English accents 12. British and American English • shared development until c. 1750 • thereafter: reciprocal influence, particularly since c. 1930 (talkies, radio, TV, travel) • spelling • grammar • vocabulary NO r dropping farmer ˈfɑːrmər > ˈfɑːmə > ˈfɑːrmɚ NO r dropping beer, square, north, nurse, persuade, farmer, standard bɪr, skwɛr, nɔrθ, nɝs, pɚˈsweɪd, ˈfɑrmɚ, ˈstændɚd NO BATH broadening æ → ɑː / _ [-voi +fric] bæθ → bɑːθ pass, glass, grass, staff, raft, laugh, bath, path, after, castle Compare class-classic, pass-passage. bath vs. math(s), castle vs. tassel, pass vs. gas This change was resisted in the north of England as well as in north America. pass the marmalade RP: ˈpɑːs ðə ˈmɑːməleɪd GA: ˈpæs ðə ˈmɑːrməleɪd scarf, staff, stand, command, alarmed GA: skɑrf, stæf, stænd, kəˈmænd, əˈlɑrmd LOT unrounding a bottle of Scotch ə ˈbɒtl əv ˈskɒtʃ > ə ˈbɑ(ː)tl əv ˈskɑ(ː)tʃ loss of distinctive length big [bɪ(ː)g] God [gɑ(ː)d] manner [ˈmæ(ː)nɚ] bother [ˈbɑ(ː)ðɚ] father [ˈfɑ(ː)ðɚ] Hello, Dali! stop and start RP: GA: ˈstɒp ən ˈstɑːt ˈstɑp ən ˈstɑrt developments before /r/ RP bɪə RP bɪəd GA bɪr GA bɪrd beer beer and beard biːr biːr biːrd bɪr bɪr bɪrd NO centring diphthongs in GenAm AmE developments before /r/ beer, beard chair, Mary more, force sure, jury biːr tʃeːr moːr ʃuːr bɪr tʃɛr mɔr ʃʊr > serious ˈsɪriəs nearer, mirror sharing ˈʃɛrɪŋ herring ʃɝ AmE developments before /r/ in many varieties, æ (TRAP) and ɛ (DRESS, SQUARE) merge before /r/ merry Mary married hairy Harry ˈmɛri ˈmɛri ˈmɛrid ˈhɛri ˈhɛri