DR MOHAMMED MALIK AFROZ
CONTENTS
X RAY MACHINE AND ITS COMPONENTS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
IOPA X RAY FILM – SIZE 0
IOPA X RAY FILM SIZE 2
OCCLUSAL X RAY FILM
LEAD BARRIER
LEAD APRON
DEVELOPER SOLUTION
FIXER SOLUTION
X RAY FILM HOLDER
DAY LIGHT DEVELOPER BOX
X RAY TUBE DIAGRAM
LEAD FOIL
BLACK WRAPPING PAPER
SPECIFIC LEARNING OBJECTIVE
 To know different equipments (materials) in x ray
room
 Importance of each equipment
Different components of Machine
High frequency x ray
generator
2. Mobile stand containing
the main power board
3. Control timer unit
4. X ray exposure switch
x ray exposure button
5. Horizontal arm
6. Rectangular arm
7. On/off switch with LED
8. Handle
9. Front Brakes
1.
IOPA X RAY FILMS

1.
CLASSIFICATION
Based On Their Usage




Direct Exposure Films
Indirect Exposure Films
Based On Their Size
Based On Their Speed
Base
1.


Based On Their Exposure
2.
3.
4.
Intraoral Films
Extra Oral Films
 COMPOSITION
0.2mm thick
Polyester Polyethylene
Teraphthalate
Emulsion
2.


Silver Halide Grains
Vehicle Matrix.
IOPA X RAY FILMS – contd…
LEAD FOIL –
BLACK WRAPPING PAPER –
USE – TO PROTECT X RAY
EXPOSURE TO OTHER AREAS OF
BODY
USE – TO AVOID MOISTURE
CONTAMINATION
TO AVOID ACCIDENTAL LIGHT
LEAKAGE
A. Plastic Cover
B. Lead Foil
C. Black Wrapping Paper
D. X ray film
Digital X Ray Sensors
RVG SENSORS – RADIO – VISIO – GRAPHY SENSORS
 It is a digital sensor which is




connected by a wire to the
computer
The sensor transfers the image
directly on the computer
There is very less processing
time involved as it is done by
computer itself
Disadvantage – cost and taking
care of the sensors, difficult to
place along with wire
Advantages – less time, more
sensitive than the x ray film
Digital X Ray Sensors – contd…
PSP SENSOR – photostimulable phosphor plate
 It is same size as that of x ray film
 More sensitive than the x ray film
 After taking a radiograph in the same way as




x ray film
The sensor is passed through a reader which
is connected to the computer
The reader transfers the image on to the
computer
Advantages – no wire hence easy to operate,
more sensitive than x ray film and RVG,
sensor is reusable, sensor is more flexible
Disadvantages – cost, more processing time
as it uses a reader to transfer the image on
computer
RADIATION PROTECTION
LEAD APRON
1.
2.
3.
4.
Should be worn by the operator
always
Pregnant patients should wear
the lead apron before exposure
It is not advisable to exposure
the pregnant patient to
radiation in her 1st and 3rd
Trimester.
If only one lead apron is
available then it should be
worn by the operator rather
than the patient.
RADIATION PROTECTION – contd..
LEAD BARRIER
1.
2.
3.
4.
It is made up of lead and usually
has wheels and a glass window
in it
It protects the operator and
other persons from exposure to x
rays
Operator goes behind the shield
before exposure after he
arranges the patient and readies
the machine
The window in the shield helps
the operator to see before
exposure that the patient is in
the correct position
INTRA ORAL FILM HOLDERS
PARALELLING X RAY FILM HOLDERS
 It has a ring and x ray holder




which are connected to each other
by a plastic or metal rod
The ring is used to guide the x ray
tube and is kept outside the
patient’s mouth
The x ray film holder is used to
place the x ray film in it.
The metal rod is used to increase
or decrease the gap between x ray
tube ring and x ray film holder
There are different holders for
anterior and posterior teeth.
INTRA ORAL FILM HOLDERS – CONTD…
IOPA X RAY FILM HOLDER/ SNAP ‘A’ RAY FILM HOLDER
 Use – to hold the x ray film in
patient mouth
 It has got a larger beak and a small
beak between which x ray film is
placed
 The larger beak is where the patient
bites on the film
 The other end of the holder is used
to hold the x ray film for anterior
teeth exposure
PROCESSING OF X RAY FILM
 DEVELOPER
 FIXER SOLUTION
SOLUTION
 COMPOSITION OF
DEVELOPER
SOLUTION
 FUNCTIONS OF EACH
COMPONENT IN
DEVELOPER
SOLUTION
 COMPOSITION OF
FIXER SOLUTION
 FUNCTION OF EACH
COMPONENT IN FIXER
SOLUTION
Composition Of Developer
Developer
1.



Pyrazolone Derivatives(1 – Phenyl 3
Pyrazolidine)
Hydroquinine – it provides an electron to reduce
oxidized Phenidone to its original form.
Function/use – Is the main component of developer
solution which helps in developing the X ray film
Activator – sodium or potassium hydrozide
2.

Developer is active at alkaline pH
Function/use – It keeps the developer solution in active
state and at alkaline pH as developer gives electrons
during X ray film developing
Developer Solution
Preservative – Sodium Sulfite.
Function/use –
3.



Prevents developer from getting oxidized
It combines with brown oxidized developer to make it
colourless
Restrainer – potassium bromide or Benzotriazole
Function/Use –
4.


It is more effective in reducing the unexposed silver
halide crytals from getting developed
If the film is kept for too long in the developer solution
then developer solution can reduce even exposed
crystals.
Fixer Composition
Clearing Agent – Aqueous solution of Ammonium
Thiosulphate or Hypo.
 Function/Use
1.
 It dissolves silver halide grains
 It forms stable water soluble substances with silver ions
 It does not have a rapid effect on metallic silver grains
but excessive fixation results in gradual loss of film
density
2. Acidifier – Acetic Acid is used which maintains the
fixer solution at 4 – 5 pH
 Function/Use
 Is required to promote good diffusion (entry) of
Thiosulphate (main fixer component) into the X ray film
emulsion
3. Preservative – Ammonium Sulfite
 Function/Use – It prevents oxidation of Thiosulphate
solution
4. Hardener – Aluminium Sulfite
 Function/Use –
 Aluminium complexes with the gelatin during fixing and
prevents damage to gelatin during subsequent handling.
DAY LIGHT DEVELOPER BOX
 CONTENTS –
 Developer jar
 Water jar
 Fixer jar
 Water jar
 USE – to develop the x ray
film
X RAY TUBE
THANK YOU