of China--Communist revolution and the establishment of the PRC
China’s modernisation efforts in the first half of 20th century
Modernisation
Efforts
Late Qing Reform
1911 Revolution
the May-Fourth
Movement
Origins
In the early 20th
century, the Manzhu
government
faced
internal troubles and
foreign
aggression.
People supported the
revolutionary
movement, , regional
power arose, Han’s
anti-manzhu
feeling
was strong, in addition
to the Eight-nation
Expedition,
Boxer
Protocol
and
the
subsequent
Russian
War, all these made
Cixi
understand
reforms were necessary
to save the Qing Court.
Measures related to
modernisation
Achievements
Political:
constitutional Institutional reforms enabled
reform, promulgation of the China to move toward political
Outline for the Constitution by modernization
and
the
Imperial Order, cancellation of establishment
of
judicial
the
Six
Boards
and system provided a blueprint for
implementation of new judicial the
subsequent
judicial
system etc.
reforms. The development in
industry,
agriculture
and
Economic:
constructed
transportation also paved the
railroads,
encouraged
way
for
economic
industries and carried out
modernization. The social and
economic modernization.
educational reforms enabled
Social;
abolition of old China moved a step towards
malpractices, e.g. prohibition modernization.
of foot-binding.
Weaknesses
Constitutional reform aimed at
centralizing the power of the
Qing government. People were
disappointed with the ruler and
finally turned to support the
revolutionary
movement.
Because of this, the Qing
dynasty was overthrown.
Cultural: abolition of Civil
Service Examinations and set
up universities, secondary and
primary schools etc.
The Late Qing Reform
lacked sincerity and
people were disappointed
with the “constitutional
monarchy”. The Qing
government was unable to
solve the problem of
foreign aggression, with
Sun’s advocation of
revolutionary ideas,
people supported the
revolutionary movement.
Finally, the railroad
dispute accelerated
anti-government
movement.
Political: set up republic,
advocated principles of
separation of powers and
integration of the five races.
After the 1911 Revolution,
the National Government
was still facing the invasion
of western imperialism, e.g.
the Twenty-One Demands,
the refusal of the Great
Powers in giving up their
privileges in China etc.
The Chinese failure in the
Paris Peace Conference
stimulated the
anti-government sentiment
of the intellectuals. China
was in a chaotic and divided
situation as a result of
struggle for power among
the warlords.
Political:
stimulated
national consciousness and
advocated determination of
opposing warlords and the The first mass movement in
China
demonstrates
great powers.
people’s patriotic sentiment
Economic:
advocated the and political consciousness
concept of using national had grown towards maturity.
products to encourage the The intellectuals turned to
development of local industry study Communism,
and
and commerce.
promoted the establishment
Social: promoted the New of the CCP. People were
Culture Movement, enhanced encouraged to criticize the
the status of common people, traditional ideas and values.
advocated
liberation
of There began the pursuit of
freedom
and
women
and
negated individual
modernized society.
Confucian ideas.
Economic: promoted
national industrial and
commercial development,
started industries and set up
railroads.
Modernization of political
institutions, e.g. terminated the
two-thousand year
monarchical system, set up the
first republican government in
the Asian region (emphasized
the integration of the five
ethnic groups) and began the
drafting of a temporary
constitution.
The revolution was unable to
stabilize the political situation.
The Qing government was
disturbed by internal troubles
and foreign aggression,
people’s living condition was
not improved, and there was
still room for improvement in
people’s consciousness of
democracy and people’s rights.
Social: abolished old
malpractices e.g. cutting
pig-tails and prohibiting
opium-smoking
Cultural: promulgated
Education Act.
Cultural:
strengthened
education for common people
10
The National Government
was unable to stop the
Japanese invasion of China.
There was no consensus
among intellectuals as how to
save
the
country.
Traditional
culture
was
challenged
by
foreign
aggression. People began to
criticize the Chinese culture
blindly.
II. Modernisation and transformation of China
A.5 Communist revolution and the establishment of the PRC
Reforms of the
Nanjing
Government
After
the
Northern
Expedition, the National
Government made a
blueprint for national
building with reference
to the “Methods and
Strategies of Establishing
the Country” which was
advocated
by Sun
Yat-sen. It planned to
carry out comprehensive
modernized construction
to make China rich and
strong.
Political: further confirmed
the republican system, carried
out “separation of five
powers” recovered territorial
concessions and restored
tariff autonomy.
Economic:
reformed
currency system, developed
agricultural production and
assisted the development of
local industrial development.
Social: began the New Life
Movement.
Confirmed
republican
regime, helped to avoid
restoration of monarchy and
also was beneficial to
political
modernization.
Restoration of sovereignty
was also beneficial to China’s
modernization.
Through
economic reforms in China,
industry, agriculture, finance
and even transportation were
developed
rapidly.
Educational
reform
developed people for science
research and worked for
China’s modernization.
Peasants’ living condition
was not improved, National
government faced financial
difficulties, slow process of
democratization , problem of
internal troubles and external
aggression was still serious,
and reforms were not
effective.
Cultural:
unified academic
system and encouraged scientific
research.
Communist
Revolution
After the setting up of
the
National
Government, China was
in a divided situation.
Great powers’ indifferent
attitude towards China
stimulated
national
feelings.
Some
intellectuals, under the
influence
of
Communism, believed
that Communism was the
path rich and strong
China.
Political:
introduced Soviet
institution and confirmed Mao’s
ideas of “New Democracy”
Economic: carried out land
reform, abolished land ownership
and
redistributed
land.
Established
agricultural
collectivization and set up
“Mutual
Teams”
and
“Cooperatives”.
11
Land reform put an end to
landlords’ exploitation of
peasants.
Besides, on
extensive
farmland,
big
machines,
advanced
equipment and fertilizers
could be used. Finally grain
output could be increased.
Landlords became victims
under the land reform.
Many landlords were accused
and even executed. Great
loss of human lives was
resulted.
Since
the
government-controlled
collective farms replaced
families,
government
control over social and
political
life
increased.
Some peasants refused to join
the collective farms. They
moved to cities and created
unemployment problem.
II. Modernisation and transformation of China
A.5 Communist revolution and the establishment of the PRC
Worksheet 6
Modernisation and transformation of China--Communist revolution and the establishment of the PRC
China’s modernization efforts in the period 1900-49
In the appropriate spaces below, please fill in the relevant efforts made by the Chinese
government in this period.
Political
Social
At the beginning of the Late
Qing Reform, the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs was set up to
replace the Zongli Yamen.
Permitted
intermarriage
between Manzhu and Hans,
and foot-binding of women
was prohibited.
Year
Economic
1901
Abolished old military
examinations,
set
up
military academy and sent
military officers to Japan
for training.
Abolished
“eight-legged
essay” and sent students to
study abroad.
1902
Prepared commercial laws
and new criminal laws.
Set up Eleven Boards(They
included the Ministries of
Finance, Law, Industry and
Commerce and Education)
to replace the old Six
Boards.
Set up judicial system. Set
up Judicial Department to
replace
the
Criminal
Department.
Opium-smoking
was
prohibited.
Education & Cultural
1903
Set up
Military
army)
1904
Number of Qing armies
greatly increased. Bank of
Set up new, national school
China was set up to
system.
compete with the foreign
banks.
1905
Abolished Civil Service
Yuan Shihai set up the Examinations and set up
Beiyang Army.
schools
with
western
academic structure.
1906
1907
12
Department of
Training. (New
It controlled the national
armies. Set up Ministry of
Agriculture, and Ministry of
Industry and Commerce to
develop
the
railroad
construction and mining
industry, and promoted
economic development .
Drafted commercial law
and modern budgeting
system.
Set
up
Ministry
of
Education. About 13,000
students were sent to study
in Japan.
II. Modernisation and transformation of China
A.5 Communist revolution and the establishment of the PRC
Promulgated the Outline for
Constitution by Imperial
Order and announced that
constitution to be completed
in nine-years time.
1908
Set up provincial assemblies
and introduced election
system.
Conducted the
first election, and many
local gentry were elected as
representatives.
1909
Prepared
the
financial budget.
Shortened the duration for
preparation of constitution
and planned to have
parliament by 1913, and set
up National Assembly in
Beijing.
Set up new law codes and
new criminal codes based
on
Japanese
model,
abolished torture.
Proclaimed to call a
parliament in five years and
set up a responsible cabinet
made up of 13 members.
Carried out nationalization
of railroads.
1910
1911
As
the
Provisional
President,
Sun
Yixian
proclaimed the Republic of
China.
1912
The presidential law was
passed.
1913
The Constitutional Compact
was passed and extended the
presidential term to ten years.
1914
The New Culture Movement
began.
Li Yuanhong became president
but he could not control the
situation
of
warlords
separatism.
1915
1916
13
national There were over 24,600
academies with up to 130
million students.
Modern
education system such as
university, secondary school,
primary school, kindergarten
and different level of
grammar, science, industry
and agriculture had initially
been established.
Nationalized the railroads of
all provinces in order to
maintain the central control
over the local authorities.
Chen Duxiu and Hu Shih
published articles in “New
Youth”.
II. Modernisation and transformation of China
A.5 Communist revolution and the establishment of the PRC
In
the
Paris
Peace
Conference, the Shandong
interest was transferred to
Japan.
Students
had
demonstration at Tiananmen
in Beijing.
Later it was
spread over
the whole
country. China refused to
sign
the
“Treaty
of
Versailles”.
1917
1918
May
Fourth
began.
Movement
1919
1920
The CCP was established in
Shanghai.
1921
1922
1923
1924
14
II. Modernisation and transformation of China
A.5 Communist revolution and the establishment of the PRC
Political
Social
Year
Economic
Education & Cultural
1925
The National
Government
started
the
Northern Expedition and
finally unified China in 1928.
1926
Between
1926-36,
the
Chinese national economy
increased at a rate of 8.3%.
1927
With the success of the Prepared the road plans for
Northern Expedition, the the country and set up
military rule came to an Ministry of sanitation.
end.
“An Outline of
Political Tutelage” as the
provisional constitution of
the new government was
proclaimed and Academia
Sinica was set up
Proclaimed Factory Law.
formed a committee to
generalize
agricultural
knowledge, promoted peasant
cooperation. Set up water
conservation
project
committees.
Nanjing
government Proclaimed Land Law;
recovered tariff autonomy.
nationalized mail service;
made regulations for trying
out life insurance.
Recovered the Belgian In Shanghai, Hankow and
concession in Tianjin.
Tianjin, Department of
Navigation and proclaimed
all sorts of navigation laws;
set up Central Agricultural
Research Centre to conduct
different
agricultural
experiments.
Promoted the
Movement.
New
Life
1928
Set up Central Bank in
Shanghai.
Between
1928-37, 4 national banks
were established. Besides,
set
up
Ministry
of
Railways.
Between
1928-37, a total of 5,000
miles of railroads were
established.
Set up university and
research centre in Nanjing
and Shanghai respectively.
Thereafter, the Academia
Sinica
and
Beiping
Research Centre
1929
1930
1931
Set up Beiping Library,
promulgated the first batch
of
simplified
Chinese
characters, promoted to use
Chinese phonetic alphabets
and used Mandarin to replace
dialects as medium of
instruction.
1932
The Central Bank in Promulgated Act of Free
Guangzhou
was Education and gave women
restructured as Bank of the rights of receiving
Guangdong.
education.
1933
Abolished taels and used Promulgated regulations for
silver dollars as official primary schools, secondary
currency.
schools
and
overseas
studies.
1934
15
II. Modernisation and transformation of China
A.5 Communist revolution and the establishment of the PRC
1935
Promulgated constitutional
draft. However, because
of the outbreak of the
Sino-Japanese War, the
Chinese Constitution of the
Republic of China was not
endorsed until 1946.
The Second
(1937-1945)
Sino-Japanese
Service of
Guangdong-Hankou Railway
began.
War
formally
started
1936
1937
Nationalized the silver Ministry of Education
dollars and replaced them began to provide free
with paper currency(fabi).
education to children.
Set up committee to give
instructions to economic
modernization. The value
of
industrial
products
increased 11% from that of
1935.
The Second
(1937-1945)
Sino-Japanese
War
formally
started
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
The Second Sino-Japanese War ended and the Second
United Front came to an end.
1945
The Second Sino-Japanese War ended and the Second
United Front came to an end.
Civil War between KMT and CCP formally began.
(1946-1949)
1946
Civil War between KMT and CCP formally began.
(1946-1949)
1947
1948
Civil War between KMT and
CCP came to an end. The
People’s Republic of China
was established. The first
plenary session of the
Chinese People’s Political
Consultative Conference was
convened in Beiping.
1949
16