Enriching Knowledge for the Health Management and
Social Care Curriculum Series (9) : Individual Health and
Well-being (Compulsory Part) (Refreshed)
27 Jan 2015
Health and Well-being
Booklet (2)
1
Curriculum Framework
S4 – Concepts and Framework
Booklet (1) Personal development
Booklet (2) Health and well-being
S4 – Holistic Health
Booklet (3) Physical
Booklet (4)Mental
Booklet (5) Social
S5 – Macro Level
Health Management
Social Care
Booklet (6) (8) (9) (10)
Booklet (7) (11)
Round-up：Booklet(13) Health and Social Care Policies
Learning Targets
• Pay attention to personal health
Values and
attitudes
• Be a supportive citizen in the community
• Use relevant intervention method and solve the problem
• Investigate the necessary intervention method to reduce
Skills
the influence of risk factors
• Introduce practical actions as supportive measures in the
community
• Understand the holistic concept of health
Knowledge
2.1
• Analyze the interrelationship between different
aspects of health as well as factors that affect
health and well-being
Learning Targets
• Recognize the factors that influence personal and
social health
Knowledge
2.2
• Understand the determining factors that influence
health and gain a better understanding of this issue
• Analyze the impacts of technology advancement on
health and social care
Knowledge
2.3
Knowledge
2.4
• Explain how health can be examined by biological,
psychological, social, spiritual, ecological and
cultural perspectives
• Understand the importance of social care to
personal and social well-being
6
2.1 Holistic concept of Health
Curriculum and Assessment Guide
• Topic 1 - Personal Development, Social
Care and Health Across the Lifespan
– 1ABiological, social, psychological,
spiritual, ecological and cultural
perspectives and dimensions
• 1A1 -Definitions of health
• To understand the holistic concept of health
7
2.1 Concept of health
(WHO，1947)
• A state of complete
physical, mental and
social well-being
Physical
Holistic
concept
of health
• Not merely the
absence of disease
or infirmity
Mental
Social
8
2.1 Holistic concept of Health
Curriculum and Assessment Guide
• Responding to the Needs in the Areas
of Health (care, promotion and
maintenance) and Social Care
– 3AThe notion and practice of health
promotion, health maintenance, ill-health
prevention, social care, welfare and
community services
• 3A1 -Different aspects (social, psychological,
emotional and physical) of health
2.1 Different Aspects /
Dimensions
Physical
Intellectual
(P)
( )
I
Physical
Social
S
( )
Emotional
(E )
Holistic
Intellectual
concept
of health
Emotional
Mental
Social
9
10
• the ability to
memorize, reason,
analyze and make
rational decisions
• physical
functioning of
the human body
• the ability to
establish and
maintain good
relationships with
others.
Physical
Intellectual
Social
Emotional
• the ability to
recognize and
express emotions
properly
2.1 The interrelations of all
the dimensions of health
11
• Understand the
process of
• Physical
rehabilitation
• Positive thinking
• Depressed
mood
• Calm –
acceptance
Intellectual
Physical
Emotional
Social
disabilities
• Social activities
• Self-help group
2.2 Factors affecting Health
and Well-being
Curriculum and Assessment Guide
• Topic 1 - Personal Development, Social Care
and Health Across the Lifespan
– 1DFactors affecting our health / illness
experiences and personal and social well-being
• To recognise the factors that influence personal and social
health
• To analyse the interrelationships between the factors that
affect health and well-being
• To realise that knowledge of the determinants of health
serve to deepen our understanding of not just the
problems but the interventions needed to address them
12
2.2 Factors affecting health
and well-being
Global
environment
Living
environment
Socioeconomic
factors
Individual
factors
13
Global environment
Living environment
Socio-economic factors
Individual factors
Individual
factors
Nutritional
factors
14
Highlights
 Malnutrition refers to under- or over-nutrition


Under-nutrition– (1) Reasons：unbalanced diets/starvation/infection
(e.g. people living in poverty / developing countries) (2) Consequences：
diseases caused by deficiency in vitamins such as rickets
Over-nutrition – (1) Reasons：unbalanced diets (high fat, high salt and
high sugar)；(2) Consequences：obesity, cardiovascular diseases,
coronary heart disease, diabetes mellitus and cancers
Lifestyle:
leisure
activities and
exercise
 Chronic illnesses caused by unhealthy lifestyles –heart
disease, cancer and diabetes
 Sedentary lifestyle results in the decline in energy
consumption
 Regular exercise helps burns calories and reduce stress
Sociobiological
and psychobiological
factors
 Socio-biological factors：social factors like parent-child
relationships and teacher-student relationships affect the
physical health e.g. bedwetting (biological),due to the
anxiety in parent-child relationship (socio-)
 Psycho-biological factors：psychological factors that affect
physical health, e.g. stress (psycho-) leads to stomachache(biological)
Global
environme
nt
Living
environme
nt
2.2 Factors affecting health and well-being
15
Socioeconomic
factors
Individu
al
factors
Booklet 3
3.2A1
Physical Well-being
Healthy Diet / Nutrients
Nutritional factors
Booklet 6
Healthy community
Booklet 3
Physical Well-being
Individual factors
6.4B/C
Dieting and disease
prevention
3.2.A 2/3
Physical activities /
energy balance
Life style
Booklet 6
Healthy community
Booklet 1
Socio-biological and
psycho-biological factors
Personal needs and
development across
lifespan
Booklet 4
Mental –well-being
6.4B/C
Lifestyle and disease
prevention
1.5A
Family affecting
personal growth
4.1B
Impact of stress on
health
Global
Socio-economic environment
：demographic factors
16
environment
Living
environment
Socioeconomic
Individual
factors
factors
Examples
Age
Children and the elderly are prone to higher potential health risks

Immune systems of infants not yet fully developed

School-aged children are prone to injuries and accidents due to their exploratory
behaviour and lack of knowledge of safety

The physiological changes and physical decline in old age may cause chronic
illnesses
Gender



Race and
ethnicity


The life expectancy of females is higher，caused by a greater chance of exposure
to dangerous occupations of males
When females reach menopause, the decline in the secretion of oestrogen will
lead to the development of osteoporosis
Gender differences caused by different biological factors and lifestyles between
males and females
In the past, racial and ethnic disparities in diseases were regarded as the results
of genetic differences
Social factors are more closely related to health. For example, Nasopharyngeal
Carcinoma(鼻咽癌)which is is vastly more common in certain regions of Southern
China and Hong Kong, are more closely associated withthe consumption of saltcured fish and preserved vegetables than genetic factors.
Global
environment
Living
environment
Socioeconomic
Individual
factors
factors
Socio-economic
environment ：Social and
economic factors
17
Examples
Income
 Income increases- positive: more able to pay for better health services/
negative: indulge in high calorie, high fat, high protein and low dietary fiber
diets (physical health)
 Low-income class- not able to choose healthy food due to limited income
(physical health)
 Low-income class - more stressful during times of unemployment and lay offs
(mental health)
Education Work





Important role in promoting healthy lifestyles, managing stress, cultivating
interpersonal relationships, preventing accidents and developing a caring
environment
Impact on people’s understanding towards health as well as their ability to
utilize health services
Increase chances of physical illness or symptoms of psychological distress,
and also work-related accidents and injuries
Excessive workload can lead to burnout or fatigue
Affects health in following dimensions: organisation and management,
working conditions, organisational climate and interpersonal relationships at
work, career prospects and the balance between family and work
Global
environment
Living
environment
Socioeconomic
factors
2.2 factors affecting health and
Booklet 1
well-being
Age
Individual
factors
18
Personal needs and
development across
lifespan
Booklet 1
Demographic
factors
Gender
Personal needs and
development across
lifespan
Booklet 7
Race and ethnicity
Social-economic
factors
Impacts of migration
and displacement on
health
Booklet 7
Income
Social and
economic factors
Impacts of economic
changes on health
Booklet 9
Education
Work
Health education /
promotion
Booklet 9
Healthy setting – work
Global
environmen
t
Socioeconomic
factors
Individual
Living
environment
Living
Environment
19
factors
Examples
Water
pollution
 Pathogens contaminate drinking water and cause infectious diseases
(e.g. cholera, diarrhoeal disease)
 Many chemicals that enter water supply are poisonous. They become
part of the ecosystem and lead to a contamination of the food chain
Air Pollution
 Air pollution from industrial and domestic sources and motor transport
emissions leads to respiratory diseases like asthma and bronchitis
 Fluorocarbon propellants(碳氟化合物推進劑) from aerosol spray
containers deplete the ozone layer and thus increase the levels of
ultraviolet radiation on the earth and cause skin cancer
Urban living
environment
 Noise pollution results in damage to hearing / acts as a stressor that
can impair the cardiovascular system as well as mental health in the
long run
 Overcrowded living conditions cause the transmission of diseases such
as acute respiratory infections
 Poor neighbourhood relations may have negative impacts on mental
and social health
Global
environment
Living
environment
Socioeconomic
factors
2.2 Factors affecting health
and well-being
Individual
factors
Water pollution
Living
environment
Air pollution
Booklet 8
Ecology and health
Booklet 8
Ecology and health
Booklet 8
Urban living
environment
20
Impacts of water
pollution on health
Impacts of air
pollution on health
Ecology and health
Impacts of noise
pollution on health
Booklet 7
Urbanization
Caring community
Community and social
support network
Living
environme
nt
Socioeconomic
factors
Individu
al
factors
Global
environment
Global
Environment
21
Examples
Globalization
 With increasing frequency and density of human travel across borders,
the risk of disease transmission between countries has been increased
 Globalization provides gateways by which the information in the
global market can easily reach the developing countries, including the
promotion and marketing of harmful commodities such as tobacco
and alcohol
 Western-style fast food has been promoted worldwide with the
widespread increase in the amount of saturated fat consumed by
people
Technological
advancement
 Technological advancement helps the prevention, detection and cure
of diseases , e.g. the screening process for HIV safer, faster and more
accurate, the application of Computerized Tomography (CT) scanning
and an electronic platform which allows patients’ records to be
circulated through public and private hospitals
 Ethical issues, such as using cloning technology to reproduce the
embryonic stem cells taken from embryos for scientific and medical
experiment
Global
environment
Living
environment
Socioeconomic
factors
2.2 Factors affecting
health and well-being
22
Individual
factors
Booklet 6
Healthy community
Globalization and
affliction
Globalization
Booklet 7
Caring community
Global
environment
Booklet 6
Technological
advancement
Healthy community
Booklet 10
Health care system
Globalization and
social changes
Disease prevention –
secondary
prevention :early
detection of disease
Secondary and
tertiary medical
care
2.3Different perspectives of
Health and Well-being
Curriculum and Assessment Guide
• Topic 1 - Personal Development, Social
Care and Health Across the Lifespan
– 1A Biological, social, psychological,
spiritual, ecological and cultural
perspectives and dimensions
• Biological, social, psychological, spiritual,
ecological and cultural perspectives
– To understand that health can be examined by a range
of biological, social, psychological, spiritual, ecological
and cultural perspectives
23
2.3 Different perspectives of health and well-being
24
Social
Psychological
Global
environm
ent
Biological
Living
environm
ent
Socioeconomic
al factors
Individual
factors
Cultural
Ecological
Spiritual
2.3 Different perspectives of
Health and Well-being
Perspective
Biological
perspective
Highlights
 A wide range of different factors within a human body that drive,
mediate or moderate the pathways towards health or disease
 Physical growth is a process of maturation, genetically influenced
 Biological defects are associated with heredity and prenatal
exposure
Psychological  A mentally healthy person achieves intellectual and emotional
health
perspective
 Health is affected by the inner world (resilience and positive
thinking) and personality (optimistic and hardy)
Spiritual
perspective
 The religious belief helps one identify the meaning of life, including
the understanding of the ways to achieve holistic health
 With a sense of meaning and purpose to existence, a person will be
able to maintain emotional and intellectual health when he/she
encounters illness or other unexpected life events such as death, so
as to achieve personal growth
25
2.3 Different perspectives of
Health and Well-being
Perspective
26
Highlights
Social
perspective
 A healthy individual is able to engage in production and actively
participates in his/her community
 Social resources refer to income, socio-economic status, education
and jobs
 Social support refers to the social network of a person.
Cultural
perspective
 Western medicine focuses on biological factors and body
functioning in diagnosis whereas traditional Chinese medicine
believes that health is a balance of yin and yang. A healthy condition
refers to the equilibrium of yin and yang. Hence, different cultures
have different understandings of the causes and treatment for illness.
 In the social aspect, the cultural differences in family life and gender
roles in traditional Chinese and western culture may create conflicts
in interpersonal relationships.
Ecological
perspective
 Health is determined by physical, chemical, biological and social
factors in the environment – pollutions are harmful to human health
 Personal health and the global ecosystem are closely related climate change and global warming increase the health risks
2.4 Promotion of health and
well-being
Curriculum and Assessment Guide
• Topic 1 - Personal Development, Social
Care and Health Across the Lifespan
– 1A Biological, social, psychological,
spiritual, ecological and cultural
perspectives and dimensions
• Definitions of health
– To understand the holistic concept of health
27
Evolving Definition of Health
Traditional
• Health - absence of disease or infirmity
• Holistic view：a state of complete
1949
physical, mental and social well-being
• the extent to which an individual or a group is able to realize
aspirations and satisfy needs
• and to change or cope with the environment
1984
• a resource for everyday life, not the objective of living
• a positive concept, emphasizing social and personal resources
as well as physical capabilities
Social Care
28
Caring Citizenship and Social Care
Breakdown of community
bonds
• Technological
advancement
• Close contact / face-to face
communication is replaced by
Internet communication
• Individualism
• Place the interests of the
individuals above those of the
social groups
• Working hours
• Long duration of working
hours is one of the barriers to
the maintenance of
relationships
• Policies
• i.e. housing planning and
urban renewal policies
Community bond
• In a healthy community,
people establish different
bonds with others
A Caring Citizen
• Learn reciprocity and
mutual care and support
• Develop empathy to the
through on-going
disadvantaged and
interactions, that enabling
commitment to the
the exchange of ideas and
community
the help for one another
• Able to recognize what
we can do for the
community and society
• Develop communication
and problem solving skills
• Deepen the
understanding of
different health and social
issues and be responsible
for dealing with problems
29