INTRODUCTION TO ARCHIVAL ENTERPRISE I. THE RECORD READING LIST FALL, 2008 This reading list is intended as a point of departure and guide to your exploration of archival enterprise. It is arranged in the order topics are treated in class. Excepting GENERAL WORKS, readings are grouped by topic in the order treated in this course. Most printed items listed in General Works treat several topics within one volume and are not listed under each appropriate topic. CONTENTS GENERAL WORKS . . . . . . . Readers and Books of Essays . . . . Making Sense of the Present & Charting the Future Electronic Resources. . . . . . . CONCEPT OF “RECORD” . . . . . . ARRANGEMENT AND DESCRIPTION . . . Organization of Information . . . . . A & D of Hardcopy Material . . . . History of A& D Thinking in the United States . Special Record Material . . . . . Encoded Archival Description . . . . Machine Readable Cataloging . . . . APPRAISAL . . . . . . . . General . . . . . . . . By kind of record . . . . . . ACQUISITION—COLLECTING . . . . CUSTOMER SERVICE . . . . . Nature of the Research Process . . . . Nature of the Archives Reference Activity . . Forgery and authentication of documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . JOURNAL ABBREVIATIONS ArAAAMAICO GAJLRTSLTMAProvRMQSL- Archivaria CD/3620/A73 American Archivist DS/631/A43 Archives and Manuscripts CD/4/A75 Archival Issues CD/3054/M53 Comma: International Journal on Archives CD/921/C667/2001 Georgia Archive CD/3180/G42 Janus CD/921/J36 Library Resources and Technical Services Z/671/L7/154 Library Trends Z671/L6173 (020.5/L618 - 85-86) Midwestern Archivist CD/3054/M53 Provenance CD/921/P768 ARMA Records Management Quarterly HF/5736/R3632 Special Libraries 020.5/SP31 389R/Readings089 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 3 3 . . . 4 5 5 5 6 6 . . . 7 7 7 7 9 . . 10 10 10 11 12 GENERAL WORKS Duranti, Luciana, “The Concept of Appraisal and Archival Theory,” AA, 57 (Spg 94), 328-344 Gracy, David B. II, An Introduction to Archives and Manuscripts (New York, 1981) [The first version of the 10 Fundamentals of Archival Enterprise] CD/950/G7 Hunter, Gregory S., Developing and Maintaining Practical Archives (2d. ed.; New York, 2003) CD/950/H86/2003 Cox, Richard J., and James M. O'Toole, Understanding Archives and Manuscripts (Chicago: 2006) Pearce-Moses, Richard, A Glossary of Archival & Records Terminology (Chicago, 2005); Online at http://www.archivists.org/glossary/term_details.asp?DefinitionKey=1185 Classics Schellenberg, Theodore R., The Management of Archives (Columbia, 1965) CD/950/S29/1965 _____, Modern Archives: Principles and Techniques (Chicago, 1956) CD/950/S3/1956 READERS AND BOOKS OF ESSAYS CONTAINING CHAPTERS ON ARRANGEMENT AND DESCRIPTION Biskup, Peter, et al., Debates and Discourses: Selected Australian Writings on Archival Theory, 1951-1990 (Australian Society of Archivists, 1995) Bradsher, James Gregory, ed., Managing Archives and Archival Institutions [A reader] (Chicago, 1988) CD/950/M36/1989 Cook, Terry, Canadian Archival Studies and the Rediscovery of Provenance [A book of essays on various topics] (Metuchen, NJ, 1992) CD/3621/C36 Cox, Richard J., and Gordon Dodds, eds., Imagining Archives: Essays & Reflections by Hugh A. Taylor (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow, 2003) CD 950 T395 2003 Craig, Barbara, ed., The Archival Imagination: Essays in Honour of Hugh A. Taylor (Ottawa, 1992), CD 972 A73 1992 Daniels, Maygene, and Timothy Walch, A Modern Archives Reader: Basic Readings on Archival Theory and Practice (Washington, 1984) CD/972/M63 Jimerson, Randall C., ed., American Archival Studies: Readings in Theory and Practice (Chicago, 2000) CD/3021/A75/2000 389R/Readings089 2 MAKING SENSE OF THE PRESENT & CHARTING THE FUTURE Bastian, Jeannette A., “Taking Custody, Giving Access: A Postcustodial Role for a New Century,” Ar, 53 (Sp 2002), 76-93 Craig, Barbara L., "Meeting the Future by Returning to the Past: A Commentary on Hugh Taylor's Transformations," Ar, 25 (Winter 87-88), 7-11 Greene, Mark A., “The Power of Meaning: The Archival Mission in the Postmodern Age,” AA, 65 (Sp/Su 2002), 42-55 Hackman, Larry, "Toward the Year 2000," Public Historian, 8, No. 3 (Sum 86), 92-98 Ham, F. Gerald, "Archival Strategies for the Post-Custodial Era," AA, 44 (Sum 81), 207-216 Johnson, Elizabeth Snowden, “Our Archives, Our Selves: Documentation Strategy and the ReAppraisal of Professional Identity,” AA, 71 (Spring/Summer 2008), 190-202 Nesmith, Tom, “Seeing Archives: Postmodernism and the Changing Intellectual Place of Archives,” AA, 65 (Sp/Su 2002), 24-41 ELECTRONIC RESOURCES Academy of Certified Archivists - http://www.certifiedarchivists.org/ Archivists’ Daybook - http://southwestarchivists.org/HTML/Daybook.htm Association of Moving Image Archivists - http://www.amianet.org/ Council of State Historical Records Coordinators - http://www.coshrc.org/ International Council on Archives - http://www.ica.org/ International Research on Permanent Authentic Records in Electronic Systems http://www.interpares.org/ National Archives and Records Administration - http://www.nara.gov/ National Association of Government Archives and Records Administrators http://www.nagara.org/ National Historical Publications and Records Commission http://www.archives.gov/nhprc/about/ “Ready, ‘Net, Go” Archival Internet Resources http://www.tulane.edu/~lmiller/ArchivesResources.html Repositories of Primary Sources - http://www.uidaho.edu/specialcollections/Other.Repositories.html 389R/Readings089 3 Society of American Archivists - http://www.archivists.org/ Unesco Archives Portal - http://www.unesco.org/webworld/portal_archives/ UT-Austin SAA Student Chapter - http://www.ischool.utexas.edu/~saa/index.html CONCEPT OF “RECORD” The Concept of Record: Report from the Second Stockholm Conference on Archival Science and the Concept of Record, 30-31 May 1996 (Skrifter utgivna av Riksarkivet 4, 1998) The Principle of Provenance: Report from the First Stockholm Conference on Archival Theory and the Principle of Provenance, 2-3 September 1993(Skrifter utgivna av Svenska Riksarkivet 10, 1994) Cox, Richard J., “The Record in the Manuscript Collection,” AM, 24 (May 96), 46-61 Gracy, David B. II, "Archivists, You Are What People Think You Keep," AA, 52 (Win 89), 72-79 [On the definition of "archives" (records)] Lemieux, Victoria L., “Let the Ghosts Speak: An Empirical Exploration of the ‘Nature’ of the Record,” Ar, 51 (Sp, 2001), 81-111 Levy, David M., Scrolling Forward: Making Sense of Documents in the Digital Age (New York, 2001) P/214/L48/2001 Livelton, Trevor, Archival Theory, Records, and the Public (Lanham, Md., 1996) CD/947/L58 Martin, Henri-Jean (Lydia G. Cochrane, trans.), The History and Power of Writing (1994) Z/40/M3713/1994 O'Toole, James M., "On the Idea of Permanence," AA, 52 (Win 89), 10-25 Sellen, Abigail J., and Richard H. R. Harper, The Myth of the Paperless Office (Cambridge, MA., 2002) HF/5521/S43/2002 Taylor, Hugh, “‘My Very Act and Deed’: Some Reflections on the Role of Textual Records in the Conduct of Affairs,” AA, 51 (Fa 1988), 456-469 Yates, JoAnne, Control Through Communication (Baltimore, 1989) HD/30.3/Y38/1989 On records in the communication process of business organizations. Yeo, Geoffrey, “Concepts of Record (1): Evidence, Information, and Persistent Representations,” AA, 70 (Fall/Winter 2007), 315-343 _____, “Concepts of Record (2): Prototypes and Boundary Objects,” AA, 71 (Spring/Summer 2008), 118-143 389R/Readings089 4 ARRANGEMENT AND DESCRIPTION ORGANIZATION OF INFORMATION “The Power of Representation,” in Donald A. Norman, Things That Make Us Smart: Defending Human Attributes in the Age of the Machine (Reading, MA, 1993), pp. 43-76 T/14/N67/1993 A & D OF HARDCOPY MATERIAL Principal works Fox, Michael J., and Peter L. Wilkerson, Introduction to Archival Description (1998) CD 971 F69 1998; Available at: http://www.getty.edu/research/conducting_research/standards/introarchives/ Miller, Fredric M., Arranging and Describing Archives and Manuscripts (Chicago, 1990) Roe, Kathleen D., Arranging And Describing Archives And Manuscripts (Chicago, 2005) Useful Literature Bearman, David, Archival Methods (Archives and Museum Informatics Technical Report, vol. 3, no. 1 [Spring, 1989]) _____ and Richard Lytle, "The Power of the Principle of Provenance," Ar, 21 (Win 85-86), 14-27 Cook, Terry, "The Concept of the Archival Fonds in the Post-Custodial Era: Theory, Problems and Solutions," Ar, 35 (Sp 93), 24-37 Duranti, Luciana, “The Concept of Appraisal and Archival Theory,” AA, 57 (Spg 94), 328-344 _____, "Origin and Development of the Concept of Archival Description," Ar (Sp 93), 47-54 Evans, Frank B., "Modern Methods of Arrangement of Archives in the United States," AA, 29 (Apl 66), 241-263 Greene, Mark, and Dennis Meissner, “More Product, Less Proc ess: Revamping Traditional archival Processing,” AA, 68 (Fall/Win 2005), 208-263 Horsman, Peter, “The Last Dance of the Phoenix, or The De-discovery of the Archival Fonds,” Ar, 54 (Fa 2002), 1-23 Millar, Laura, “The Death of the Fonds and the Resurrection of Provenance: Archival Context in Space and Time,” Ar, 53 (Sp 2002), 1-15 Procter, Margaret, and Michael Cook, Manual of Archival Description (3rd edition, 2000) 389R/Readings089 5 Scott, P.J., C.D. Smith, G. Finlay, "Archives and Administrative Change," AM, 8, #2 (Dec 80), 51-69 [Society of American Archivists, Committee on Finding Aids], Inventories and Registers: A Handbook of Techniques and Examples (Chicago, 1976) HISTORY OF ARRANGEMENT AND DESCRIPTION THINKING IN THE UNITED STATES Berner, Richard C., Archival Theory and Practice in the United States: A Historical Analysis (1983) CD/3021/B47/1983 SPECIAL RECORD MATERIAL Film and Videotape Davidson, Steven, and Gregory Lukow, The Administration of Television, Newsfilm, and Videotape Collections: A Curatorial Manual (1997) PN/1992.16/A36/1997 CAH Maps and Architectural Drawings Bartlett, James, and Douglas Marshall, Maps in the Small Historical Society: Care and Cataloging (AASLH Technical Leaflet #111) E/172/T434 Ehrenberg, Ralph E., Archives and Manuscripts: Maps and Architectural Drawings (Chicago, 1982) Z/110/C7/E36 Photographic Material Ritzenthaler, Mary Lynn, and Diane L Vogt-O'Connor, et al., Photographs: Archival Care and Management (Chicago, 2006) Picture Postcards Freyschlag, Elizabeth K., "Picture Postcards: Organizing a Collection," SL, 71 (May/June 80), 258-264 Sound Recordings Paton, Christopher Ann, "Whispers in the Stacks: The Problem of Sound Recordings in Archives," AA, 53 (Spg 90), 274-280 Stielow, Frederick J., The Management of Oral History Sound Archives (Westport, Conn., 1986) CD/973.2/S74/1986 Ward, Alan, Manual of Sound Archive Administration (Gower, 1990) CD/950/W36/1990 389R/Readings089 6 ENCODED ARCHIVAL DESCRIPTION Dooley, Jackie, ed., Encoded Archival Description: Context, Theory and Case Studies (1998). Originally published as Encoded Archival Description: Part 1—Context and Theory, Special Issue of AA, 60 (Sum 97) Encoded Archival Description Official Web Site: http://www.loc.gov/ead/ EAD help pages: http://jefferson.village.virginia.edu/ead/products.html Encoded Archival Description Working Group, Society of American Archivists, Application Guidelines (Version 1.0) (1999) http://www.loc.gov/ead/ag/aghome.html Encoded Archival Description Working Group, Society of American Archivists and the Network Development and MARC Standards Office , Library of Congress, Tag Library (Version 2002) (Chicago, 2003) and online at: http://www.loc.gov/ead/tglib/index.html Kiesling, Kris, "EAD as an Archival Descriptive Standard," American Archivist, 60 (1998), 34454; also available in Jackie M. Dooley, Encoded Archival Description: Context, Theory, and Case Studies. (Chicago, SAA, 1998), 81-90. MACHINE READABLE CATALOGING (MARC) Hensen, Steven L., "The Use of Standards in the Application of the AMC Format," AA, 49 (Win 86), 31-40 Describing Archives: A Content Standard (Chicago, 2004). Replaced Steven Hensen, Archives, Personal Papers, and Manuscripts. Z/695.2/S625/2004 LAW Smiraglia, Richard P., Describing Archival Materials: The Use of the MARC AMC Format (New York, 1991) Z/699.5/A7/D47 Understanding MARC Bibliographic: Machine-Readable Cataloging http://lcweb.loc.gov/marc/umb/ Yakel, Elizabeth, "Pushing MARC AMC To Its Limits: The Vatican Archives Project," AA, 55 (Wi 92), 192-200 APPRAISAL General Boles, Frank, Archival Appraisal (New York, 1991) CD/971/B58/1991 _____, Selecting and Appraising Archives and Manuscripts (Chicago, 2005) CD/973/A77/B65 2005 389R/Readings089 7 Booms, Hans, "Society and the Formation of a Documentary Heritage: Issues in the Appraisal of Archival Sources," Ar, 24 (Sum 1987), 69-107 Cook, Terry, "Mind Over Matter: Toward a New Theory of Archival Appraisal," in Craig, ed., Archival Imagination, 38-70 Cox, Richard J., No Innocent Deposits: Forming Archives by Rethinking Appraisal (Scarecrow; 2003) CD 973 A77 C69 2004 Available online at: http://www.lib.utexas.edu:2048/login?url=http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=su mmary&v=1&bookid=107371 Craig, Barbara Lazenby, Archival appraisal: theory and practice (Munchen, 2004) CD/973/A77/C73/2004 Dollar, Charles M., "Archival Theory and Information Technologies: The Impact of Information Technologies on Archival Principles and Methods," in Oddo Bucci, ed., Archival Science on the Threshold of the Year 2.000 (Macerata, Italy, 1990) Duff, Wendy, “Studying the Weathervane: Use as a Factor in Appraisal Criteria,” Prov, XII (1994), 83-129 Duranti, Luciana, “The Concept of Appraisal and Archival Theory,” AA, 57 (Spg 1994), Eastwood, Terry, “Reflections on the Goal of Archival Appraisal in Democratic Societies,” Ar, 54 (Fa 2002), 59-71 Ericson, Timothy L., "At the 'rim of creative dissatisfaction": Archivists and Acquisition Development," Ar, 33 (Win 91-92), 66-77 Greene, Mark A., “I’ve Deaccessioned and Lived to Tell About It: Confessions of an Unrepentant Reappraiser,” AI, 30 (2006), 7-22 Ham, F. Gerald, Selecting and Appraising Archives and Manuscripts (Chicago, 1993) CD/971/H36/1993 _____, “The Archival Edge," AA, 38 (Jan 1975), 5-13 _____, "Archival Choices: Managing the Historical Records in an Age of Abundance," AA, 47 (Win 1984), 11-22 Hedstrom, Margaret, "New Appraisal Techniques: The Effect of Theory on Practice," Prov, 8, #2 (Fa 89), 1-21 Horton, Robert, “Cultivating Our Garden: Archives, Community, and Documentation,” AI, 26 (2001), 27-40 Kolsrud, Ole, “The Evolution of Basic Appraisal Principles: Some Comparative Observations,” AA, 55 (Winter 1992), 26-39 Lockwood, Elizabeth, "'Imponderable Matters': The Influence of New Trends in History on Appraisal at the National Archives," AA, 53 (Sum 90), 394-405 389R/Readings089 8 Peace, Nancy E., ed., Archival Choices: Managing the Historical Record in an Age of Abundance (Lexington, Mass., 1984) CD/3021/A79/1984 Rapport, Leonard, "No Grandfather Clause: Reappraising Accessioned Records," AA, 44 (Spg 81), 143-150 Samuels, Helen Willa, "Who Controls the Past," AA, 49 (Spg 86), 109-124 Sigmond, J. Peter, "Form, Function and Archival Value," Ar, 33 (Win 91-92), 141-147 Sly, Margery N., "Sampling in an Archival Framework: Mathoms and Manuscripts," Prov, V (Spg 87), 55-75 Yates, JoAnne, "Internal Communication Systems in American Business Structures: A Framework To Aid Appraisal," AA, 48 (Spg 85), 141-158 By kind of record Blouin, Francis X., Jr., "A New Perspective on the Appraisal of Business Records: A Review," AA, 42 (Jul 79), 312-320 Boles, Frank, and Julia Marks Young, "Exploring the Black Box: The Appraisal of University Administrative Records," AA, 48 (Sp 85), 121-140 Chalfant, Donald M., “Born Digital? Appraise Traditional! A Pilot Study on Intrinsic Value and Electronic Records of State Government,” Journal for the Society of North Carolina Archivists, Vol. 2, Num 2 (Jan 2004), 4-34 Coker, Kathy Roe, "Lessons Learned and to be Learned in Intergovernmental Appraisal," Prov, V, No. 2 (Fall 87), 1-13 Collins, Julie, Susan Collins, and Christine Garnaut, “Behind the Image: Assessing Architectural Drawings as Cultural Records,” AM, 35, No. 2 (Nov 2007), 86-107 Cook, Terry, The Archival Appraisal of Records Containing Personal Information: A RAMP Study with Guidelines (Paris, 1991) Densmore, Christopher, "Understanding and Using Early Nineteenth Century Account Books," MA, V (1980), 5-20 Haas, Joan K., and others, Appraising the Records of Modern Science and Technology: A Guide (Cambridge, Mass., 1985) Q/180.55/M4/H29/1985 Kula, Sam, Appraising Moving Images: Assessing the Archival and Monetary Value of Film and Video Records (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow, 2003) PN/1993.4/K79/2002 Leary, William H., The Appraisal of Photographs: A RAMP Study with Guidelines (Paris, 1985) MCFICHE 9903 O’Sullivan, Catherine, “Diaries, On-line Diaries, and the Future Loss to Archives; or, Blogs and the Blogging Bloggers Who Blog Them,” AA (Spring/Summer 2005), 53-73 389R/Readings089 9 Patton, Christopher Ann, “Appraisal of Sound Recordings for Textual Archivists,” AI, 22 (1997), 117-132 Samuels, Helen Willa, Varsity Letters: Documenting Modern Colleges and Universities (Metuchen, 1992) CD/3065/S26/1992 ACQUISITION—COLLECTING Duniway, David C., "Conflicts in Collecting," AA, 24 (Jan 61), 55-63 Gray, David P., "A Technique for Manuscript Collection Development Analysis," MA, XII (1987), 91-103 Kaiser, Barbara J., "Problems With Donors of Contemporary Collections," AA, 32 (Apl 69), 103-107 Phillips, Faye, "Developing Collecting Policies for Manuscript Collections," AA, 47 (Win 84), 30-42 Stewart, Virginia, "A Primer on Manuscript Field Work," MA, I, #2 (1976), 3-20 Walle, Dennis F., "The Deposit Agreement in Archival Collection Development," MA, X (1985), 117-127 CUSTOMER SERVICE NATURE OF THE RESEARCH PROCESS Armstrong, Thomas F., "Legal Records and Historical Gossip: The Records of the Social Historian," Prov, IV, no. 1 (Spg 86), 16-28 Barzun, Jacques, and Henry F. Graff, The Modern Researcher (rev. ed.) D/13/B334 Gordon, Ann D., Using the Nation's Documentary Heritage (Washington, 1992) D/16.2/O67 HRC Grigg, Susan, "Archival Practice and the Foundations of Historical Method," Journal of American History, (Jun 91), 228-239 Kammen, Carol, On Doing Local History: Reflections on What Local Historians Do, Why and What It Means (Nashville, 1987) E/180/K28/1986 Larsen, John C., ed., Researcher's Guide to Archives and Regional History Sources (Hamden, 1988) CD/3621/R47/1988 Michelson, Avra, and Jeff Rothenberg, "Scholarly Communication and Information Technology: Exploring the Impact of Changes in the Research Process on Archives," AA, 55 (Sp 92), 236-315 389R/Readings089 10 NATURE OF THE ARCHIVAL REFERENCE ACTIVITY Bradsher, James Gregory, "Privacy Act Expungements: A Reconsideration," Prov, VI (Spg 88), 1-25 Burke, Frank G., Research and the Manuscript Tradition (1997) CD/3021/B87/1997 Craig, Barbara L., “Old Myths in New Clothes: Expectations of Archives Users,” Ar, 45 (Spg 98), 118-126 Geselbracht, Raymond H., "The Origins of Restrictions on Access to Personal Papers at the Library of Congress and the National Archives," AA, 49 (Spg 86), 142-162 Gracy, David B. II, “Reference No Longer Is A ‘P’ Word: The Reference Archivist as Marketer,” Reference Librarian, 56 (1997), 171-184 Greene, Mark A., "Moderation in Everything, Access in Nothing?: Opinions About Access Restrictions on Private Papers," AI, 18 (1993), 31-41 Hedstrom, Margaret, “How Do Archivists Make Electronic Archives Usable and Accessible?” AM, 26 (May 98), 6-22 Jackson, William J., “The 80/20 Archives: A Study of Use and Its Implications,” AI, 22 (1997), 133-145 Jordan, Philip D., "The Scholar and the Archivist," AA, 31 (Jan 68), 57-65 Macpherson, Paul, “Theory, Standards and Implicit Assumptions: Public Access to Post-current Government Records,” AM, 30 (May 2002), 6-17 Plunkett, Michael, "Use Records: A Dilemma," GA, VIII, #2 (Fall 80), 54-60 Pugh, Mary Jo, Providing Reference Services For Archives And Manuscripts (Chicago, 2005) Scobey, Alfredda, "On Booknapping and Other Headaches," GA, IV (Win 76), 20-34 Stewart, Virginia R., "Problems of Confidentiality in the Administration of Personal Case Records," AA, 37 (Jul 74), 387-398 Taylor, Hugh A., Archival Services and the Concept of the User: A RAMP Study (Paris, 1984) MCFICHE 9905 Tissing, Robert W., Jr., "The Orientation Interview in Archival Research," AA, 47 (Spg 84), 173-178 Trinkaus-Randall, Gregor, Protecting Your Collections: A Manual of Archival Security (Chicago, 1995) CD/986/T75/1995 Widener, Michael, "The Status of Users in Archival Enterprise," Prov IX (1991), 1-23 389R/Readings089 11 Yakel, Elizabeth, “Thinking inside and outside the Boxes: Archival reference services at the turn of the century,” Ar, 49 (Spring 2000), 140-160 _____, “Listening to Users,” AI, 26 (2002), 111-127 FORGERY AND AUTHENTICATION OF DOCUMENTATION Gracy, David B. II, “What You Get Is Not What You See: Forgery and the Corruption of Recordkeeping Systems,” in Cox and Wallace, Archives and the Public Good, 247-263 Haywood, Ian, Faking It: Art and the Politics of Forgery (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1987) HV/6675/H35/1987 PCL, LAW Hamilton, Charles, Great Forgers And Famous Fakes: The Manuscript Forgers Of America And How They Duped The Experts (2d. ed.; Lakewood, CO, 1996) Z/41/H35/1996 PCL, UGL MacNeil, Heather, Trusting Records: Legal, Historical, and Diplomatic Perspectives (Dordrecht, 2000) CD/971/M32/2000 LAW Nickell, Joe, Detecting Forgery: Forensic Investigation of Documents (Lexington, KY, 1996) HV/8074/N53/1996, PCL, UGL _____, Pen, Ink, and Evidence: A Study of Writing and Writing Materials for the Penman, Collector, and Document Detective (Lexington, KY, 1990) Z/40/N53/1990 Rapport, Leonard, “Fakes and Facsimiles: Problems of Identification,” American Archivist, 42 (Jan 1979), 13-58. CD/3020/A45 Rendell, Kenneth W., Forging History: The Detection of Fake Letters and Documents (Norman, 1994) D/10/R45/1994 389R/Readings089 12