
Human body is complex in both, structure
and function.

Consist of different organ system.

Anatomy and Physiology are the subdivisions of biology.
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PHYSIOLOGY:
 Is the study of the functions of different body
parts, and the physical relationships involved
between body systems.
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Physiology: Introduction
THE SCIENCE OF PHYSIOLOGY BEGIN BEFORE
THE BIRTH OF CHRIST.
HOWEVER, THE FATHER OF
MODERN PHYSIOLOGY
IS THE FRENCH PHYSIOLOGIST
CLAUDE BERNARD (1813-1878).
LEVEL OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION AND
COMPLEXITY:
 Within the body, their are different levels of structural organization &
complexity ( 6 levels).
 Lowest level is chemical.
 Atoms combines to form molecule.
 Cells are the smallest independent unit of living matter.
 Trillions of cells are present inside our body.
 Cells combines to form tissues, different type of tissues combines to form
organs, different organs combine to form system, different systems combines
to form organism (Human Body).
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Cont…..
Level of Structural Organization & Complexity:
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ECF (Extracellular Fluid)
ICF ( Intracellular Fluid)
FUNCTIONAL COMPARTMENTS &BODY FLUIDS:
 Total body water in adult is 60% of body weight.
 There two compartments in our body, intracellular
comparment and extracellular comparment.
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Cont…….
Extracellular Compartment & Fluid(ECF):
 Present outside the body cells, is also known as
extracellular space.
 Comprises of 22% of the body weight.
 ECF present in extracellular spaces which provides the
oxygen (O2) & nutrients to the body cells.
 ECF consists of blood, plasma, lymph, cerebrospinal fluid
and the fluid in the interstitial spaces, sodium is the main
ion in ECF.
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Intracellular Compartment & Fluid (ICF):
 Present inside the cell, comprises of 38% of the body
weight.
 Intracellular fluid composition varies from cell to cell
it depends on the activity of cells.
 Major ion present in ICF is potassium ion.
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Cont…..
Ionic Composition:
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Body systems are described separately in the
study of anatomy & physiology, but in
reality they are all interdependent.
Survival Needs of the Human Body:
1. Communication.
2. Intake of raw materials & elimination of waste.
3. Protection & survival.
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1. Communication:
Cont...
 Transport System:

Blood, circulatory System, lymphatic System.
 Internal Communication:

Nervous System, Endocrine System.
 External Communication:

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Special senses, verbal and non-verbal communication.
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Cont...
2. Intake of raw & Elimination of waste:
 Intake of oxygen.
 Diet.
 Elimination of waste:
 Carbon dioxide, urine, and faeces
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Cont...
3. Protection & Survival:
 Protection against the external environment.
 skin.
 Resistance and Immunity
 Non-specific and specific Defence mechanisms.
 Body movements.
 Transmission of inherited characteristics
 Reproduction.
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ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE BODY:
 Circulatory system.
 Digestive system.
 Integumentary system.
 Urinary system.
 Lymphatic system.
 Skeletal system.
 Nervous system.
 Muscular system.
 Respiratory system.
 Endocrine system.
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Integumentary System
Function:
• Forms external body covering
• Protects deeper tissues from
injury
• Involved in vitamin D
synthesis
• Body temperature regulation
and waste elimination
• Site of pain and pressure
receptors
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Skeletal System
Composed of all bones in the body,
cartilages, joints tendon and ligaments.
Function:
• Protects and supports body organs
• Provides a framework that muscles can use to
create movement
• Hematopoiesis (synthesis of blood cells)
• Mineral storage
• Bone contains 99% of the body’s store of
calcium
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Muscular System
Components include: muscles
of the body
Function:
• Locomotion
• Manipulation of the
environment
• Maintaining posture
• Thermogenesis (generation of
heat)
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Nervous System
Components include: brain,
spinal cord, nerves, sense organs,
sensory receptors, etc.
Function:
• Fast-acting control system of
the body
• Monitoring of the internal and
external environment and
responding (when necessary)
by initiating muscular or
glandular activity
• Information Assessment
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Endocrine System
Components include: hormone producing glands such as
hypothalamus, pituitary, thymus, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas,
reproductive organs (ovary and testicle), etc.
Functions:
• Functions include: regulation of body activities
(growth, reproduction, metabolism) through the use of 23
hormones transported by the circulatory system.
Cardiovascular System
Structures:
• Components include: heart, blood vessels
and blood.
• Blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries)
Functions:
• The heart pumps blood through the
blood vessels.
• Blood provides the transport
medium for nutrients (glucose,
amino acids, lipids), gases (O2, CO2),
wastes (urea, creatinine), signaling
molecules (hormones), and heat.
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Lymphatic/Immune System
Structures
:
Functions:
• Lymphatic vessels,
Lymph nodes, Spleen,
Thymus, Red bone
marrow
• Returning “leaked” fluid
back to the bloodstream
• houses white blood cells
for antibody production
and protection
• Attacking and resisting
foreign invaders
(pathogens i.e., diseasecausing organisms)
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Respiratory System
Structures:
• Nasal cavity,
• Pharynx,
• Larynx
• Trachea,
• Bronchi,
• Lungs
• Alveoli
Functions:
• Constantly supply the blood with O2, and
remove CO2
• Regulate blood pH
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Digestive System
Structures:
• Oral cavity
• Esophagus
• Stomach
• Small intestine
• Large intestine
• Rectum
• Salivary glands
• Pancreas
• Liver
• Gallbladder
Functions
• breakdown and absorption of
foods and nutrients, conversion of
food waste into feces, vitamin
production, water and mineral
regulation, etc.
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Urinary System
• Kidneys
• Ureters
Structures:
• Urinary bladder
• Urethra
Functions:
• Elimination of nitrogen waste (urea, uric acid),
• Regulation of electrolytes (ions), water,
• Acid-base balance, etc.
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Reproductive System
Structures: Male
• Testes, Scrotum, Epididymis,
• Vas deferens, Urethra,
• Prostate gland,
Structure:
Female
• Seminal vesicles,
penis
• Ovary, Uterine tube, Uterus
• Cervix, Vagina
• mammary glands
Functions:
• Functions Include: production of sperm cells
and ova for production of new offspring,
release of reproductive hormones for the
control the reproductive cycle.
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1. List different organs found in the following systems?
1. Integumentary. 2. Skeletal. 3. Muscular 4. Endocrine
5. Cardiovascular 6. Urinary 7. Lymphatic 8. Respiratory
9. Digestive 10. Reproductive 11. Nervous
2. Write the function of following systems?
1. Integumentary. 2. Skeletal. 3. Muscular 4. Endocrine
5. Cardiovascular 6. Urinary 7. Lymphatic 8. Respiratory
9. Digestive 10. Reproductive 11. Nervous