Engineering Geology (CE 101)
CHAPTER 7: Springs.
Spring is the appearance of a point or place emerges naturally from the
ground water to the surface of the earth without having to do with the
means of industrial extraction.
There are several classifications of the springs of which depends on the
temperature, and others depends on the its flow rate and the extent of
continuity.
Some classifications depends on influential and driving out forces that
lead to bring out those springs. Among the springs that result from the
impact of the forces of gravity, the follows:
Types of Springs.
1. Bed springs:
This type of springs appear, if groundwater can not permit to the zone of
fully saturation as a result of the presence of impermeable zone at the
bottom of the aquifer layer. This results in the appearance of the water in
the form spring in the level that meets the two layers with the surface of
the earth.
2. Valley or depression springs.
This springs appear seasonally, due to increase of ground water level as
a result of heavy rains.
3. Fault springs.
It occurs when a fault lifts up an impermeable layer to a permeable layer
that has water.
4. Artesian springs.
This type of springs appears if the aquifer is covered with impermeable
layer.