INTRODUCTION TO ARCHIVAL ENTERPRISE
I. THE RECORD
EXTENDED READING LIST
FALL 2009
This reading list is intended as a point of departure and guide to your exploration of archival
enterprise. It is arranged in the order topics are treated in class.
Excepting GENERAL WORKS, readings are grouped by topic in the order treated in this course.
Most printed items listed in General Works treat several topics within one volume and are not
listed under each appropriate topic.
CONTENTS
GENERAL WORKS .
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Readers and Books of Essays
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Making Sense of the Present & Charting the Future
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CONCEPT OF “RECORD” .
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ARRANGEMENT AND DESCRIPTION .
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Organization of Information .
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A & D of Hardcopy Material
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History of A& D Thinking in the United States .
Special Record Material
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Encoded Archival Description
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Machine Readable Cataloging
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APPRAISAL
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General
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By kind of record
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ACQUISITION—COLLECTING
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CUSTOMER SERVICE
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Nature of the Research Process .
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Nature of the Archives Reference Activity .
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Forgery and authentication of documentation
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JOURNAL ABBREVIATIONS
ArAAAMAICO
GAJLRTSLTMAProvRMQSL-
Archivaria CD/3620/A73
American Archivist DS/631/A43
Archives and Manuscripts CD/4/A75
Archival Issues CD/3054/M53
Comma: International Journal on Archives CD/921/C667/2001
Georgia Archive CD/3180/G42
Janus CD/921/J36
Library Resources and Technical Services Z/671/L7/154
Library Trends Z671/L6173 (020.5/L618 - 85-86)
Midwestern Archivist CD/3054/M53
Provenance CD/921/P768
ARMA Records Management Quarterly HF/5736/R3632
Special Libraries 020.5/SP31
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GENERAL WORKS
Duranti, Luciana, “The Concept of Appraisal and Archival Theory,” AA, 57 (Spg 94), 328-344
Gracy, David B. II, An Introduction to Archives and Manuscripts (New York, 1981) [The first
version of the 10 Fundamentals of Archival Enterprise] CD/950/G7
Hunter, Gregory S., Developing and Maintaining Practical Archives (2d. ed.; New York, 2003)
CD/950/H86/2003
Cox, Richard J., ed., Lester J. Cappon and the Relationship of History, Archives, and
Scholarship in the Golden Age of Archival Theory (Chicago, 2004)
_____ and James M. O'Toole, Understanding Archives and Manuscripts (Chicago: 2006)
Pearce-Moses, Richard, A Glossary of Archival & Records Terminology (Chicago, 2005);
Online at http://www.archivists.org/glossary/term_details.asp?DefinitionKey=1185
Classics
Schellenberg, Theodore R., The Management of Archives (Columbia, 1965) CD/950/S29/1965
_____, Modern Archives: Principles and Techniques (Chicago, 1956) CD/950/S3/1956
READERS AND BOOKS OF ESSAYS CONTAINING CHAPTERS ON ARRANGEMENT AND
DESCRIPTION
Biskup, Peter, et al., Debates and Discourses: Selected Australian Writings on Archival Theory,
1951-1990 (Australian Society of Archivists, 1995)
Bradsher, James Gregory, ed., Managing Archives and Archival Institutions [A reader] (Chicago,
1988) CD/950/M36/1989
Cook, Terry, Canadian Archival Studies and the Rediscovery of Provenance [A book of essays on
various topics] (Metuchen, NJ, 1992) CD/3621/C36
Cox, Richard J., and Gordon Dodds, eds., Imagining Archives: Essays & Reflections by Hugh A.
Taylor (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow, 2003) CD 950 T395 2003
Craig, Barbara, ed., The Archival Imagination: Essays in Honour of Hugh A. Taylor (Ottawa, 1992),
CD 972 A73 1992
Daniels, Maygene, and Timothy Walch, A Modern Archives Reader: Basic Readings on Archival
Theory and Practice (Washington, 1984) CD/972/M63
Jimerson, Randall C., ed., American Archival Studies: Readings in Theory and Practice (Chicago,
2000) CD/3021/A75/2000
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MAKING SENSE OF THE PRESENT & CHARTING THE FUTURE
Bastian, Jeannette A., “Taking Custody, Giving Access: A Postcustodial Role for a New
Century,” Ar, 53 (Sp 2002), 76-93
Craig, Barbara L., "Meeting the Future by Returning to the Past: A Commentary on Hugh
Taylor's Transformations," Ar, 25 (Winter 87-88), 7-11
Greene, Mark A., “The Power of Meaning: The Archival Mission in the Postmodern Age,” AA,
65 (Sp/Su 2002), 42-55
Hackman, Larry, "Toward the Year 2000," Public Historian, 8, No. 3 (Sum 86), 92-98
Ham, F. Gerald, "Archival Strategies for the Post-Custodial Era," AA, 44 (Sum 81), 207-216
Johnson, Elizabeth Snowden, “Our Archives, Our Selves: Documentation Strategy and the ReAppraisal of Professional Identity,” AA, 71 (Spring/Summer 2008), 190-202
Nesmith, Tom, “Seeing Archives: Postmodernism and the Changing Intellectual Place of
Archives,” AA, 65 (Sp/Su 2002), 24-41
ELECTRONIC RESOURCES
Academy of Certified Archivists - http://www.certifiedarchivists.org/
Archivists’ Daybook - http://southwestarchivists.org/HTML/Daybook.htm
Association of Moving Image Archivists - http://www.amianet.org/
Council of State Historical Records Coordinators - http://www.coshrc.org/
International Council on Archives - http://www.ica.org/
International Research on Permanent Authentic Records in Electronic Systems http://www.interpares.org/
National Archives and Records Administration - http://www.nara.gov/
National Association of Government Archives and Records Administrators http://www.nagara.org/
National Historical Publications and Records Commission http://www.archives.gov/nhprc/about/
“Ready, ‘Net, Go” Archival Internet Resources http://www.tulane.edu/~lmiller/ArchivesResources.html
Repositories of Primary Sources - http://www.uidaho.edu/specialcollections/Other.Repositories.html
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Society of American Archivists - http://www.archivists.org/
Unesco Archives Portal - http://www.unesco.org/webworld/portal_archives/
UT-Austin SAA Student Chapter - http://www.ischool.utexas.edu/~saa/index.html
CONCEPT OF “RECORD”
The Concept of Record: Report from the Second Stockholm Conference on Archival Science and
the Concept of Record, 30-31 May 1996 (Skrifter utgivna av Riksarkivet 4, 1998)
The Principle of Provenance: Report from the First Stockholm Conference on Archival Theory
and the Principle of Provenance, 2-3 September 1993(Skrifter utgivna av Svenska
Riksarkivet 10, 1994)
Cox, Richard J., “The Record in the Manuscript Collection,” AM, 24 (May 96), 46-61
Gracy, David B. II, "Archivists, You Are What People Think You Keep," AA, 52 (Win 89),
72-79 [On the definition of "archives" (records)]
Lemieux, Victoria L., “Let the Ghosts Speak: An Empirical Exploration of the ‘Nature’ of the
Record,” Ar, 51 (Sp, 2001), 81-111
Levy, David M., Scrolling Forward: Making Sense of Documents in the Digital Age (New York,
2001) P/214/L48/2001
Livelton, Trevor, Archival Theory, Records, and the Public (Lanham, Md., 1996) CD/947/L58
Martin, Henri-Jean (Lydia G. Cochrane, trans.), The History and Power of Writing (1994)
Z/40/M3713/1994
O'Toole, James M., "On the Idea of Permanence," AA, 52 (Win 89), 10-25
Sellen, Abigail J., and Richard H. R. Harper, The Myth of the Paperless Office (Cambridge, MA.,
2002) HF/5521/S43/2002
Taylor, Hugh, “‘My Very Act and Deed’: Some Reflections on the Role of Textual Records in the
Conduct of Affairs,” AA, 51 (Fa 1988), 456-469
Yates, JoAnne, Control Through Communication (Baltimore, 1989) HD/30.3/Y38/1989 On
records in the communication process of business organizations.
Yeo, Geoffrey, “Concepts of Record (1): Evidence, Information, and Persistent Representations,”
AA, 70 (Fall/Winter 2007), 315-343; “Concepts of Record (2), AA, 71 (Spring/Summer
2008), 118-143
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ARRANGEMENT AND DESCRIPTION
ORGANIZATION OF INFORMATION
“The Power of Representation,” in Donald A. Norman, Things That Make Us Smart: Defending
Human Attributes in the Age of the Machine (Reading, MA, 1993), pp. 43-76
T/14/N67/1993
A & D OF HARDCOPY MATERIAL
Principal works
Fox, Michael J., and Peter L. Wilkerson, Introduction to Archival Description (1998) CD 971 F69
1998; Available at:
http://www.getty.edu/research/conducting_research/standards/introarchives/
Miller, Fredric M., Arranging and Describing Archives and Manuscripts (Chicago, 1990)
Roe, Kathleen D., Arranging And Describing Archives And Manuscripts (Chicago, 2005)
Useful Literature
Bearman, David, Archival Methods (Archives and Museum Informatics Technical Report, vol. 3,
no. 1 [Spring, 1989])
_____ and Richard Lytle, "The Power of the Principle of Provenance," Ar, 21 (Win 85-86), 14-27
Cook, Terry, "The Concept of the Archival Fonds in the Post-Custodial Era: Theory, Problems
and Solutions," Ar, 35 (Sp 93), 24-37
Duranti, Luciana, “The Concept of Appraisal and Archival Theory,” AA, 57 (Spg 94), 328-344
_____, "Origin and Development of the Concept of Archival Description," Ar (Sp 93), 47-54
Evans, Frank B., "Modern Methods of Arrangement of Archives in the United States," AA, 29
(Apl 66), 241-263
Greene, Mark, and Dennis Meissner, “More Product, Less Process: Revamping Traditional
archival Processing,” AA, 68 (Fall/Win 2005), 208-263
Horsman, Peter, “The Last Dance of the Phoenix, or The De-discovery of the Archival Fonds,”
Ar, 54 (Fa 2002), 1-23
Meehan, Jennifer, “Making the Leap from Parts to Whole: Evidence and Inference in Archival
Arrangement and Description,” AA (Spring/Summer 2009), 72-90
Millar, Laura, “The Death of the Fonds and the Resurrection of Provenance: Archival Context in
Space and Time,” Ar, 53 (Sp 2002), 1-15
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Procter, Margaret, and Michael Cook, Manual of Archival Description (3rd edition, 2000)
Scott, P.J., C.D. Smith, G. Finlay, "Archives and Administrative Change," AM, 8, #2 (Dec 80),
51-69
[Society of American Archivists, Committee on Finding Aids], Inventories and Registers: A
Handbook of Techniques and Examples (Chicago, 1976)
HISTORY OF ARRANGEMENT AND DESCRIPTION THINKING
IN THE UNITED STATES
Berner, Richard C., Archival Theory and Practice in the United States: A Historical Analysis
(1983) CD/3021/B47/1983
SPECIAL RECORD MATERIAL
Film and Videotape
Davidson, Steven, and Gregory Lukow, The Administration of Television, Newsfilm, and
Videotape Collections: A Curatorial Manual (1997) PN/1992.16/A36/1997 CAH
Maps and Architectural Drawings
Bartlett, James, and Douglas Marshall, Maps in the Small Historical Society: Care and
Cataloging (AASLH Technical Leaflet #111) E/172/T434
Ehrenberg, Ralph E., Archives and Manuscripts: Maps and Architectural Drawings (Chicago,
1982) Z/110/C7/E36
Photographic Material
Ritzenthaler, Mary Lynn, and Diane L Vogt-O'Connor, et al., Photographs: Archival Care and
Management (Chicago, 2006)
Picture Postcards
Freyschlag, Elizabeth K., "Picture Postcards: Organizing a Collection," SL, 71 (May/June 80),
258-264
Sound Recordings
Paton, Christopher Ann, "Whispers in the Stacks: The Problem of Sound Recordings in
Archives," AA, 53 (Spg 90), 274-280
Stielow, Frederick J., The Management of Oral History Sound Archives (Westport, Conn., 1986)
CD/973.2/S74/1986
Ward, Alan, Manual of Sound Archive Administration (Gower, 1990) CD/950/W36/1990
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ENCODED ARCHIVAL DESCRIPTION
Dooley, Jackie, ed., Encoded Archival Description: Context, Theory and Case Studies (1998).
Originally published as Encoded Archival Description: Part 1—Context and Theory, Special
Issue of AA, 60 (Sum 97)
Encoded Archival Description Official Web Site: http://www.loc.gov/ead/
EAD help pages: http://jefferson.village.virginia.edu/ead/products.html
Encoded Archival Description Working Group, Society of American Archivists, Application
Guidelines (Version 1.0) (1999) http://www.loc.gov/ead/ag/aghome.html
Encoded Archival Description Working Group, Society of American Archivists and the Network
Development and MARC Standards Office , Library of Congress, Tag Library (Version
2002) (Chicago, 2003) and online at: http://www.loc.gov/ead/tglib/index.html
Kiesling, Kris, "EAD as an Archival Descriptive Standard," American Archivist, 60 (1998), 34454; also available in Jackie M. Dooley, Encoded Archival Description: Context, Theory,
and Case Studies. (Chicago, SAA, 1998), 81-90.
MACHINE READABLE CATALOGING (MARC)
Hensen, Steven L., "The Use of Standards in the Application of the AMC Format," AA, 49 (Win
86), 31-40
Describing Archives: A Content Standard (Chicago, 2004). Replaced Steven Hensen, Archives,
Personal Papers, and Manuscripts. Z/695.2/S625/2004 LAW
Smiraglia, Richard P., Describing Archival Materials: The Use of the MARC AMC Format (New
York, 1991) Z/699.5/A7/D47
Understanding MARC Bibliographic: Machine-Readable Cataloging http://lcweb.loc.gov/marc/umb/
Yakel, Elizabeth, "Pushing MARC AMC To Its Limits: The Vatican Archives Project," AA, 55
(Wi 92), 192-200
APPRAISAL
General
Boles, Frank, Archival Appraisal (New York, 1991) CD/971/B58/1991
_____, Selecting and Appraising Archives and Manuscripts (Chicago, 2005) CD/973/A77/B65
2005
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Booms, Hans, "Society and the Formation of a Documentary Heritage: Issues in the Appraisal of
Archival Sources," Ar, 24 (Sum 1987), 69-107
Cook, Terry, "Mind Over Matter: Toward a New Theory of Archival Appraisal," in Craig, ed.,
Archival Imagination, 38-70
Cox, Richard J., No Innocent Deposits: Forming Archives by Rethinking Appraisal (Scarecrow;
2003) CD 973 A77 C69 2004 Available online at:
http://www.lib.utexas.edu:2048/login?url=http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=su
mmary&v=1&bookid=107371
Craig, Barbara Lazenby, Archival appraisal: theory and practice (Munchen, 2004)
CD/973/A77/C73/2004
Dollar, Charles M., "Archival Theory and Information Technologies: The Impact of Information
Technologies on Archival Principles and Methods," in Oddo Bucci, ed., Archival Science on
the Threshold of the Year 2.000 (Macerata, Italy, 1990)
Duff, Wendy, “Studying the Weathervane: Use as a Factor in Appraisal Criteria,” Prov, XII
(1994), 83-129
Duranti, Luciana, “The Concept of Appraisal and Archival Theory,” AA, 57 (Spg 1994),
Eastwood, Terry, “Reflections on the Goal of Archival Appraisal in Democratic Societies,” Ar,
54 (Fa 2002), 59-71
Ericson, Timothy L., "At the 'rim of creative dissatisfaction": Archivists and Acquisition
Development," Ar, 33 (Win 91-92), 66-77
Greene, Mark A., “I’ve Deaccessioned and Lived to Tell About It: Confessions of an Unrepentant
Reappraiser,” AI, 30 (2006), 7-22
Ham, F. Gerald, Selecting and Appraising Archives and Manuscripts (Chicago, 1993)
CD/971/H36/1993
_____, “The Archival Edge," AA, 38 (Jan 1975), 5-13
_____, "Archival Choices: Managing the Historical Records in an Age of Abundance," AA, 47 (Win
1984), 11-22
Hedstrom, Margaret, "New Appraisal Techniques: The Effect of Theory on Practice," Prov, 8, #2
(Fa 89), 1-21
Horton, Robert, “Cultivating Our Garden: Archives, Community, and Documentation,” AI, 26
(2001), 27-40
Kolsrud, Ole, “The Evolution of Basic Appraisal Principles: Some Comparative Observations,” AA,
55 (Winter 1992), 26-39
Lockwood, Elizabeth, "'Imponderable Matters': The Influence of New Trends in History on
Appraisal at the National Archives," AA, 53 (Sum 90), 394-405
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Malkmus, Doris J., “Documentation Strategy: Mastodon or Retro-Success?” AA (Fall/Winter
2008), 384-409
Peace, Nancy E., ed., Archival Choices: Managing the Historical Record in an Age of Abundance
(Lexington, Mass., 1984) CD/3021/A79/1984
Rapport, Leonard, "No Grandfather Clause: Reappraising Accessioned Records," AA, 44 (Spg
81), 143-150
Samuels, Helen Willa, "Who Controls the Past," AA, 49 (Spg 86), 109-124
Sigmond, J. Peter, "Form, Function and Archival Value," Ar, 33 (Win 91-92), 141-147
Sly, Margery N., "Sampling in an Archival Framework: Mathoms and Manuscripts," Prov, V
(Spg 87), 55-75
Yates, JoAnne, "Internal Communication Systems in American Business Structures: A
Framework To Aid Appraisal," AA, 48 (Spg 85), 141-158
By kind of record
Blouin, Francis X., Jr., "A New Perspective on the Appraisal of Business Records: A Review,"
AA, 42 (Jul 79), 312-320
Boles, Frank, and Julia Marks Young, "Exploring the Black Box: The Appraisal of University
Administrative Records," AA, 48 (Sp 85), 121-140
Chalfant, Donald M., “Born Digital? Appraise Traditional! A Pilot Study on Intrinsic Value and
Electronic Records of State Government,” Journal for the Society of North Carolina
Archivists, Vol. 2, Num 2 (Jan 2004), 4-34
Coker, Kathy Roe, "Lessons Learned and to be Learned in Intergovernmental Appraisal," Prov,
V, No. 2 (Fall 87), 1-13
Collins, Julie, Susan Collins, and Christine Garnaut, “Behind the Image: Assessing Architectural
Drawings as Cultural Records,” AM, 35, No. 2 (Nov 2007), 86-107
Cook, Terry, The Archival Appraisal of Records Containing Personal Information: A RAMP
Study with Guidelines (Paris, 1991)
Densmore, Christopher, "Understanding and Using Early Nineteenth Century Account Books,"
MA, V (1980), 5-20
Haas, Joan K., and others, Appraising the Records of Modern Science and Technology: A Guide
(Cambridge, Mass., 1985) Q/180.55/M4/H29/1985
Kula, Sam, Appraising Moving Images: Assessing the Archival and Monetary Value of Film and
Video Records (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow, 2003) PN/1993.4/K79/2002
Leary, William H., The Appraisal of Photographs: A RAMP Study with Guidelines (Paris, 1985)
MCFICHE 9903
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O’Sullivan, Catherine, “Diaries, On-line Diaries, and the Future Loss to Archives; or, Blogs and
the Blogging Bloggers Who Blog Them,” AA (Spring/Summer 2005), 53-73
Patton, Christopher Ann, “Appraisal of Sound Recordings for Textual Archivists,” AI, 22 (1997),
117-132
Samuels, Helen Willa, Varsity Letters: Documenting Modern Colleges and Universities
(Metuchen, 1992) CD/3065/S26/1992
ACQUISITION—COLLECTING
Duniway, David C., "Conflicts in Collecting," AA, 24 (Jan 61), 55-63
Gray, David P., "A Technique for Manuscript Collection Development Analysis," MA, XII
(1987), 91-103
Kaiser, Barbara J., "Problems With Donors of Contemporary Collections," AA, 32 (Apl 69),
103-107
Phillips, Faye, "Developing Collecting Policies for Manuscript Collections," AA, 47 (Win 84),
30-42
Stewart, Virginia, "A Primer on Manuscript Field Work," MA, I, #2 (1976), 3-20
Walle, Dennis F., "The Deposit Agreement in Archival Collection Development," MA, X (1985),
117-127
CUSTOMER SERVICE
NATURE OF THE RESEARCH PROCESS
Armstrong, Thomas F., "Legal Records and Historical Gossip: The Records of the Social
Historian," Prov, IV, no. 1 (Spg 86), 16-28
Barzun, Jacques, and Henry F. Graff, The Modern Researcher (rev. ed.) D/13/B334
Gordon, Ann D., Using the Nation's Documentary Heritage (Washington, 1992) D/16.2/O67
HRC
Grigg, Susan, "Archival Practice and the Foundations of Historical Method," Journal of
American History, (Jun 91), 228-239
Kammen, Carol, On Doing Local History: Reflections on What Local Historians Do, Why and
What It Means (Nashville, 1987) E/180/K28/1986
Larsen, John C., ed., Researcher's Guide to Archives and Regional History Sources (Hamden,
1988) CD/3621/R47/1988
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Michelson, Avra, and Jeff Rothenberg, "Scholarly Communication and Information Technology:
Exploring the Impact of Changes in the Research Process on Archives," AA, 55 (Sp 92),
236-315
NATURE OF THE ARCHIVAL REFERENCE ACTIVITY
Bradsher, James Gregory, "Privacy Act Expungements: A Reconsideration," Prov, VI (Spg 88),
1-25
Burke, Frank G., Research and the Manuscript Tradition (1997) CD/3021/B87/1997
Craig, Barbara L., “Old Myths in New Clothes: Expectations of Archives Users,” Ar, 45 (Spg
98), 118-126
Geselbracht, Raymond H., "The Origins of Restrictions on Access to Personal Papers at the
Library of Congress and the National Archives," AA, 49 (Spg 86), 142-162
Gracy, David B. II, “Reference No Longer Is A ‘P’ Word: The Reference Archivist as Marketer,”
Reference Librarian, 56 (1997), 171-184
Greene, Mark A., "Moderation in Everything, Access in Nothing?: Opinions About Access
Restrictions on Private Papers," AI, 18 (1993), 31-41
Hedstrom, Margaret, “How Do Archivists Make Electronic Archives Usable and Accessible?”
AM, 26 (May 98), 6-22
Jackson, William J., “The 80/20 Archives: A Study of Use and Its Implications,” AI, 22 (1997),
133-145
Jordan, Philip D., "The Scholar and the Archivist," AA, 31 (Jan 68), 57-65
Macpherson, Paul, “Theory, Standards and Implicit Assumptions: Public Access to Post-current
Government Records,” AM, 30 (May 2002), 6-17
Plunkett, Michael, "Use Records: A Dilemma," GA, VIII, #2 (Fall 80), 54-60
Pugh, Mary Jo, Providing Reference Services For Archives And Manuscripts (Chicago,
2005)
Scobey, Alfredda, "On Booknapping and Other Headaches," GA, IV (Win 76), 20-34
Stewart, Virginia R., "Problems of Confidentiality in the Administration of Personal Case
Records," AA, 37 (Jul 74), 387-398
Taylor, Hugh A., Archival Services and the Concept of the User: A RAMP Study (Paris, 1984)
MCFICHE 9905
Tissing, Robert W., Jr., "The Orientation Interview in Archival Research," AA, 47 (Spg 84),
173-178
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Trinkaus-Randall, Gregor, Protecting Your Collections: A Manual of Archival Security (Chicago,
1995) CD/986/T75/1995
Widener, Michael, "The Status of Users in Archival Enterprise," Prov IX (1991), 1-23
Yakel, Elizabeth, “Thinking inside and outside the Boxes: Archival reference services at the turn
of the century,” Ar, 49 (Spring 2000), 140-160
_____, “Listening to Users,” AI, 26 (2002), 111-127
FORGERY AND AUTHENTICATION OF DOCUMENTATION
Gracy, David B. II, “What You Get Is Not What You See: Forgery and the Corruption of
Recordkeeping Systems,” in Cox and Wallace, Archives and the Public Good, 247-263
Haywood, Ian, Faking It: Art and the Politics of Forgery (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1987)
HV/6675/H35/1987 PCL, LAW
Hamilton, Charles, Great Forgers And Famous Fakes: The Manuscript Forgers Of America And
How They Duped The Experts (2d. ed.; Lakewood, CO, 1996) Z/41/H35/1996 PCL, UGL
MacNeil, Heather, Trusting Records: Legal, Historical, and Diplomatic Perspectives (Dordrecht,
2000) CD/971/M32/2000 LAW
Nickell, Joe, Detecting Forgery: Forensic Investigation of Documents (Lexington, KY, 1996)
HV/8074/N53/1996, PCL, UGL
_____, Pen, Ink, and Evidence: A Study of Writing and Writing Materials for the Penman,
Collector, and Document Detective (Lexington, KY, 1990) Z/40/N53/1990
Rapport, Leonard, “Fakes and Facsimiles: Problems of Identification,” American Archivist, 42
(Jan 1979), 13-58. CD/3020/A45
Rendell, Kenneth W., Forging History: The Detection of Fake Letters and Documents (Norman,
1994) D/10/R45/1994
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